安南龟冬眠前后乳酸脱氢酶的比较研究

应用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对安南龟冬眠前后心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃、骨骼肌共7种组织器官进行了乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的检测。结果表明,安南龟冬眠前后不同组织器官的乳酸脱氢酶同工酶酶谱均有差异,反映了安南龟冬眠前后代谢过程和代谢水平的不同。     

家鸽不同组织同工酶的初步研究

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法对家鸽不同组织的酯酶同工酶、乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的酶谱进行了观察和试验分析。计算了家鸽8种组织酯酶同工酶各自酶带的Rf值。显示出家鸽8种组织的酯酶同工酶酶带和7种组织的乳酸脱氢酶同工酶酶谱分布特征具有明显的组织特异性。初步分析了基因位点与酶谱带型之间的相互关系,对于鸟类的生化分析和遗传研究有参考作用。     

秦岭地区大林姬鼠的酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳分析了大林姬鼠(Apodemus peninsulae)心、肝、脾、肾和腿肌的 α-酯酶,β-酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶。结果表明3种同工酶的活性在5种器官组织中均有明显差异,其中以肝组织的酯酶活性最高,不同器官组织的酶谱也有明显差别,如脾的β一酯酶仅有B区带,同一器官组织通常以α-酯酶活性高于β-酯酶。苹果酸脱氢酶在碱性溶液中染色,肝组织有明显的AB医。心肌与腿肌的苹果酸脱氢酶活性略高于其他组织。     

秦岭地区大林姬鼠(Apodemus peninsulae)的酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳分析了大林姬属(Apodemus peninsulae)心、肝、脾、肾和腿肌的α—酯酶、β—酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶。结果表明3种同工酶的活性在5种器官组织中均有明显差异,其中以肝组织的酯酶活性最高;不同器官组织的酶谱也有明显差别,如脾的β—酯酶仅有B区带;同一器官组织通常以α—酯酶活性高于β—酯酶。苹果酸脱氢酶在碱性溶液中染色,肝组织有明显的AB区。心肌与腿肌的苹果酸脱氢酶活性略高于其他组织。     

滇池高背鲫和方正银鲫酯酶和乳酸脱氢酶的比较研究

本研究以方正银鲫酯酶(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch)普通鲫(Carassius auratus)和滇池高背鲫(Carassius sp.)的各种组织器官为材料, 进行酯酶(Esterase)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶电泳图谱的分析比较.结果表明:9种不同组织中酯酶同工酶谱带各不相同,有明显的组织特异性.滇池高背鲫的酯酶谱图有3种表型.正方银鲫和滇池高悲鲫同一组织的LDH同工酶谱也有明显差异. 等电聚焦凝胶电泳(T=7.5%,C=5%)的结果又表明这二种鱼的肝脏, 脑, 卵的酯酶同工酶谱及电泳扫描图有差异. 这些结果揭示滇池高背鲫与方正银鲫至少在生化水平上已有明显的分化, 很可能起源于不同的地区,由不同的祖先,独立演化而形成. 滇池高背鲫与云南普通鲫的LDH酶谱较为接近,这说明滇池高背鲫最可能起源于云南本地的普通鲫.     

红花的愈伤组织诱导及其与过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶的关系

红花外植体培养于附加不同激素的 MS培养基中,根、胚轴、子叶均可大量形成愈伤组织和根。5个红花品种间过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶酶谱的差异小于不同器官间的差异。随外植体子叶脱分化过程的进行,过氧化物酶同工酶酶带逐渐增多,而酯酶同工酶酶带则逐渐减少,并出现特异的诱导酶带。     

滇池高背鲫和方正银鲫酯酶、乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的比较研究

本研究以方正银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch)普通鲫(Carassius auratus)和滇池高背鲫(Carassius sp.)的各种组织器官为材料,进行酯酶(Esterase)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶电泳图谱的分析比较。结果表明:9种不同组织中酯酶同工酶谱带各不相同,有明显的组织特异性。滇池高背鲫的酯酶谱图有3种表型。方正银鲫和滇池高背鲫同一组织的LDH同工酶酶谱也有明显差异。等电聚焦凝胶电泳(T=7.5％,C=5％)的结果又表明这二种鱼的肝脏、脑、卵的酯酶同工酶酶谱及电泳扫描图亦有差异。这些结果揭示滇池高背鲫与方正银鲫至少在生化水平上已有明显的分化,很可能起源于不同的地区,由不同的祖先,独立演化而形成。滇池高背鲫与云南普通鲫的LDH酶谱较为接近,这说明滇池高背鲫最可能起源于云南本地的普通鲫。     

赖草属七个种同工酶研究

用聚丙酰胺凝胶电泳法对赖草属７个种的幼根、幼叶进行了酯酶、过氧化物酶同工酶分析,结果表明：无论从相同器官进行不同的同工酶分析,还是从不同器官进行相同的同工酶分析,这７个种的酶谱在各带区存在相似酶带,但更多的是相异酶带。从酯酶、过氧化物酶这两种酶分析结果来看,酯酶比过氧化物酶分离效果好些;从幼根和幼叶这两个器官的酶谱来看,幼根比幼叶酶带多些,分离效果也好些。同时也表明这７个种的酶谱变化与染色体倍性变化无关     

臭鼩酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶的电泳研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶薄层(o.5毫米)等电聚焦电泳分析了臭鼩(Suncus m．murinus) 心肌、骨骼肌、肾脏、脾脏、肝脏和脑6种组织器官的酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶。结果表明臭鼩6种组织的酯酶同工酶分别具有11—24条酶带,存在着明显的组织特异性。实验还发现其酯酶同工酶存在异型酶。臭鼩6种组织的苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶则未发现存在明显的组织特异性。     

2个油菜CMS系统的酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶分析

以甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系(CMS)Polima A及其保持系Polima B、陕2A及其保持系陕2B 4个材料初花期的叶片、叶柄以及花蕾组织为材料,采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板凝胶电泳比较它们在酯酶(EST)和过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶酶谱的差异.结果表明,甘蓝型油菜不育系与其对应保持系的叶片、叶柄的EST同工酶谱均无明显差异,但两系花蕾的EST同工酶谱有一定的差异;Polima A与陕2A对应器官的EST同工酶谱均表现出明显差异.不育系与其对应保持系的叶片、叶柄的POD同工酶谱差异不明显,而两系花蕾的POD同工酶谱有明显的差异;两个不育系之间的POD同工酶谱明显不同.花蕾的EST和POD同工酶的条带数目明显多于相应材料的叶片和叶柄,且EST同工酶的条带数目明显多于相应的POD同工酶.因此,甘蓝型油菜CMS系统Polima A和陕2A有着不同的遗传背景.     

Comparison of complete mitochondrial DNA control regions among five Asian freshwater turtle species and their phylogenetic relationships

The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control regions (CR), cytochrome b (Cyt b), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) and cytochrome coxidase subunit I (CO I) genes of four Asian freshwater turtles, Mauremys japonica, Ocadia sinensis, M. mutica, and Annamemys annamensis, were sequenced using universal PCR and long-PCR techniques. Combined with CR sequences of Chinemys reevesii, the composition and structure of CR of the five species were compared and analyzed. Three functional domains (TAS, CD and CSB) in CR and their conserved sequences (TAS, CSB-F, CSB-1, CSB-2, and CSB-3) were identified based on sequence similarity to those of other turtles. At the 3' end of CSB, six type motifs of variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) of five species were recognized, in which the TTATATTA motif may be the VNTR motif of the ancestral species of these five turtles. Comparison of nucleotide divergences among Cyt b, ND4, CO I, and CR of 11 turtle species using transitions + transversions and transversions-only methods supported the conclusion that CR evolved 2.6- to 5.7-fold faster than the other mtDNA genes. After excluding VNTRs of CR, molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The results supported an expanded clade of Mauremys, which included species formerly in Ocadia, Chinemys, Mauremys, and Annamemys; this was also reflected in the results of VNTR analysis.     

White adipose tissue composition in the free-ranging fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius; Primates), a tropical hibernator

In temperate species, hibernation is enhanced by high levels of essential fatty acids in white adipose tissue. Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by mammals, thus nutritional ecology should play a key role in physiological adaptations to hibernation. Tropical hibernators are exposed to different physiological demands than hibernators in temperate regions and are expected to be subject to different constraints. The aims of this study were to assess whether or not the tropical hibernator Cheirogaleus medius shows biochemical changes in its white adipose tissue before and during hibernation. A capture-recapture study was combined with feeding observations in western Madagascar. Before and after hibernation, 77 samples of white adipose tissue from 57 individuals of C. medius, as well as dietary items eaten during pre-hibernation fattening, were sampled and analyzed for their fatty acid composition. In contrast to temperate hibernators, C. medius exhibits extremely low essential fatty acid concentrations in its white adipose tissue (2.5%) prior to hibernation. The fatty acid pattern of the white adipose tissue did not change during pre-hibernation fattening and did not reflect dietary fatty acid composition. During hibernation, fat stores showed only minor but significant compositional changes. Because of its prevalence, the main fuel during hibernation was the monounsaturated oleic acid, which seemed to be preferentially synthesized from dietary carbohydrates. Results suggest that essential fatty acids do not represent an ecological limitation for hibernation in the tropics, at least not in the fat-tailed dwarf lemur.     

人工诱导冬眠对中华蟾蜍血液和组织中宏量营养素的影响

为探寻冬眠期间两栖动物血液和组织中宏量营养素的适应性改变过程,经人工诱导冬眠,检测了中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)在冬眠第1、3、7、14、28、42、56天的体重和脏器指数,以及血液、心、肝和骨骼肌组织中宏量营养素的含量。结果显示:1)冬眠期间中华蟾蜍体重未出现显著性变化,无性别差异。雄性蟾蜍的心、肝和腓肠肌的脏器指数显著性大于雌性(P0.01),但同一性别的脏器指数在冬眠期间无显著性变化。2)血中葡萄糖浓度自冬眠第42天起显著下降(P0.01);总蛋白在冬眠后第56天显著降低(P0.05),总胆固醇变化不显著。血中宏量营养素无性别差异。3)肝糖原自冬眠第42天起显著下降(P0.01),肌糖原自冬眠第1天起显著性下降(P0.05),而骨骼肌和心肌组织蛋白含量无显著变化。组织中宏量营养素无性别差异。人工诱导冬眠条件下,中华蟾蜍血液和组织中的糖类含量先迅速下降,血液中的蛋白成分只在深眠时才显著减少,但血液和组织中的宏量营养素水平可在1个月内维持稳定,这可能是其适应冬眠的主要生理学机制之一。     

Testis development and testosterone secretion in captive European ground squirrels before, during, and after hibernation

In some hibernating species, an extended euthermic period before spring emergence has been reported during which testicular maturation occurred. In this study, we investigated whether male European ground squirrels Spermophilus citellus (Linnaeus, 1766) develop scrotal testes before or after the termination of hibernation. The course of testis development and testosterone concentrations were examined in young-of-year male ground squirrels (n = 4) before, during, and after their first hibernation. In the environmental chamber, all animals showed regular hibernation patterns with decreasing torpor bout lengths prior to the end of hibernation. Four weeks before hibernation ended, testosterone levels were elevated during spontaneous arousals. Testosterone concentrations peaked during the first 2 months post heterothermy and decreased thereafter. In 2 experimental males, testes descended from the inguinal region into the scrotum shortly before the end of heterothermy. The state of testis development and testosterone secretion corresponded to that found in semi-free-living males at spring emergence. Testis size increased in active animals to maximum widths during weeks 3 and 4 post heterothermy. Scrotal skin pigmentation was absent until heterothermy ended and developed during the first month thereafter. The data suggest that male S. citellus do not need a pre-emergence euthermic period for reproductive development.     

Food exchange behavior between multiple founding queens of Polyrhachis moesta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) changes during hibernation

In some ant colonies founded by multiple queens, genetically unrelated queens cooperate to establish the colony. To test whether founding queens differentially adjust the amount of food exchange to nestmate and non-nestmate Polyrhachis moesta (Emery) queens before and after hibernation, food exchange in founding queens with different nutritional conditions was investigated. The proportion of non-nestmate queens showing food-begging behavior before hibernation was higher than that of nestmate queens. The number of begging behaviors was greater after hibernation than before hibernation, both between nestmates and between non-nestmates. Weight loss in fed queens performing food exchange with nestmate queens was significantly greater after hibernation than before hibernation. These results suggest that founding queens can discriminate between nestmate and non-nestmate founding queens and change the level of cooperation with founding queens before and after hibernation.     

Seasonal changes in morphology and function of the gastrointestinal tract of free-living alpine marmots (Marmota marmota)

The gastrointestinal tracts of 76 free-living alpine marmots ( Marmota marmota) shot during a population control program in Switzerland were collected and analysed for patterns of change in morphology and function over the period from emergence from hibernation in April to just before re-entry into hibernation in September. Between first emergence and mid-summer (July) the fresh tissue mass of the stomach increased by 105%, the small intestine by 259% (among the largest recorded for a mammal), caecum by 185%, proximal colon by 138%, and distal colon by 144%. Mitotic activity was greatest in the small intestine; the mitotic index was high (40%) compared with indexes in the stomach and hindgut (approximately 4%) even at emergence, and increased to approximately 60% by mid-summer. Microbial activity in the caecum was also significant at emergence. The stomach (length) and caecum (length and fresh mass) increased in response to ingested food earlier than did the small intestine. Between mid-summer and September there were decreases in small intestinal tissue mass and mitotic activity. It is concluded that the gastrointestinal tract of alpine marmots probably continues to function throughout hibernation at a low level, with a mid-winter trough as part of an endogenous circannual rhythm. However, after emergence in spring, increases in size and activity of the tract appear to be a response to ingested food rather than to an endogenous signal. The early signs of down-regulation of the small intestine before re-entry into hibernation, together with its delayed up-regulation in response to food in spring, are consistent with the high costs of maintaining this section of the digestive system.     

The influence of hibernation on testis growth and spermatogenesis in the golden-mantled ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis

Testis size and spermatogenesis were monitored serially in individual golden-mantled ground squirrels before, during, and after the hibernation season. During hibernation, animals spent 81% of days in torpor at body temperatures of 3-4 degrees C. Torpor bouts of 6 days duration were interspersed with brief arousals from torpor during which animals were normothermic. In the 5 mo between December (when animals entered hibernation) and April (when torpor was spontaneously terminated), the estimated mass of testes increased gradually from 500 to 1100 mg, but spermatogenesis did not advance beyond pachytene spermatocytes, which were present before hibernation began. In contrast, during the month after torpor was terminated, testes increased rapidly to 3500 mg and after 31 days, spermatozoa were found in the epididymides. We suggest that the limited testis growth that occurred during the hibernation season was restricted to intervals during which squirrels were aroused from torpor. The major portion of gonadal growth and spermatogenesis in the laboratory, and presumably in the field, occurs after ground squirrels have regained the normothermic state. Since males are reproductively mature when first trapped in spring, these findings suggest that males are normothermic for several weeks before they emerge from their hibernacula in the spring.     

On the hibernation of Spongilla lacustris (L.)

Summary The osmotic pressure of the summer-sponge is about 25–30 mM NaCl. At and after gemmulation it increases to about 110 mM (in a single case 175 mM was found), due to a liberation of small organic molecules. Osmotic pressure remains constant for a time, but in January and February (i. e. before the germination) it is again reduced to the summer values. The shell allows a high hydrostatic pressure to develop and thereby prevents osmotic rupture of the gemmula. The hibernation may be divided into three periods: The prehibernation, the posthibernation and intercalated between them the hibernation proper. In the prehibernation and in the posthibernation definite changes take place in the tissue, but in the hibernation proper no changes are observed. In Nature the hibernation lasts about six months at, say, 4°, but at 22 degrees the whole hibernation will abbreviate to about 13 days.This is due to an abbreviation of all the three periods of hibernation, but whereas the pre- and the posthibernation will only be accelerated in a manner similiar to that of other physiological processes, such as processes of growth, development and metabolism, the hibernation proper will be accelerated much more, and in fact it will be almost abolished at 22°. This strange effect of temperature on hibernation proper is discussed. Since development often occurs at very low temperatures (2–5°), we may conclude that a mechanism must be present in the gemmulae which ensures development after a certain time, here 6 months. The different phases of hibernation may serve as an indicator of this mechanism. It is suggested, that the transformations taking place during prehibernation and posthibernation, and resulting in the germination of the gemmula are inhibited during hibernation proper by a substance formed in prehibernation.     

Free amino acid composition in blood and muscle of the gobi <Emphasis Type="Italic">Precottus glehni</Emphasis> at the period of preparation and completion of hibernation

The freshwater fish gobi Preccottus glehni survives after wintering in ponds frozen in winter till the very bottom. In adaptation of poikilothermal animals to wintering at near-zero temperatures, an essential role is played by free amino acids; accumulation of a large amount of some particular acid at the period of preparation to the state of hibernation can indicate the protective role of this acid in the low-temperature adaptation. In the present work it has been shown that as soon as by the end of August, in the gobi muscle, the taurine concentration increases three times as compared with that in July, the taurine pool after this reaching 50% of the total pool of free amino acids in the muscle tissue. During December and after the 3-month hibernation in ice, it exceeds the April and July levels 8 and 4 times, respectively, and amounts to 50% of the total free amino acid pool for muscle and to 40% for blood. Several days prior to the beginning of winter hibernation under natural conditions, both in blood and in muscle, there is revealed disappearance or a sharp fall of concentration of essential amino acids. An essential peculiarity of the change in the free amino acid composition after hibernation was a significant rise of alanine concentration in muscle—3.5 times as compared with July and 1.4–1.8 times as compared with changes in December. The total free amino acid pool in muscle in December as compared with that in July increased almost 1.5 times (34.76 ± 1.12 μmol/g wet weight), while after hibernation—2 times. Peculiarities of taurine accumulation long before the beginning of winter cold allow suggesting that role of taurine consists in providing a possibility of existence of eurythermal fish at near-zero temperature.