深圳市大鹏半岛土地利用变化对植被覆盖动态的影响

城市化背景下的植被覆盖动态研究对于区域生态保护工作具有重要的指导意义.利用深圳市1995-2007年的遥感数据以及1996和2007年土地变更调查资料,基于归一化植被指数轨迹追踪分析和叠图代数计算方法,对大鹏半岛植被覆盖动态类型及其空间分异、土地利用变化结构和格局特征以及土地利用变化与植被覆盖动态之间的响应关系进行研究.结果表明：1995-2007年,研究区65%的地区植被覆盖发生显著改变,植被覆盖状况总体趋于好转;城市化和商品农业发展是该区土地利用动态变化的主要成因,研究时段内31%的地表发生了用地功能转变;土地利用变化是区内植被覆盖发生改变的重要成因之一,约35%的植被覆盖出现退降过程区域与土地功能转变有关;55%的用地功能转变区域因机械干扰导致植被覆盖退化,但至研究期末,大多数退化区域已经进入植被覆盖显著改善阶段.     

气候和土地利用变化对中国北方农牧交错带植被覆盖变化的影响

基于1986、2000年中国北方农牧交错带的遥感影像及研究区的气象数据,利用植被覆盖度信息提取模型研究了1986—2000年间研究区植被覆盖度的时空变化,并分析了气候和土地利用变化对植被覆盖度变化的影响.结果表明：1986—2000年,研究区高盖度植被的面积缩减,低盖度植被的面积增加;植被覆盖升高区主要位于该区东北段的东部、北段的西部和西北段的西部,其他地段的植被覆盖明显退化;植被覆盖度与降水、干燥度指数呈正相关,与温度呈负相关;不同土地利用类型的植被覆盖度变化方向和程度各异.     

2001-2015年天山北坡植被覆盖动态变化研究

利用天山北坡2001-2015年植被生长比较旺盛月份（6-9月）的MODIS NDVI产品数据,结合像元二分法进行植被覆盖度提取,并对其空间分布特征、随时间及地形的动态变化和面积加权重心进行分析。研究表明：（1）天山北坡6-9月多年平均植被覆盖度介于0.4-0.5,以低、中低植被覆盖度为主,各等级植被覆盖度大致呈西北-东南向相间分布;（2）2001-2015年间,植被覆盖度有逐渐上升的趋势;植被覆盖改善区域（54.42%）大于退化区域（45.58%）,西部较东部改善更为明显;植被覆盖度变异类型以弱变异和中等变异为主,植被覆盖度变化类型以稳定型为主;（3）天山北坡区域植被覆盖度变化受海拔高度影响明显：随着海拔高度的上升,较低植被覆盖度比例呈现先上升后下降再次上升趋势,较高植被覆盖度则与之相反;海拔3880 m以上低植被覆盖度占绝对优势,较高的植被覆盖度占比逐渐下降直至几乎绝迹;（4）各等级植被覆盖度面积加权重心集中在沙湾县、石河子市、玛纳斯县及呼图壁县;并呈现由集中到相对分散的趋势。     

高原河谷城镇化对植被覆盖度的影响

以典型的高原河谷城市——西宁市为例,定量分析了2000-2015年研究区景观格局及植被覆盖度的时空演变,揭示了高原河谷地区的城镇建设对植被覆盖度的干扰过程及生态环境质量的影响。结果表明：（1）2000-2015年间,西宁市城镇面积增幅为25.99%,总体城镇化率为4.76%,各区县城镇化水平差异较大;（2）西宁市平均植被覆盖度呈增加趋势但不显著（P < 0.57）。植被覆盖度以中高和高植被覆盖度为主,空间上呈现"东西低-南北高"的分布特征,退耕（牧）还林（草）区的植被覆盖度显著增加（P < 0.01）,说明生态恢复工程效果显著;（3）区县尺度上,城镇化速率与中高覆盖植被面积变化呈显著负相关（P < 0.01）,区县内生态质量有所下降,城镇发展程度和区位条件的差异是影响中高覆盖度植被变化的主要因素;（4）格网尺度上,建成区及其周边区域的低覆盖植被面积呈显著增加趋势（P < 0.01）,表明城镇内部区域生态质量有所改善。研究结果对保护和提高西宁市生态环境质量及合理推进城镇建设等方面具有重要意义。     

煤炭井工开采对干旱荒漠区植被动态变化的影响

我国西北干旱荒漠区生态环境脆弱,煤炭开采活动严重地破坏植被和影响生态环境,而煤炭井工开采对干旱荒漠区植被动态变化的影响尚不明确。以灵武市为例,采用遥感技术和野外实地调查相结合的方法,分析2000-2019年间煤炭井工开采对植被动态变化的影响。结果表明：灵武市的植被主要以沙蒿（Artemisia salsoloides）、柠条（Caragana korshinskii）和芨芨草（Achnatherum splendens）等荒漠植物为主;2000-2019年间,植被覆盖度（FVC）和绿度变化率（GRC）表明灵武市植被整体呈现改善趋势;归一化植被指数（NDVI）与年降水量（P）和年平均风速（S）等气象因子显著相关,表明气候因子对区域植被动态变化起主要作用;煤炭开采区侵占草地和灌丛面积,使得土地利用类型发生变化,生态环保政策的实施对于区域土地利用类型的变化和植被改善具有重要作用。实地调查分析表明煤炭开采改变了矿区植物群落结构,植被盖度和物种多样性指数均在煤炭开采后1-4a呈下降趋势,5-9a为上升趋势,10a自然恢复后与对照区的变化趋势一致,说明在自然条件下煤炭开采区植被恢复经历了退化期、改善期和初步恢复期等过程。这些研究结果为西北干旱荒漠区煤炭井工开采矿区植被恢复和生态环境建设提供了理论基础。     

2001年以来宝鸡地区植被覆盖时空演变及驱动力分析

植被在全球变化中影响着地-气系统的能量平衡,是自然和人文因素对环境影响的敏感指标。分析地表植被的覆盖现状并探究影响植被变化的驱动力因素对区域生态恢复以及区域经济发展和区域生态文明建设都有促进作用。本研究基于中分辨率成像光谱仪-归一化植被指数（MODIS-NDVI）数据,结合宝鸡11个气象站的气温和降水量实测数据、净初级生产力（NPP）以及宝鸡统计年鉴数据,采用趋势分析方法、Pearson相关分析法、主成分分析方法对2001-2013年宝鸡地区植被覆盖的时空演化特征进行了分析,并对自然驱动因子和人为驱动因子双重影响下的宝鸡地区植被覆盖演化状况进行了综合评价。结果显示：（1）2001-2013年宝鸡地区年均NDVI以0.025/10a的速度上升,比三北防护林工程区1982-2006年植被覆盖的增速（0.007/10a）快,且2001-2002年、2003-2004年两个年份段为年均NDVI值的两次高恢复期;（2）植被覆盖以轻度改善为主,基本不变和中度改善次之,严重退化和中度退化最弱。植被覆盖恢复状况整体上呈稳中上升的趋势（个别地区除外）;（3）自然因素中的降水量和NPP是制约植被生长的主要因素。整体来看,人为因素相对于自然因素对宝鸡全区的植被覆盖影响较大,贡献率在90%左右,呈先减小后增加的趋势。     

2006-2016年岷江上游植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力

基于MODIS NDVI遥感数据,采用像元二分模型估算岷江上游植被覆盖度,运用一元线性回归分析和稳定性分析方法,研究2006-2016年岷江上游植被覆盖度时空变化格局及稳定性,并分段讨论2008年"5.12汶川地震"对岷江上游植被的破坏程度以及震后植被恢复情况,利用地理探测器模型对岷江上游植被覆盖度影响因子及影响力进行探测,分析岷江上游植被覆盖度变化驱动力。结果表明：（1）2006-2016年岷江上游植被覆盖整体状况良好,植被覆盖总体情况较为稳定,多年平均植被覆盖度为0.79,植被覆盖度大于0.8的区域占整个岷江上游地区面积的69%。（2）2008年"5.12汶川地震"给整个岷江上游植被造成了严重的破坏,植被覆盖度退化区域面积为14013.41 km²,占整个岷江上游面积的57%,2008-2016年岷江上游植被恢复状况良好,植被覆盖度改善区域面积为17390.69 km²,占整个岷江上游面积的71%,岷江上游植被覆盖度已经超过震前水平。（3）岷江上游植被覆盖度主要受海拔、气温、土壤类型、降水4个因子的影响,其解释力均在40%以上;地貌类型、植被类型的解释力在20%-40%之间;坡度、坡向的解释力均小于1%。     

中国区域1960~2000年活动积温年代变化和地表植被的适应性调整

一年多季农业耕作区域的布局和植被物候变化是长期气候适应的结果.随着20世纪80年代中期之后全球气候的持续变暖,以活动积温和天数为综合指标的各种级别的气候区域边界发生变化,中国北方地区一年两季农业耕作区域和植被物候也发生了适应性调整.其中20世纪60～80年代,活动积温和天数空间分布相对比较平稳,边界没有发生明显的拓展和收缩,但随着气温升高,20世纪90年代活动积温边界发生改变,各量级的活动积温和天数综合指标边界明显向北推进.对应于气候的持续变暖,来自遥感数据的谐波分析和物候监测结果显示,90年代北方地区一年两季耕作面积增加,范围向北扩展;同时植被物候也发生明显改变,80年代和90年代的物候变化比较显示,1995年之后植被生长期比1985年之前普遍提前约10d左右,在一年两季耕作区域,植被生长期提前将近20d左右.     

敦煌市土地利用/覆盖变化特征及成因分析

利用ArcGIS9.2软件,结合野外调查,对敦煌市1987、1996和2007年3期Land-sat5-TM遥感影像进行解译,并分8个类型分析了土地利用/覆盖变化的特征及成因。结果表明:近20年来敦煌市呈现出植被覆盖程度不断降低、覆盖面积减小的趋势,其中耕作区、城建用地和无植被区面积净增,其他5类用地面积净减;8类用地类型之间互有转换,转移的主要方向是部分草地和无植被区转变为耕作区,水域湿地和灌木林地转变为草地,草地由高覆盖、中覆盖、低覆盖到无植被区逐次转变;除了耕作区边缘植被覆盖程度有所增加外,其他区域退化趋势明显;引起LUCC的自然因素中气温升高的影响较大,而人文因素中土地开垦、增加灌溉的影响较大。     

基于NDVI的米仓山植被覆盖变化趋势分析

基于1998年4月至2009年12月的SPOT-VEGETATION逐旬NDVI数据,采用MVC(最大值合成法)获得月NDVI值,用均值法计算各季及年均NDVI值;对5种植被类型的年均NDVIy和生长季NDVIg进行一元线性回归,辅助以趋势线分析定量描述研究区植被覆盖动态变化,并采用R/S分析(重标极差法)动态预测米仓山植被覆盖未来变化趋势。结果表明:研究区12年间NDVI整体呈上升趋势,相对于前期(1999~2001年)、中期(2003~2005年)和后期(2007~2009年)的NDVI增加显著;年最大NDVI≥0.70的区域占总面积的98.95%,年均NDVI≥0.70的区域占93.69%,且植被覆盖增加的面积远大于减少的面积;划分的5种植被类型中,阔叶林类NDVI值最高,人工植被类NDVI值最低;R/S法计算结果显示,Hurst指数(H)为0.876 8,表现为很强的持续性,预示未来一定时限内米仓山植被覆盖将有稳定的增加趋势。     

Spatial-temporal character of vegetation cover and its influence factors in the Shule River Basin China,during 1985–2011

Abstract

Vegetation coverage is an important indicator of the terrestrial ecosystems, and it provides crucial significance for evaluation and analysis of vegetation change. The Shule River Basin is a typical ecological fragile region in the inland of Northwest China. We used vegetation coverage index as given in Technical Specifications for Assessment of Ecological Environment. Geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis was used to analyze the temporal and spatial features of vegetation cover in the Shule River Basin and its influencing factors from 1986 to 2011. The results showed that vegetable cover is very low in most areas of Shule River Basin with only the upstream parts of the oasis and watershed haven high vegetation cover. The average vegetation coverage index increased from 6.78 to 8.31 during 1986–2011. An area of 59,998?km² in the Shule River Basin has unchanged vegetation coverage index and this account for 51.7% of watershed areas for the period of the study. Also, an area of 31,721?km² recorded an increased vegetable cover, accounting for 27.3% while an area of 24,372?km² decreased vegetation cover which accounts for 21.0%. There was different correlation between vegetation cover and annual precipitation in the Shule River Basin.     

人类活动对西南山地植被覆盖变化的影响——以重庆市为例

植被覆盖变化是生态环境变化的重要指标,定量解析其中的人类活动作用一直是生态领域研究的热点。以重庆市为例,基于遥感、气象以及统计数据,利用GIS技术和残差法,从归一化植被指数(NDVI)和土地利用/覆盖(LUCC)整合分析视角,探究西南山地2000-2020年植被覆盖变化的时空特征,深入解析人类活动影响。 研究表明：(1)近20年间研究区植被覆盖呈整体上升趋势且空间异质性强,渝东南和渝东北地区植被覆盖以及恢复趋势明显优于渝中地区。(2)残差分析表明人类活动对植被覆盖变化同时存在正向和负向两个方面的影响,以正向影响为主导。(3)林地未变区和耕地未变区对植被覆盖变化的贡献程度最大(两者共达到84.18%),退耕还林贡献率仅为1.24%。(4)封禁育林面积与林地未变区植被覆盖变化存在极显著正相关关系(R²=0.82),同时封禁育林生态工程能够较好地解释林地未变区残差变化。研究建立了LUCC对植被覆盖变化影响的贡献率清单,定量揭示封禁育林生态工程对植被覆盖恢复的重要作用,对丰富区域植被覆盖变化驱动研究具有一定参考价值。     

京津冀地区城市化对植被覆盖度及景观格局的影响

定量研究了2000—2010年,京津冀地区植被覆盖度及其景观格局的动态变化,揭示了城市化进程对植被景观的干扰过程及生态质量的影响。结果表明:(1)2000—2010年,城市化进程显著是京津冀城市群土地变化的一大特点,人工表面面积从2000年的1.79×10~4km~2增加至2.16×10~4km~2,增幅高达21.16%;(2)京津冀平均植被覆盖度呈增加趋势但不显著(P=0.46),存在明显的时空动态差异。在覆盖度结构上形成了以中低和中植被覆盖度为主导的格局;(3)从景观空间格局变化来看,中低、高覆盖度区域植被景观更加破碎,而低、中等覆盖度区域的植被面积增加,景观破碎度减小;尤其是低植被覆盖度为主的城市区域,景观格局变化幅度大,表现为绿地面积有所增加,景观破碎化程度降低,生态质量有所改善;(4)在整个研究区范围,城市化对区域植被覆盖度存在负面影响,表现为城市化程度与区域平均植被覆盖度存在负相关(P=0.08);但是在低植被覆盖度的区域(主要为城市区域),城市化程度与植被覆盖面积呈显著正相关(P0.001),表明城市区域在城市化进程中植被覆盖面积有所提高,生态质量有所改善,与城市化过程中,日益重视城市绿地的建设有关。     

Are plant functional types relevant to describe degradation in arid,southern Tunisian steppes?

Abstract. In the Tunisian arid zone disturbances (e.g. overgrazing and agriculture) and stresses (e.g. aridity, low fertility) drive changes in the structure and functioning of rangelands, with a decrease in perennial plant cover, changes in floristic composition and erosion. Long‐term monitoring requires (1) an understanding of the dynamics of vegetation change and associated ecological processes and (2) identification of relevant indicators. Using data from the arid zone of southern Tunisia we tested the hypothesis that plant functional response types could be used to address these two goals. We identified plant functional response types in response to a gradient of soil and vegetation types characterized by changes in perennial plant cover, dominant species and associated soil types. Vegetation samples were stratified by contrasted vegetation patch types with varying perennial plant cover (1.6 to 22%). We focused our analysis of trait responses within dwarf–shrubs, which are the dominants in typical steppe ecosystems of south Tunisia. Available trait data concerned morphology (plant height, leaf type), regeneration (dispersal mode, phenology and regeneration mode) and grazing value. Although we found it difficult to recognize ‘indicator response types’ that could be used directly to monitor changes in community composition, we were able to identify plant response syndromes that are relevant to long‐term vegetation changes, and in particular degradation processes, in the region. Two main response types were identified: the decreaser type, made up of small or medium chamaephytes with high grazing palatability and the increaser type with medium to tall chamaephytes and low grazing palatability. These response types are proposed as key elements in a state‐and‐transition model of vegetation dynamics in the context of agropastoral disturbances and climatic and edaphic stresses.     

Vegetation coverage changes driven by a combination of climate change and human activities in Ethiopia, 2003–2018

Climate change often leads to the vulnerability of vegetation cover, while the impact of human activities on vegetation cover is undoubtedly more complex in this context, especially in Ethiopia. This paper analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation growth in Ethiopia from 2003 to 2018 by the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) based on different time scales and explored the coefficient of variation and driving factors of the fractional vegetation coverage (FVC). The results indicated that the EVI mainly presents a “double peak” pattern, with large spatiotemporal differences between quarters and months in Ethiopia. The FVC increased by 0.0005 per year, but vegetation showed a browning trend after 2013. The FVC degraded area accounted for 43.9% of the total area, of which the significantly degraded area accounted for 7.51% due to human activities, mainly in northern, central, and southern Ethiopia. The effects of precipitation and maximum temperature on vegetation differed on time scales. Spatially, the vegetation on the northwest side of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley (MERV) was dominated by a combination of maximum temperature and precipitation, while vegetation on the southeast side of MERV was mainly influenced by precipitation. However, the spatial overlay analysis with degraded and healthy vegetation zones revealed that human activities were the key driver of vegetation cover change rather than climate change. This study provides support for further development of vegetation health conservation policies in Ethiopia and monitoring of vegetation dynamics in other countries around the world.     

中国不同植被类型归一化植被指数对气候变化和人类活动的响应

不同植被类型对外界干扰和环境变化的敏感性不同。为厘清中国不同类型植被的动态变化特征及其对外界环境变化的响应,综合利用趋势分析、残差分析和情景模拟方法,在明确2000-2015年间我国不同植被类型归一化植被指数(NDVI)时空变化基础上,对气候变化和人类活动两大驱动要素在不同植被类型NDVI变化中的相对贡献进行了定量评估和归因。研究结果表明:(1)2000-2015年,我国植被NDVI整体呈增加趋势,且其空间占比高达84.1%。其中,森林植被的改善状况最佳,显著增加的面积占到了森林总面积的82.4%;而荒漠植被的改善状况相对较差,仅有22.3%的区域呈显著增加趋势。(2)人类活动在我国植被变化中占主导地位。植被改善区和植被退化区人类活动的相对贡献分别为76.4%和60.0%,且人类活动对植被的影响更多与管理方式而非土地利用类型转变有关。(3)不同类型植被对气候变化和人类活动的响应差异显著。对于植被改善区,除沼泽外,人类活动对各类型植被NDVI变化的贡献率均在70%以上,尤其是对农作物的贡献率最高,达到80.7%;对于植被退化区,人类活动影响较大的植被类型为沼泽和农作物,表明2000-2015年间我国沼泽受到了更强烈人类活动的负面影响。研究有助于增强对不同植被类型对全球变化响应机制的理解,并为促进生态建设和植被恢复工作的有效实施提供科学参考。     

Satellite‐based evidence for shrub and graminoid tundra expansion in northern Quebec from 1986 to 2010

Global vegetation models predict rapid poleward migration of tundra and boreal forest vegetation in response to climate warming. Local plot and air‐photo studies have documented recent changes in high‐latitude vegetation composition and structure, consistent with warming trends. To bridge these two scales of inference, we analyzed a 24‐year (1986–2010) Landsat time series in a latitudinal transect across the boreal forest‐tundra biome boundary in northern Quebec province, Canada. This region has experienced rapid warming during both winter and summer months during the last 40 years. Using a per‐pixel (30 m) trend analysis, 30% of the observable (cloud‐free) land area experienced a significant (P < 0.05) positive trend in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). However, greening trends were not evenly split among cover types. Low shrub and graminoid tundra contributed preferentially to the greening trend, while forested areas were less likely to show significant trends in NDVI. These trends reflect increasing leaf area, rather than an increase in growing season length, because Landsat data were restricted to peak‐summer conditions. The average NDVI trend (0.007 yr^?1) corresponds to a leaf‐area index (LAI) increase of ~0.6 based on the regional relationship between LAI and NDVI from the Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer. Across the entire transect, the area‐averaged LAI increase was ~0.2 during 1986–2010. A higher area‐averaged LAI change (~0.3) within the shrub‐tundra portion of the transect represents a 20–60% relative increase in LAI during the last two decades. Our Landsat‐based analysis subdivides the overall high‐latitude greening trend into changes in peak‐summer greenness by cover type. Different responses within and among shrub, graminoid, and tree‐dominated cover types in this study indicate important fine‐scale heterogeneity in vegetation growth. Although our findings are consistent with community shifts in low‐biomass vegetation types over multi‐decadal time scales, the response in tundra and forest ecosystems to recent warming was not uniform.     

Species richness, diversity and biomass production of desert annuals in an ungrazed Rhanterium epapposum community over three growth seasons in Kuwait

Two blocks, each consisting of twelve 0.25 m²permanent plots, were established in a community dominated by desert annuals inan area of Kuwait protected from grazing, and community attributes wereinvestigated over three growth seasons. A linear relationship was found betweenestimated desert annual cover and biomass production. Species frequency wasassessed by the number of 100 cm² subplots occupied byaspecies in a block (block incidence). Over the three seasons,vegetation features varied considerably. The first season (spring 1997) wascharacterised by very sparse vegetation cover, low vegetation block incidence(sum of individual block incidences of each species present in a block) and lowspecies richness. The second season (spring 1998) had high vegetation cover,relatively low vegetation block incidence, but high species richness. In thethird season (spring 2000), vegetation cover was very sparse (as in 1997), butboth blocks had the highest vegetation block incidence of the three years andspecies richness was moderately high, although individual plants were verysmall. The growth period was much shorter in the very productive andspecies-rich 1998 season than in 2000. Fluctuations in biomass and speciesincidence coincided with pronounced variation in key meteorological variables,in particular the onset of the first rains, the amount of rainfall during thegrowing season and its temporal distribution. Species composition, however,appears mainly to be determined by the amount and possibly the timing of thefirst rainfalls of the season to trigger germination. There was little evidenceto suggest that particularly favourable or unfavourable microsites existed inplots for more than one vegetation period, either for individual species or fordiversity in general. Despite substantial between-season fluctuations inincidence, the relative abundances of the more frequent species to each otherremained broadly similar over the three seasons, with Plantagoboissieri being the predominant species and accounting for thelargest proportion of biomass.