Genome Sequencer FLX引领快速基因组测序时代的到来

焦磷酸法最早是应用在检测DNA甲基化和SNP位点分析的一项技术, 在2005年底, 此技术被用来进行基因组序列的测定, 已经成为下一代高通量测序中最成熟的一种技术。本篇文章着重介绍了采用焦磷酸测序法的罗氏公司最新一代高通量基因组测序系统GS FLX的技术原理, 操作过程和广泛的应用范围。     

Genome Sequencer FLX引领快速基因组测序时代的到来

焦磷酸法最早是应用在检测DNA甲基化和SNP位点分析的一项技术,在2005年底,此技术被用来进行基因组序列的测定,已经成为下一代高通量测序中最成熟的一种技术.本篇文章着重介绍了采用焦磷酸测序法的罗氏公司最新一代高通量基因组测序系统GS FLX的技术原理,操作过程和广泛的应用范围.     

Pyrosequencing for Microbial Identification and Characterization

Pyrosequencing is a versatile technique that facilitates microbial genome sequencing that can be used to identify bacterial species, discriminate bacterial strains and detect genetic mutations that confer resistance to anti-microbial agents. The advantages of pyrosequencing for microbiology applications include rapid and reliable high-throughput screening and accurate identification of microbes and microbial genome mutations. Pyrosequencing involves sequencing of DNA by synthesizing the complementary strand a single base at a time, while determining the specific nucleotide being incorporated during the synthesis reaction. The reaction occurs on immobilized single stranded template DNA where the four deoxyribonucleotides (dNTP) are added sequentially and the unincorporated dNTPs are enzymatically degraded before addition of the next dNTP to the synthesis reaction. Detection of the specific base incorporated into the template is monitored by generation of chemiluminescent signals. The order of dNTPs that produce the chemiluminescent signals determines the DNA sequence of the template. The real-time sequencing capability of pyrosequencing technology enables rapid microbial identification in a single assay. In addition, the pyrosequencing instrument, can analyze the full genetic diversity of anti-microbial drug resistance, including typing of SNPs, point mutations, insertions, and deletions, as well as quantification of multiple gene copies that may occur in some anti-microbial resistance patterns.     

Method enabling fast partial sequencing of cDNA clones

Pyrosequencing is a nonelectrophoretic single-tube DNA sequencing method that takes advantage of cooperativity between four enzymes to monitor DNA synthesis. To investigate the feasibility of the recently developed technique for tag sequencing, 64 colonies of a selected cDNA library from human were sequenced by both pyrosequencing and Sanger DNA sequencing. To determine the needed length for finding a unique DNA sequence, 100 sequence tags from human were retrieved from the database and different lengths from each sequence were randomly analyzed. An homology search based on 20 and 30 nucleotides produced 97 and 98% unique hits, respectively. An homology search based on 100 nucleotides could identify all searched genes. Pyrosequencing was employed to produce sequence data for 30 nucleotides. A similar search using BLAST revealed 16 different genes. Forty-six percent of the sequences shared homology with one gene at different positions. Two of the 64 clones had unique sequences. The search results from pyrosequencing were in 100% agreement with conventional DNA sequencing methods. The possibility of using a fully automated pyrosequencer machine for future high-throughput tag sequencing is discussed.     

Genotypic characterization of Neisseria meningitidis using pyrosequencing™

Pyrosequencing involves the synthesis of single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid leading to rapid and accurate analysis of nucleotide sequences. This article describes the development of typing assays for the characterization of Neisseria meningitidis using Pyrosequencing. This involved developing methods for the nucleotide sequence analysis of important variable regions contained on a major capsule gene and on outer membrane protein genes that are used for grouping, typing, and subtyping meningococci. To achieve this, primers were designed for amplification of three genes, siaD, porB, and porA from the four main serogroups B, C, Y, and W135. To facilitate throughput and reproducibility, the method was also automated. Data from 717 isolates have shown that Pyrosequencing can be used for the single nucleotide polymorphism and sequence-analysis characterization of meningococci.     

Improvements in Pyrosequencing technology by employing Sequenase polymerase

Pyrosequencing is a DNA sequencing technique based on the bioluminometric detection of inorganic pyrophosphate, which is released when nucleotides are incorporated into a target DNA. Since the technique is based on an enzymatic cascade, the choice of enzymes is a critical factor for efficient performance of the sequencing reaction. In this study we have analyzed the performance of an alternative DNA polymerase, Sequenase, on the sequencing performance of the Pyrosequencing technology. Compared to the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, Sequenase could read through homopolymeric regions with more than five T bases. In addition, Sequenase reduces remarkably interference from primer-dimers and loop structures that give rise to false sequence signals. By using Sequenase, synchronized extensions and longer reads can be obtained on challenging templates, thereby opening new avenues for applications of Pyrosequencing technology.     

Multiplex Pyrosequencing

We describe here the development of a new and simple single-tube multiplex Pyrosequencing assay. Genomic DNA or cDNA was employed to PCR amplify region(s) using biotinylated and normal primer(s). Subsequent to capture of PCR products on streptavidin-coated beads, single-stranded DNA separation and hybridization of multiple sequencing primers, Pyrosequencing was performed. The obtained pyrogram resulted in a unique pattern in which the intensity of the signal determined the number of incorporated nucleotide(s). Here, we demonstrate the use of this multiplex Pyrosequencing for single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyping and microbial typing.     

A multi-enzyme model for Pyrosequencing

Pyrosequencing is a DNA sequencing technique based on sequencing-by-synthesis enabling rapid real-time sequence determination. This technique employs four enzymatic reactions in a single tube to monitor DNA synthesis. Nucleotides are added iteratively to the reaction and in case of incorporation, pyrophosphate (PPi) is released. PPi triggers a series of reactions resulting in production of light, which is proportional to the amount of DNA and number of incorporated nucleotides. Generated light is detected and recorded by a detector system in the form of a peak signal, which reflects the activity of all four enzymes in the reaction. We have developed simulations to model the kinetics of the enzymes. These simulations provide a full model for the Pyrosequencing four-enzyme system, based on which the peak height and shape can be predicted depending on the concentrations of enzymes and substrates. Simulation results are shown to be compatible with experimental data. Based on these simulations, the rate-limiting steps in the chain can be determined, and K_M and k_cat of all four enzymes in Pyrosequencing can be calculated.     

Analysis of read length limiting factors in Pyrosequencing chemistry

Pyrosequencing is a bioluminometric DNA sequencing technique that measures the release of pyrophosphate during DNA synthesis. The amount of pyrophosphate is proportionally converted into visible light by a cascade of enzymatic reactions. Pyrosequencing has heretofore been used for generating short sequence reads (1-100 nucleotides) because certain factors limit the system's ability to perform longer reads accurately. In this study, we have characterized the main read length limiting factors in both three-enzyme and four-enzyme Pyrosequencing systems. A new simulation model was developed to simulate the read length of both systems based on the inhibitory factors in the chemical equations governing each enzymatic cascade. Our results indicate that nonsynchronized extension limits the obtained read length, albeit to a different extent for each system. In the four-enzyme system, nonsynchronized extension due mainly to a decrease in apyrase's efficiency in degrading excess nucleotides proves to be the main limiting factor of read length. Replacing apyrase with a washing step for removal of excess nucleotide proves to be essential in improving the read length of Pyrosequencing. The main limiting factor of the three-enzyme system is shown to be loss of DNA fragments during the washing step. If this loss is minimized to 0.1% per washing cycle, the read length of Pyrosequencing would be well beyond 300 bases.     

Pyrosequencing protocol using a universal biotinylated primer for mutation detection and SNP genotyping

DNA sequencing has markedly changed the nature of biomedical research, identifying millions of polymorphisms along the human genome that now require further analysis to study the genetic basis of human diseases. Among the DNA-sequencing platforms available, Pyrosequencing has become a useful tool for medium-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, mutation detection, copy-number studies and DNA methylation analysis. Its 96-well genotyping format allows reliable results to be obtained at reasonable costs in a few minutes. However, a specific biotinylated primer is usually required for each SNP under study to allow the capture of single-stranded DNA template for the Pyrosequencing assay. Here, we present an alternative to the standard labeling of PCR products for analysis by Pyrosequencing that circumvents the requirement of specific biotinylated primers for each SNP of interest. This protocol uses a single biotinylated primer that is simultaneously incorporated into all M13-tagged PCR products during the amplification reaction. The protocol covers all steps from the PCR amplification and capture of single-stranded template, its preparation, and the Pyrosequencing assay itself. Once the correct primer stoichiometry has been determined, the assay takes around 2 h for PCR amplification, followed by 15-20 min (per plate) to obtain the genotypes.     

Single-nucleotide polymorphism detection in plants using a single-stranded pyrosequencing protocol with a universal biotinylated primer

Analysis of variations in plant genomes is increasingly focused on single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, increasing the need for fast yet reliable, simple, and cost-effective techniques to handle the large number of these polymorphisms within large plant genomes. Pyrosequencing technology offers a technique that takes advantage of the interaction of four enzymes in a single-tube assay to measure DNA synthesis in real time. Pyrosequencing provides a DNA sequence and an advantage over alternative techniques in poorly characterized genomes such as those of most plant species. Here we compare the use of both single-stranded and double-stranded template Pyrosequencing on plant tissue for SNP identification. Different enzymatic strategies for double-stranded template preparation were compared. Preparation of double-stranded template from plant tissue required labor-intensive purification to allow double-stranded Pyrosequencing. A more cost-effective and less labor-intensive alternative to double-stranded template preparation in plants has been developed using a universal biotinylated primer to improve the efficiency of single-stranded Pyrosequencing. This provides an efficient high-throughput method for SNP analysis by Pyrosequencing.     

A simple method using PyrosequencingTM to identify de novo SNPs in pooled DNA samples

A practical way to reduce the cost of surveying single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a large number of individuals is to measure the allele frequencies in pooled DNA samples. Pyrosequencing(TM) has been frequently used for this application because signals generated by this approach are proportional to the amount of DNA templates. The Pyrosequencing(TM) pyrogram is determined by the dispensing order of dNTPs, which is usually designed based on the known SNPs to avoid asynchronistic extensions of heterozygous sequences. Therefore, utilizing the pyrogram signals to identify de novo SNPs in DNA pools has never been undertook. Here, in this study we developed an algorithm to address this issue. With the sequence and pyrogram of the wild-type allele known in advance, we could use the pyrogram obtained from the pooled DNA sample to predict the sequence of the unknown mutant allele (de novo SNP) and estimate its allele frequency. Both computational simulation and experimental Pyrosequencing(TM) test results suggested that our method performs well. The web interface of our method is available at http://life.nctu.edu.tw/～yslin/PSM/.     

Improved performance of pyrosequencing using single-stranded DNA-binding protein

In modern biology, there is a critical need to develop a high-throughput and inexpensive platform for DNA sequencing. Pyrosequencing is a nonelectrophoretic single-tube DNA sequencing method that takes advantage of cooperativity between four enzymes to monitor DNA synthesis. In these studies, single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB) was added to the primed DNA template prior to the Pyrosequencing reaction. The addition of SSB to a Pyrosequencing reaction system resulted in a read length of more than 30 nucleotides. Improvements were observed as: (i) increased efficiency of the enzymes, (ii) reduced mispriming, as measured by nonspecific signals, (iii) an increase in signal intensity during the reaction, (iv) higher accuracy in reading the number of identical adjacent nucleotides in difficult templates, and (v) longer reads. The usefulness of these results for future Pyrosequencing applications is discussed.     

POSA: Perl Objects for DNA Sequencing Data Analysis

Background  

Capillary DNA sequencing machines allow the generation of vast amounts of data with little hands-on time. With this expansion of data generation, there is a growing need for automated data processing. Most available software solutions, however, still require user intervention or provide modules that need advanced informatics skills to allow implementation in pipelines.     

Method for preparing single-stranded DNA templates for Pyrosequencing using vector ligation and universal biotinylated primers

In Pyrosequencing, the addition of nucleotides to a primer-template hybrid is monitored by enzymatic conversion of chemical energy into detectable light. The technique yields both qualitative and quantitative sequence information because the chemical energy is released by a stoichiometric split off of pyrophosphates from incorporated deoxynucleotide triphosphates and a defined nucleotide dispensation order is given. Because Pyrosequencing works best if single-stranded DNA templates are used, template generation usually requires PCR with a target-specific biotinylated primer and a subsequent purification involving interaction of the biotin label with immobilized streptavidin. To circumvent the need for numerous and expensive template-specific biotinylated primers, we developed a method that uses the ligation of amplified DNA fragments into a plasmid vector, thereby facilitating subsequent PCR using a universal vector-specific biotinylated primer. This approach allows easy and straightforward isolation of single-stranded templates of any PCR product. As a proof of principle, we used the method for genotyping two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genes CARD15 and A2M and for characterization of four multisite variations in the human DEFB104 gene.     

Pyrosequencing for microbial typing

Pyrosequencing is a real-time DNA sequencing technique generating short reads rapidly and inexpensively. This technology has the potential advantage of accuracy, ease-of-use, high flexibility and is now emerging as a popular platform for microbial typing. Here, we review the methodology and the use of this technique for viral typing, bacterial typing, and fungal typing. In addition, we describe how to use multiplexing for accurate and rapid typing.     

Method enabling pyrosequencing on double-stranded DNA

Pyrosequencing is a new nonelectrophoretic, single-tube DNA sequencing method that takes advantage of co-operativity between four enzymes to monitor DNA synthesis (M. Ronaghi, M. Uhlén, and P. Nyrén, Science 281, 363-365). Pyrosequencing has so far only been performed on single-stranded DNA. In this paper different enzymatic strategies for template preparation enabling pyrosequencing on double-stranded DNA were studied. High quality data were obtained with several different enzyme combinations: (i) shrimp alkaline phosphatase and exonuclease I, (ii) calf intestine alkaline phosphatase and exonuclease I, (iii) apyrase and inorganic pyrophosphatase together with exonuclease I, and (iv) apyrase and ATP sulfurylase together with exonuclease I. In many cases, when the polymerase chain reaction was efficient exonuclease I could be omitted. In certain cases, additives such as dimethyl sulfoxide, single-stranded DNA-binding protein, and Klenow DNA polymerase improved the sequence quality. Apyrase was the fastest and most efficient of the three different nucleotide degrading enzymes tested. The data quality obtained on double-stranded DNA was comparable with that on single-stranded DNA. Pyrosequencing data for more than 30 bases could be generated on both long and short templates, as well as on templates with high GC content.     

Rapid detection of gyrA and parC mutations in quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica using Pyrosequencing technology

Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antimicrobials highly effective in the treatment of a wide variety of clinical infections. Salmonella gastroenteritis is usually only treated with fluoroquinolones when the patient is elderly or immunocompromised. Fluoroquinolones are also used for the treatment of systemic Salmonella infection or for long-term salmonella carriage. Resistance to quinolones is commonly mediated by point mutations within the topoisomerase genes gyrA and parC. Pyrosequencing technology is a DNA sequencing method using 'sequencing by synthesis' and is suitable for the rapid detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). One hundred and ten Salmonella enterica isolates, representing 18 different serotypes, were used in this study. One hundred and four isolates had ciprofloxacin MICs of 0.25-32 microg/mL; the remaining six were ciprofloxacin-sensitive (ciprofloxacin MIC相似文献   

High-throughput AFLP analysis using infrared dye-labeled primers and an automated DNA sequencer

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis is currently the most powerful and efficient technique for the generation of large numbers of anonymous DNA markers in plant and animal genomes. We have developed a protocol for high-throughput AFLP analysis that allows up to 70,000 polymorphic marker genotype determinations per week on a single automated DNA sequencer. This throughput is based on multiplexed PCR amplification of AFLP fragments using two different infrared dyelabeled primer combinations. The multiplexed AFLPs are resolved on a two-dye, model 4200 LI-COR automated DNA sequencer, and the digital images are scored using semi-automated scoring software specifically designed for complex AFLP banding patterns (AFLP-Quantar). Throughput is enhanced by using high-quality genomic DNA templates obtained by a 96-well DNA isolation procedure.     

焦测序技术的研究进展

焦测序技术是一种实时DNA测序技术。它在DNA聚合酶、三磷酸腺苷硫酸化酶、荧光素酶和三磷酸腺苷双磷酸酶4种酶的协同作用下,将焦磷酸转化为等量的荧光信号,通过荧光信号的高低实时检测待测序列,操作简便,可实现高通量、自动化测定,检测不需要电泳,不需要对样品标记和染色,结果准确可靠重复性好。本文综述了焦测序技术的基本原理、历史及其在测序模板制备技术、反应体系和检测仪器三个方面的最新进展,并重点介绍制备单链的Late-PCR技术、高灵敏度反应体系的获得以及454公司超高通量测序技术,并对焦测序技术的发展做了展望。