中国虎隐翅虫亚科区系和分布图(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科)(英文)

在野外调查和过去已发表的所有文献基础上,分析和比较了中国虎隐翅虫亚科的分布图和区域相似性。在中国共记录了虎隐翅虫亚科昆虫291种,分别隶于2属(束毛隐翅虫属98种,虎隐翅虫属193种)。聚类分析结果显示中国虎隐翅虫亚科区系可分成4个区域(A,B,C,D):区域A几乎覆盖整个中国东部地区,它由Ⅰ,Ⅱ和Ⅳ3个亚区组成;区域B包括亚区Ⅲ和Ⅶ;区域C包括亚区Ⅴ;区域D包括亚区Ⅵ。另外,在25°～31°N和海拔601～700m范围内,中国虎隐翅虫亚科物种最丰富。生态环境很大地影响了该类昆虫物种的组成和分布。     

中国银藓属（Anomobryum）的分类学研究

基于形态学、解剖学、分子数据讨论了银藓属(Anomobryum)与真藓属(Bryum)及丝瓜藓属(Pohlia)的系统关系,确认银藓属为真藓科中的一个独立属。明确了银藓(Anomobryum julaceum(Schrad. ex G.Gaertn.,B.Mey.&Scherb.)Schimp.)和芽胞银藓(A.nitidum(Mitt.)Jaeg.)的有效种名,恢复了高山银藓(A.concinnatum(Spruce) Lindb.)有效种的地位。现已知中国分布有银藓属植物5种,分别是：银藓、高山银藓、芽胞银藓、金黄银藓(Anomobryum auratum(Mitt.)A.Jaeg.)和挺枝银藓(A.yasudae Broth.)。本文初步讨论了银藓属及各种的识别特征、有效种名和生境,并编制了中国银藓属分种检索表。所有研究的引证标本存放于河北师范大学植物标本室(HBNU),同时存于中国科学院植物所标本馆(PE)。     

北京市典型公园外来入侵植物分布格局

近年来城市发展迅速,生境破碎化加剧,生物入侵的风险大大增加。外来入侵植物已入侵城市绿地生态系统,部分已成为城市公园生境中的优势种,占据本地植物生存空间、威胁本地植物生物多样性。为研究北京市公园外来入侵植物分布格局,以北京市4个不同功能区(核心区、拓展区、近郊区和远郊区)为研究区域进行外来入侵植物调查,基于19个典型公园的255个样方调查数据,对比不同功能区公园外来入侵植物组成和分布格局。调查共记录外来入侵植物40种,隶属于12科29属,其中菊科为优势科、一年生草本居多,牛膝菊(Galinsoga parviflora)和小蓬草(Erigeron canadensis)的频次和生态位宽度较大,分布较广泛,大狼杷草(Bidens frondose)和凹头苋(Amaranthus blitum)的优势度最大,资源竞争能力较强。外来入侵植物在拓展区公园的丰富度最高,核心区最低,对四个功能区的对比分析结果表明:(1)拓展区公园的外来入侵植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、丰富度和Pielou均匀度指数均显著高于核心区和远郊区,外来入侵植物Simpson指数则呈现出远郊区显著高于拓展区和近郊区的特征(P<0.05),本地植物则正好相反;(2)拓展区公园的外来入侵植物入侵强度系数(Invasion intensity index,III)最高,且显著高于核心区(P=0.008),其他功能区之间无显著差异;(3)核心区公园与其他三个区群落组成不同,其余三个功能区均较为相似。研究表明北京市公园外来入侵植物的丰富度除核心区以外整体上与城市化梯度呈正相关,核心区公园植物群落抵御外来入侵植物的能力较弱,拓展区公园植物群落中外来入侵植物丰富度高、分布均匀并处于优势地位,需及时治理。     

贵州乌江东风水库库区消落带苔藓植物区系分析

采用典型调查与路线调查相结合的方法,对贵州乌江东风水库库区消落带苔藓植物区系的物种组成、生活型、分布区类型和丰富性进行了调查和分析.结果表明:该区域共有苔藓植物18科58属101种,其中,藓类植物有16科56属99种,苔类植物有2科2属2种;优势科为灰藓科(Hypnaceae)、青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)和丛藓科(Pottiaceae),优势属为青藓属(Brahchythecium B.S.G.)、真藓属(Bryum Hedw.)和小曲尾藓属〔Dicranella(Müll.Hal.)Schimp.〕;单属科和单种属所占比例均较高,分别占该区域苔藓植物总科数和总属数的500%和638%.该区域分布的苔藓植物生活型可分为交织型、丛集型、垫状和平铺型4类,以丛集型种数最多(48种),占该区域苔藓植物总种数的475%.该区域分布的苔藓植物可划分为12个分布区类型,其中,温带成分种类最多,所占比例为815%;热带成分所占比例仅为185%;中国特有种所占比例也较高,为207%.该区域苔藓植物的丰富性综合系数(Si)为-03608,低于相邻的六冲河下游流域.综合分析结果表明:该区域的苔藓植物多样性较为丰富,多数种类具有较强的抗逆性,且丛集型苔藓种类最多,与库区消落带的特殊生境相适应;地理成分以东亚成分和北温带成分为主,总体属温带性质,且中国特有种较多,反映出该区域苔藓植物区系的特殊性和复杂性.     

杉科的染色体资料及在系统演化研究中的作用

杉科共由10属(包括金松属)、20种(变种)组成。本文整理了19种(占95％,隶10属)植物的染色体数目和16种(占80％,隶9属)的核型资料,核型的模式图如图1所示。通过对这些细胞学资料的分析,笔者支持2n=20、x=10的金松属从杉科(2n=22、x=11)分立成金松科。根据其他各属间的亲缘关系,本作者认为可以把它们分隶于5个亚科:Ⅰ.柳杉亚科:Cryptomerioideae(Cryptomeria);Ⅱ.落羽杉亚科Taxodioideae(Glyptostroous,Taxodium);Ⅲ.红杉亚科Sequoideae(Metasequoia,Sequoiadendron,Sequoia);Ⅳ.杉木亚科Cunninghamioideae(Cunninghamia,还可能有:Athrotaxis);Ⅴ.台湾杉亚科Taiwainoideae(Taiwania)。这些亚科和属的进化水平依序渐增,它们分别位于进化路线A(亚科Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ)和进化路线L(亚科Ⅲ、Ⅳ)上。这些结果是前人的演化系统所没有涉及的,表明了染色体资料在杉科的系统演化研究中起着重要的作用。     

三种北极石竹科植物中的环肽及石竹科环肽的化学分类和分布意义

用HPLC等现代分离技术,从各样少于100g的北极3种石竹科(Caryophyllaceae)植物Stellaria crassipes Hult.、Cerastium arcticum Lange和C.regelii Ostenf.中分得5个新环肽,分别命名为arcticumin A(1)、arcticumin B(2)、arcticumin C(3)、regelin A(4)和crassipin B(5),并通过FAB -MS和氨基酸组成分析初步鉴定了它们的结构;通过对北极石竹科环肽与青藏高原石竹科环肽的比较,证明了环肽是石竹科的特征成分以及北极地区是石竹科植物分布中心的一个区域.     

城市公园生境类型对鸟类群落的影响

2011年12月—2012年11月,在上海世纪公园和滨江森林公园对鸟类群落和植物群落进行调查,通过对12个植被变量进行主成分分析,将两个公园分为8种不同的生境类型。结果表明:2个公园生境构成存在显著差异,滨江森林公园灌木层植物发达的生境(Habitat with developed shrub layer,S型)以及灌木层和地被层植物都发达的生境(Habitat with developed tree layer and shrub layer,T+S型)数量显著多于世纪公园,世纪公园地被层发达的生境(Habitat with developed ground cover layer,G型)以及乔木层和地被层植物都发达的生境(Habitat with developed tree layer and ground cover layer,T+G型)数量显著多于滨江森林公园。世纪公园不同生境中鸟种数差异显著,而滨江森林公园中差异不显著。2个公园有24种共有鸟种,对共有鸟种生境利用率的配对t检验结果表明,滨江森林公园鸟类生境利用率显著高于世纪公园。对2个公园共有生境类型中鸟种数进行分析,发现滨江森林公园鹟科(Muscicapidae)鸟类种数显著大于世纪公园。根据以上结果,上海城市公园不同生境类型对鸟类群落结构存在显著影响。因此,建议在规划和建设大型城市公园时,应构建植被分层结构复杂的生境,多样化种植各类乔木,林下多样化搭配灌木。在保留供游客休憩草坪区域的同时种植各类草本植物,以此提高鸟类生境利用率,增加城市公园的鸟类多样性。     

茜草叶绿体全基因组序列及其系统发育分析

以茜草科(Rubiaceae)植物茜草(Rubia cordifolia L.)为研究对象,采用Illumination高通量测序技术对其叶绿体全基因组进行测序,并运用MAGA11等生信学工具进行全基因组解析及系统发育分析。结果表明,(1)茜草叶绿体基因组呈典型的四分环状结构,总GC含量37.2%,长153 959 bp,其中包含大单拷贝(LSC)区83 844 bp、小单拷贝(SSC)区17 083 bp和2个反向重复(IR)区26 516 bp;共注释得到124个基因,包括79个蛋白质编码基因、37个tRNA和8个rRNA。(2)序列共鉴定到169个SSR位点,以A、T组成为主,包括129个单核苷酸、18个双核苷酸、11个三核苷酸、9个四核苷酸和2个五核苷酸,六核苷酸SSR未检测到;边界分析显示,茜草叶绿体基因组LSC区差异性最大,变异程度最高,而IRa区则差异性最小,最为保守。(3)最大似然法(ML)构建系统发育树显示,样品茜草与同属植物Rubia horrida以100%支持率聚为一类,茜草亚科、仙丹花亚科与金鸡纳亚科聚为姐妹类群,证明茜草科植物在进化过程中保守发育。     

大别山地区摇蚊科昆虫多样性调查研究

大别山地区动植物资源丰富,但摇蚊科昆虫还尚未见系统报道。通过对大别山地区不同生境及海拔下的摇蚊进行采集,经研究得出4亚科37属131种,摇蚊亚科Chironominae 17属83种,直突摇蚊亚科Orthocladiinae 14属 38种,长足摇蚊亚科Tanypodinae 5属9种,寡角摇蚊亚科Diamesinae 1属1种。其中,中国新纪录种18种。采用Menhinick丰富度指数进行丰富度分析,摇蚊亚科中多足摇蚊属Polypedilum丰富度指数最高（m=2.25）,直突摇蚊亚科中趋流摇蚊属Rheocricotopus丰富度指数最高（m=2.33）。在不同生境下摇蚊种类有着明显的差异,摇蚊亚科、直突摇蚊亚科在山间溪流生境下种类分布最多。采用Mcnaughton优势度指数对摇蚊优势度进行分析,城市湖泊生境中,中国长足摇蚊Tanypus chinensis Wang和暗绿二叉摇蚊Dicrotendipes pelochloris (Kieffer)为绝对优势种,台湾短须摇蚊Nilodorum tainanus (Kieffer)、德永雕翅摇蚊Glyptotendipes tokunagai Sasa和平铗枝角摇蚊Cladopelma edwardsi (Kruseman)为优势种。在村庄农田中,花翅摇蚊Chironomus kiiensis Tokunaga为绝对优势种,平铗枝角摇蚊、Polypedilum kyotoense (Tokunaga)和台湾短须摇蚊为优势种。在坑塘生境下,林间环足摇蚊Cricotopus sylvestris (Fabricius)为绝对优势种,蚊型前突摇蚊Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus)、中国长足摇蚊和花翅摇蚊为优势种。在山间溪流生境下,双斑环足摇蚊Cricotopus bimaculatus Tokunaga和Lipiniella fujiprimus (Sasa)为优势种。随着海拔的升高摇蚊的种类会随之下降,特别是摇蚊亚科和长足摇蚊亚科表现明显。根据世界陆地动物地理分区,大别山地区摇蚊以古北+东洋种类为主;根据世界淡水动物地理区域划分,大别山摇蚊种类主要分布在中印区,占75.7%,其次是中印区+全北区;中印区中,以东亚亚区较多,共计39种,占52.7%,说明大别山地区摇蚊种类分布存在明显的集中性。本研究丰富了该地区摇蚊科昆虫的多样性,为大别山地区水质监测和生态环境研究提供了重要依据。     

珠三角河网区典型生境植物群落构成特征及生态修复

如何实现生态文明建设与三生空间高度混杂地区的高质量协同发展是珠三角河网区新时期面对的重要难题。以2018—2021年间积累的第一手田野调查资料为基础,针对广佛地区20处样地202个样点,综合生态学数量分析与风景园林学空间分析方法,研究河网区典型生境的植物群落构成特征及应用。结果表明：(1)珠三角河网区植物物种丰富,维管束植物共122科382属551种;植物群落“乔、灌、草、藤本”垂直结构完整,但乡土植物占比较低、外来入侵较严重;(2)动物友好植物种类丰富,共有鸟类友好植物88种、昆虫类友好植物90种、鱼类两栖类友好植物34种,但缺乏针对动物友好生境的科学配置;(3)河网区包括滨水、坑塘、农田、聚落四类典型生境以及9个稳定的植物群系,但在长期人为干扰下其生态功能和水乡风貌特征被严重削弱。最后,以佛山大美公园为例,探讨了以恢复河网区生物多样性和特色景观风貌为目标的生态修复实践。研究为珠三角河网区地域性景观恢复和三生空间混杂区域的近自然生态修复提供了重要的规划设计蓝本和实践示范。     

Diet composition of chimpanzees inhabiting the montane forest of Kahuzi,Democratic Republic of Congo

The diet of chimpanzees was investigated by direct observations, feeding remains, and fecal analysis from January 1994 to December 2000 in the montane forest of Kahuzi-Biega National Park. A total of 171 food items were identified, among which 156 items were plant materials belonging to 114 species from 57 taxonomic families. Chimpanzees consumed 66 species of fruits (62 species of pulps and four species of seeds). Results of fecal analysis showed that fig fruits were the most frequently eaten. Their seeds occurred in 92% of a total of 7212 chimpanzee fecal samples. The chimpanzees changed their diet according to seasonal and annual variations in both abundance and diversity of fruit species. However, they are very selective frugivores. Only a few pulp-fruit species are regularly identified in their fecal samples. During the rainy season, when ripe fruit was scarce, chimpanzees relied heavily on piths and leaves. They swallowed leaves of two species of Commelinaceae without chewing, probably for medical purposes. Animal foods were eaten infrequently. The montane forest of Kahuzi, where chimpanzees range up to 2600 m above sea level, may be the highest altitudinal limit ever recorded for their distribution. Compared to other chimpanzee habitats, Kahuzi has a low diversity of fruit species and the availability of a few pulp-fruit species may be critical to the survival of Kahuzi chimpanzees.     

Rare plant species of Tunkinskii National Park: New sites, state of the art and prospects of protection

The list of rare plants conserved in the Tunkinskii National Park includes 44 species. Exact locations and brief characteristisc of habitats are presented for these species. The sites of rare species have been compared with the existing functional zones of the park. The protection of rare plants is quite effective.     

浙江天童国家森林公园蝶类昆虫多样性研究

为探明浙江天童国家森林公园蝶类昆虫本底资料,提供该地区后续开发利用、进一步保护蝶类资源相应的理论依据,开展本项目研究。对已有和补充采集标本整理鉴定的基础上,结合国内外已公开发表的资料,建立浙江天童国家森林公园鳞翅目Lepidoptera蝶类昆虫数据库。共记录鳞翅目蝶类昆虫10科58属82种,其中14种(隶属于6科14属)为本研究在该地区新纪录种类。其寄主涉及32科81属植物,不同科的蝶类对寄主植物的选择具有一定专化性。蝶类区系类型组成以东洋+古北共有种类为主,共47种,东洋种32种,古北种3种,分别占总数的57.32%,39.02%和3.66%,表明古北界与东洋界的蝶类物种在该地区有广泛的交流。     

Free-feeding insect herbivores along environmental gradients in Serra do Cipó: basis for a management plan

The distribution of free-feeding insect herbivores in Brazilian savanna was studied in the National Park of Serra do Cipó. Insect samples were obtained with sweep nets across cerrado (savanna), rupestrian field and altitudinal grassland vegetation from 800 to 1500 m above sea level. We found a low species richness in xeric and mesic habitats during both wet and dry seasons. Sap-sucking insects were the most abundant guild (53.4%) with Cicadellidae the most abundant family (27.2%). The hypothesis that taxon richness of free-feeding insects decreases with increasing altitude was supported in xeric habitats during the wet season only, mainly as a function of mountain summit effect. There was a decrease of 65% in the number of families occurring at 1400 and 1500 m compared with lower elevations. The exclusion of sites of rupestrian vegetation at mid-elevations from the analysis increased significantly the proportion of variance explained by the model. An examination of taxon distribution using canonical variate analysis supported this result. The hypothesis that mesic habitats are richer in species of free-feeding insect herbivores than are xeric habitats was not supported. The data indicate that plant sclerophylly may exert a strong negative influence on insect species richness, and that variation due to particular characteristics of each site strongly affected the studied guilds. The present results should inform conservation strategies for the National Park Management Plan, which is currently being developed. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

The hummingbird community of a lowland Amazonian rainforest

Between October 1987 and September 1989, the British Ornithologists' Union Colombia Expedition recorded 16 species of hummingbird at Matamatá in the Amacayacu National Park, Amazonas, Colombia. Most of these species were resident breeders at the study site although two appeared to be local migrants. Six species of hermit hummingbirds (subfamily Phaethornithinae) occurred at Matamatá; although very similar in general morphology and behaviour, they showed different preferences for habitat, food plants and foraging technique. Hermits were predominant in the forest, but in areas of secondary vegetation and along riverine borders, "typical" hummingbirds (subfamily Trochilinae) were more common. The study site consisted of terra firme and várzea forest and an area of riverine secondary vegetation and contained around 60 species of flowering plants visited by hummingbirds. In contrast with most groups of organisms, hummingbirds and hummingbird-pollinated plants had similar species diversity in primary forest and secondary habitats. The overall abundance of hummingbirds and flowers was significantly higher in areas of riverine secondary growth. The hummingbird community at Matamatá is remarkably species rich when compared with study sites elsewhere in North and South America. However, random null model comparisons among Amazonian hummingbird communities reveal that they share many characteristics in their structure and show a high degree of species overlap.     

Diet of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda, 1. Diet composition and diversity

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are ecologically flexible omnivores with broad diets comprising many plant and animal foods, although they mostly eat fruit (including figs). Like other ecologically flexible nonhuman primates (e.g., baboons, Papio spp.) with broad diets, their diets vary across habitats. Much data on diets come from short studies that may not capture the range of variation, however, and data are scant on variation within habitats and populations. We present data on diet composition and diversity for chimpanzees at Ngogo, in Kibale National Park, Uganda, collected over a 15-year period, with a focus on the plant components of the diet. We compare Ngogo data to those on chimpanzees at the nearby Kibale site of Kanyawara, on other chimpanzee populations, and on some other frugivorous-omnivorous primates. Results support the argument that chimpanzees are ripe fruit specialists: Ngogo chimpanzees ate a broad, mostly fruit-based diet, feeding time devoted to fruit varied positively with fruit availability, and diet diversity varied inversely with fruit availability. Comparison of Ngogo and Kanyawara shows much similarity, but also pronounced within-population dietary variation. Chimpanzees fed much more on leaves, and much less on pith and stems, at Ngogo. Figs accounted for somewhat less feeding time at Ngogo, but those of Ficus mucuso were quantitatively the most important food. This species is essentially absent at Kanayawara; its abundance and high productivity at Ngogo, along with much higher abundance of several other important food species, help explain why chimpanzee community size and population density are over three times higher at Ngogo. High inter-annual variation at Ngogo highlights the value of long-term data for documenting the extent of ecological variation among chimpanzee populations and understanding how such variation might affect population biology and social dynamics.     

浙江天童国家森林公园鸟类区系和群落特征

2006～2009年对浙江天童国家森林公园地区的7个样点、6条样线的3种生境鸟类资源状况进行调查。共发现鸟类16目45科142种,其中东洋界75种、古北界59种、广布型8种;留鸟59种、旅鸟30种、冬候鸟30种、夏候鸟23种。国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类23种,中日候鸟保护协议鸟种49种,中澳候鸟保护协议鸟种9种,CITES附录Ⅰ物种1种,CITES附录Ⅱ物种23种。于2009年1月23日发现浙江新纪录1种——日本歌鸲(Erithacus akahige)。调查地区鸟类区系上偏重于东洋界,居留型上以留鸟为主;生境丰富,无绝对优势种,森林和农田鸟类多样性及均匀度均较湿地生境高。     

Chimpanzees as fauna: comparisons of sympatric large mammals across long-term study sites

Although much research has shown otherwise, chimpanzees are still often classed as rainforest-dwellers. Most long-term studies of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are not situated in evergreen, closed-canopy equatorial forests, but instead are conducted in more open habitats. This study aims to elucidate the extent of chimpanzee ecological diversity by scrutinizing (recently) sympatric mammalian fauna at established study sites. We compiled presence or absence data on large mammal species at eight sites: Assirik, Bossou, Budongo, Gombe, Kibale, Lopé, Mahale, and Tai. The sites were rank ordered on the most basic ecological variable: annual total rainfall. Only three of the 65 mammalian genera compiled were sympatric with chimpanzees at all sites: Potamochoerus (bushpig), Syncerus (buffalo), and Panthera pardus (leopard). Some subfamilies (e.g. colobines) were present at most sites, but some families (e.g. hyenids) were absent at most sites. Some taxa (e.g. suids, cercopithecines) correlated better than others (e.g. canids) with basic ecological variables. The most extreme chimpanzee study site for which data are available is Assirik, Senegal. Nowhere else are chimpanzees sympatric with Erythrocebus, Alcelaphus, Hippotragus, and Ourebia. As chimpanzees are often behavioral models for extinct hominins, these living faunal assemblages have implications for paleo-ecological reconstructions of ancestral habitats.     

The differences of butterfly (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) communities in habitats with various degrees of disturbance and altitudes in tropical forests of Vietnam

A survey was conducted on the species composition, richness and abundance of Papilionoidea (excluding Lycaenidae) butterfly fauna in habitats with various degrees of disturbance and altitudes in tropical forests at Tam Dao National Park, northern Vietnam in 2001. The transect method was used to collect data in the survey. Six transects representing different habitat types at two sites, one site located at a low elevation of 200–250 m a.s.l., and the other located at a high elevation of 950–1000 m a.s.l., were chosen: three transects for each site, with a length of 500 m for each transect. A total of 3594 individuals of 127 species in 240 sets of data were recorded from various habitats. The differences in butterfly composition, species richness, abundance and diversity in different habitat types and altitudes were analyzed. The results showed significant differences of butterfly diversity among the different habitat types and between the low and high altitude sites. The butterfly diversity, species richness and species abundance in the low elevation habitats were higher than in the high elevation habitats. The highest diversity of butterflies occurred in the mixed habitats of agriculture, scrub and clearing lands of high disturbance. However, butterflies most important for conservation are associated with undisturbed or moderately disturbed forests only.     

浙江磐安七仙湖省级湿地公园维管植物多样性调查

通过样地调查与样带踏查相结合的方法,整理统计磐安七仙湖省级湿地公园维管植物共计664种(含种下等级),隶属于138科438属,其中包括蕨类植物15种,裸子植物13种,被子植物636种。生活型维管植物以草本最为丰富,主要优势科为菊科、禾本科、蔷薇科、蝶形花科等;省级及以上重点保护植物23科26属26种;外来入侵植物6科15属16种。本次调查讨论分析了七仙湖湿地公园生态保护面临的主要问题与相应的解决措施,并结合植物资源现状就湿地公园开发方向和植物配置提出了合理化建议。