土壤微生物生物量在团聚体中的分布以及耕作影响

了解土壤微生物在土壤结构体内部的分布对于预测相关的土壤生物化学过程具有重要意义。由于气候、土壤以及耕作的影响,该领域的研究结果存在很大的空间和时间变异,因此有待进行更多的在不同气候和土壤类型下的研究。首次报道亚热带紫色水稻土中微生物生物量在长期不同耕作方式的土壤中不同水稳性团聚体中的分布特征。结果表明微生物生物量在紫色水稻土水稳定性团聚体中的分布模式决定于土壤结构本身,而耕作方式的影响不显著;微生物生物量碳在不同粒级土壤团聚体中无显著性差异,微生物生物量氮与可溶性有机碳在0．25～0．053mm微团聚体中含量最高;垄作免耕显著提高土壤团聚体中的微生物生物量及可溶性有机碳含量,而对微生物生物量及可溶性有机碳在土壤团聚体中的分布模式无显著影响。     

不同耕作方式对稻田土壤动物、微生物及酶活性的影响研究

以长期定位试验为基本材料,研究了不同耕作方式对土壤动物、微生物及酶活性的影响．结果表明,0～20cm土壤层内大、中、小型土壤动物垄作免耕为14700个·m^-22,冬水免耕为10450个·m^-22水旱轮作为7950个·m^-22常规平作为6275个·m^-22,垄作免耕处理土壤动物的数量是常规平作的2．34倍．土壤微生物数量和土壤微生物生物量氮因季节而异,总体上是春秋多而夏季少,土壤酶活性表现出表层高,底层低．土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物生物量氮及土壤酶活性不同处理间仍是垄作免耕>水旱轮作>冬水免耕>常规平作,表明垄作免耕有利于改善稻田土壤生态环境。有利于土壤肥力的提高。     

宁南山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体养分特征及微生物特性的影响

测定了宁夏黄土丘陵区植被恢复近30年的天然草地和农地不同粒径团聚体的土壤养分含量、微生物生物量、呼吸特性和生态化学计量比等指标,探索黄土丘陵区植被恢复对不同粒径土壤团聚体的养分特性和微生物学性质的影响.结果表明: 微团聚体(粒径<0.25 mm)质量百分比、各粒径土壤团聚体养分(有机碳、全氮、速效钾)含量、C/N均表现为天然草地大于农地,其中1～2 mm粒径团聚体有机碳、全氮含量在天然草地和农地中均最高,C/N也较高,说明植被恢复能有效促进土壤团粒的形成,适宜养分积累和有机碳的汇集,且在1～2 mm粒径团聚体上表现最为突出;天然草地各粒径土壤团聚体微生物生物量(碳、氮)、基础呼吸强度均高于农地,而呼吸熵低于农地,可见植被恢复措施可有效提高各粒径土壤微生物生物量与活性,并使土壤生境趋于稳定;但由于养分特性的差异,不同粒径团聚体微生物特性对植被修复的响应存在差异,其中天然草地土壤1～2 mm粒径团聚体微生物生物量碳,<0.25、0.25～1、1～2 mm粒径团聚体微生物生物量氮,以及1～2、>5 mm粒径团聚体基础呼吸强度显著高于其他粒径,即上述粒径团聚体的微生物生物量和微生物活性在植被恢复过程中逐渐被改善.表明宁南山区植被恢复有效改善了土壤团聚体的肥力状况与结构特征,且1～2 mm粒径团聚体的改良效果最为突出.     

耕作方式对潮土土壤团聚体微生物群落结构的影响

为探究不同耕作方式对潮土土壤团聚体微生物群落结构和多样性的影响,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法测定了土壤团聚体中微生物群落。试验设置4个耕作处理,分别为旋耕+秸秆还田(RT)、深耕+秸秆还田(DP)、深松+秸秆还田(SS)和免耕+秸秆还田(NT)。结果表明:与RT相比,DP处理显著提高了原状土壤和>5 mm粒级土壤团聚体中真菌PLFAs量和真菌/细菌,为真菌的繁殖提供了有利条件,有助于土壤有机质的贮存,提高了土壤生态系统的缓冲能力;提高了5～2 mm粒级土壤团聚体中细菌PLFAs量,降低了土壤革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌,改善了土壤营养状况;提高了<0.25 mm粒级土壤团聚体中微生物丰富度指数。总的来说,深耕+秸秆还田(DP)对土壤团聚体细菌和真菌生物量有一定的提高作用,并且在一定程度上改善了土壤团聚体微生物群落结构,有利于增加土壤固碳能力和保持土壤微生物多样性。冗余分析结果表明,土壤团聚体总PLFAs量、细菌、革兰氏阴性菌和放线菌PLFAs量与土壤有机碳相关性较强,革兰氏阳性菌PLFAs量与总氮相关性较强。各处理较大粒级土壤团聚体微生物群落主要受碳氮比、含水量、pH值和团聚体质量分数的影响,较小粒级土壤团聚体微生物群落则主要受土壤有机碳和总氮的影响。     

长期植稻年限序列水稻土团聚体有机碳分布特征

通过开展有机质物理分组试验,研究了杭州湾南岸不同植稻年限序列水稻土有机碳含量的粒级分布变化特征.结果表明: 各植稻年限耕层水稻土中,土壤团聚体主要分布在微团聚体(<0.25 mm)中,其中大微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)随着植稻年限的增加而减少;在微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm,<0.053 mm)中,有机碳含量随着植稻年限的增加而增加,在0.053～2 mm粒径范围内,各粒级有机碳占总有机碳比例随着粒级的减小而增加,有机碳主要集中在大微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)中;随着种植年限的增加,颗粒有机碳含量减少.栽培年限长的水稻土比栽培年限短的水稻土碳封存量大,早期开垦的水稻土仍有很大的固碳潜力.     

长期植稻年限序列水稻土团聚体有机碳分布特征

通过开展有机质物理分组试验,研究了杭州湾南岸不同植稻年限序列水稻土有机碳含量的粒级分布变化特征.结果表明: 各植稻年限耕层水稻土中,土壤团聚体主要分布在微团聚体(<0.25 mm)中,其中大微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)随着植稻年限的增加而减少;在微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm,<0.053 mm)中,有机碳含量随着植稻年限的增加而增加,在0.053～2 mm粒径范围内,各粒级有机碳占总有机碳比例随着粒级的减小而增加,有机碳主要集中在大微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)中;随着种植年限的增加,颗粒有机碳含量减少.栽培年限长的水稻土比栽培年限短的水稻土碳封存量大,早期开垦的水稻土仍有很大的固碳潜力.     

保护性耕作对紫色水稻土团聚体组成和有机碳储量的影响

通过长期定位试验,研究了保护性耕作对四川盆地紫色水稻土耕层团聚体组成和有机碳储量的影响.结果表明,保护性耕作显著影响耕层团聚体组成及其有机碳含量.油菜免耕、厢作免耕、绿肥免耕、垄作翻耕和厢作翻耕0～10 cm土壤大团聚体分别比对照(12%)增加23%、69%、9%、36%和28%,而10～20 cm土壤大团聚体比对照低9%～38%.冬水免耕、油菜免耕和绿肥免耕0～10 cm土壤大团聚体中有机碳含量分别比对照增加13%、31%和32%,而10～20 cm土壤各处理有机碳含量低于对照28%～54%,其土壤大团聚体和微团聚体中碳浓度差异低于0～10cm土壤.各处理0～10 cm土壤总有机碳储量比对照增加8%～28%,而10～20 cm土壤总有机碳储量低于对照4%～22%.传统耕作转变为保护性耕作13年后0～10和10～20 cm土壤有机碳固定率分别为53和25 g·m^-2·a^-1,传统耕作有机碳固定率分别为26和33 g·m^-2·a^-1.保护性耕作有利于紫色水稻土表层大团聚体的形成和土壤总有机碳储量的提高.     

干旱区典型盐生植物群落土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布

以干旱区玛纳斯河流域扇缘带为研究区,分析了花花柴(Karelinia caspia)、雾冰藜(Bassia dasyphylla)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)和柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)4个典型盐生植物群落土壤团聚体的组成及有机碳分布。研究表明:不同植物群落土壤团聚体均以0.25—0.053 mm粒径为主,占了46.7%—74.6%,且与其他粒径差异显著(P0.05),0.25 mm和0.053mm粒径土壤团聚体含量较少,仅占7.8%—43%。梭梭群落0.25 mm团聚体平均含量较高,达32%。不同植被群落土壤总有机碳介于2.01—8.73 g/kg之间,不同粒径团聚体有机碳介于1.70—13.68 g/kg之间。不同群落之间,梭梭和柽柳群落总有机碳和团聚体有机碳含量均相对较高,且随着土层深度下降而下降。不同粒径之间,有机碳含量在0.25—0.053 mm粒径最低,在0.25 mm和0.053 mm粒径中最高,呈现"V"型分布且差异显著(P0.05)。0.25—0.053 mm团聚体中有机碳含量的贡献率最高,达43.43%,而0.053 mm粒级贡献率较低,但有机碳含量较高,说明了小粒径团聚体对有机碳保护能力较强。土壤有机碳含量与0.25—0.053 mm团聚体含量呈显著负相关(P0.05)。而从整体来看,梭梭群落0.25 mm团聚体比例较高,且土壤有机碳和团聚体有机碳含量也较高,说明了在该研究区,梭梭群落聚集土壤养分能力较强,相对其他群落更有利于土壤有机碳的积累。     

长期退耕对红壤团聚体碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的影响

目前,长期退耕恢复如何影响红壤团聚体组成及其碳氮磷生态化学计量特征还不十分清楚。本研究基于湖南红壤试验站连续27年的长期定位试验,选取常规施肥耕作和退耕恢复两个处理,采集0～15 cm耕层土样,利用湿筛法探讨了土壤团聚体粒级组成及其碳氮磷含量与生态化学计量特征对长期退耕的响应规律。结果显示:相比于常规施肥耕作方式,退耕恢复处理下:①土壤水稳性大团聚体( 0.25 mm)总量显著增加,微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)和矿质颗粒(0.053 mm)含量显著降低;②土壤有机碳和全氮含量显著增加,全磷含量显著降低,其中有机碳含量在各个粒级团聚体中均显著增加,全氮含量则在大团聚体(2和0.25～2 mm)与微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)中显著增加,而全磷含量在各粒级团聚体中均显著降低。另外,0.25～2 mm粒级大团聚体对土壤碳氮磷养分贡献率最高;③土壤C∶N、C∶P和N∶P显著升高,但C∶N在各粒级团聚体中表现较为稳定,而C∶P和N∶P变异性较大,在各粒级土壤团聚体中均有显著升高。综上,退耕恢复增强了耕层土壤的团聚作用,使碳、氮、磷更集中赋存于大团聚体中,对土壤结构、团聚体质量有改善作用,但对于磷素限制作用的增强值得今后注意。     

选择性抑菌剂对添加稻草红壤旱土团聚体磷素微生物转化的影响

为了进一步探明红壤旱土磷素微生物固持的机理,采用室内模拟培养试验研究了微生物类群对红壤旱土团聚体(0.2～2mm)磷素转化的作用.结果表明:在培养90d期间,添加稻草处理能显著提高红壤旱土团聚体的微生物生物量碳、生物量磷、提取磷(Olsen法)和有机磷的含量.在培养前期(5～30d),与添加稻草处理比较,稻草+真菌抑制剂(放线菌酮)、稻草+细菌抑制剂(四环素+链霉素硫酸盐)处理团聚体微生物生物量碳含量分别降低10.5%～31.8%和6.8%～11.6%,前者的降低幅度显著大于后者(P0.01),此后加入抑菌剂处理团聚体微生物生物量碳基本保持稳定.添加细菌抑制剂处理团聚体微生物生物量磷含量在培养5～20d期间比加真菌抑制剂处理高10.0%～28.8%,差异显著(P0.01).表明真菌和细菌均参与红壤旱土团聚体磷素的固持,但真菌的作用明显大于细菌.     

Relationships among the Stem, Aboveground and Total Biomass across Chinese Forests

Forest biomass plays a key role in the global carbon cycle. In the present study, a general allometric model was derived to predict the relationships among the stem biomass Ms, aboveground biomass MA and total biomass MT, based on previously developed scaling relationships for leaf, stem and root standing biomass. The model predicted complex scaling exponents for MT and/or MA with respect to Ms. Because annual biomass accumulation in the stem, root and branch far exceeded the annual increase in standing leaf biomass, we can predict that MT ∝MA ∝ Ms as a simple result of the model. Although slight variations existed in different phyletic affiliations （i.e. conifers versus angiosperms）, empirical results using Model Type Ⅱ （reduced major axis） regression supported the model＇s predictions. The predictive formulas among stem, aboveground and total biomass were obtained using Model Type I （ordinary least squares） regression to estimate forest biomass. Given the low mean percentage prediction errors for aboveground （and total biomass） based on the stem biomass, the results provided a reasonable method to estimate the biomass of forests at the individual level, which was insensitive to the variation in local environmental conditions （e.g. precipitation, temperature, etc.）.     

黑龙江长白山森林生物量的时空变化分析

森林生物量碳储量的空间分布及其变化信息, 对揭示地表空间变化规律及驱动因子、分析评价森林生产力及生态功能具有重要意义。该文以20世纪70年代、80年代、90年代和21世纪初4个时期的遥感数据和同期的森林资源清查样地数据为基础, 应用遥感信息模型, 估算了黑龙江长白山地区的森林生物量, 分析了该地区森林生物量的时空动态变化, 以及森林生物量随高程、坡度和坡向的变化规律。结果表明: 该地区4个时期的森林平均生物量分别为81.56、44.27、48.27和54.82 t·hm^-2。4个时期总的森林生物量分别为5.37 × 10 ⁸、2.83 × 10 ⁸、3.06 × 10 ⁸和3.46 × 10 ⁸ t。20世纪70年代到21世纪初森林平均生物量和总的森林生物量都呈现出先降低后增加的趋势, 呈先下降趋势的主要原因是20世纪70-80年代以森林采伐为主, 后增加趋势的主要原因是实施天然林保护工程起到了很大的作用。该地区4个时期森林生物量随高程、坡度和坡向都表现出一致性的变化规律, 森林生物量随高程和坡度变化都呈先增加后减少的趋势, 导致这一现象的主要原因是, 高程、坡度和坡向变化引起了局地气候条件的变化, 从而直接影响森林生长环境, 造成森林分布的变化。森林生物量在200-400 m高程所占的比例最大, 约为35%, 在坡度5°-15°所占的比例接近50%。森林生物量在南坡和西南坡所占的比例最小, 为7%; 平坡所占的比例最大, 为28%; 南坡次之, 为19%。     

Invading Monotypic Stands of Phalaris arundinacea: A Test of Fire, Herbicide, and Woody and Herbaceous Native Plant Groups

Phalaris arundinacea L. is an aggressive species that can dominate wetlands by producing monotypic stands that suppress native vegetation. In this study invasion windows were created for native species in monotypic stands of P. arundinacea with either fire or herbicide. Three native species groups, herbaceous plants, herbaceous seeds, and woody shrubs, were planted into plots burned or treated with herbicide in the early spring. Fire did not create an effective invasion window for native species; there was no difference in P. arundinacea root and shoot biomass or cover between burned and control plots (p≥ 0.998). Herbicide treatment created an invasion window for native species by reducing P. arundinacea root and shoot biomass for two growing seasons, but that invasion window was fast closing by the end of the second growing season because P. arundinacea shoot biomass had nearly reached the shoot biomass levels in the control plots (p= 0.053). Transplant mortality, frost, and animal herbivory prevented the herbaceous species and woody seedlings from becoming fully established in the plots treated with herbicide during the first year of the experiment. Transplanted monocots had a greater survival than dicots. By the second growing season the herbaceous group had the greatest mean areal cover (5%), compared to the woody seedlings (3%) and seed group (0%). Long‐term monitoring of the plots will determine whether the herbaceous transplants will compete effectively with P. arundinacea and whether the woody species will survive, shade the P. arundinacea, and accelerate forest succession.     

南亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种群的生物量与生物量增量

粘木种群的生物量为７０．１４ｔ／ｈｍ２,生物量增量为２．３２ｔｈｍ２ａ－１。其总生物量的９０％以上分布在ｄ≥２０ｃｍ的大树,仅有０．０４％～０．０５％分布在ｄ＜１０ｃｍ的小树。在各器官的分配是：树干为６５％,根为２５％,枝为１１％,而叶仅占有２％。粘木的平均径向增长为０．３５ｃｍ／ａ。应用树干解析法和形率法估算树干的生物量,两者的结果差别不大。但形率法则既省力省时,又较方便。粘木的形率为０．７１。     

Studies on the abundance,biomass and vertical distribution of larvae and pupae of black flies (Simuliidae,Diptera) on plants of the Grabia river,Poland

Studies on black flies larvae and pupae on water plants demonstrated an abundance, often exceeding 100 000 individuals per m², in the lotic region of the Grabia river. The biomass of larvae and pupae on water plants constitutes occasionally over 90% of the biomass of all water invertebrates. Aquatic larval stages of Simuliidae occupy preferentially most superficially located plant parts.     

模拟降水变化和土壤施氮对浙江古田山5个树种幼苗生长和生物量的影响

为了探讨古田山地区5个树种—秃瓣杜英(Elaeocarpus glabripetalus)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana)、木荷(Schima superba)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)幼苗的生长和生物量及其分配对添加氮肥和减少降水的响应, 在野外设置了双因素氮肥(对照和施氮)和降水(自然降水(对照)和减少降水)控制试验, 氮肥的施入量为10 g·m^-2·a^-1 NH₄NO₃, 分别于每年5月初和7月初各施5 g·m^-2·a^-1, 减少降水处理是减少自然降水的30%。经过3个生长季的处理发现: 1)施氮显著促进了秃瓣杜英、枫香和木荷的苗高和基径的生长, 并且对秃瓣杜英和枫香的促进作用经过1个生长季的处理就表现出来, 而木荷在经过2个生长季后才表现出来; 2)施氮显著促进了秃瓣杜英、枫香和木荷的全株生物量以及各部分生物量的增长, 而只增加了马尾松的侧枝和叶片生物量以及青冈的侧枝生物量; 3) 2个生长季的施氮处理提高了秃瓣杜英和木荷的叶重比以及枫香和青冈的枝重比, 3个生长季的施氮处理促进了秃瓣杜英、枫香和木荷的茎重比以及青冈和马尾松的枝重比, 地上干物质分配比例的增加以地下干物质分配比例减小为代价, 施氮后显著降低了秃瓣杜英、枫香、木荷和青冈的根重比和根冠比; 4) 降水减少30%对各树种的生长均无显著影响。     

Effect of nitrogen addition,form and clipping on competitive interactions between grassland species

Aims Although the effects of N addition on plant biomass are well understood, we know a lot less about the importance of N form even though some studies have shown different impacts from reduced and oxidized forms of N. Furthermore, responses to grazing are likely to interact with the response to N addition. This experiment investigates the interactive effects of N addition and form with clipping on competition between three grassland species.Methods The three species (Anthoxanthum odoratum L., Plantago lanceolata L. and Prunella vulgaris L.) were grown alone and in combination with factorial additions of deionized water, sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride, and a clipping treatment. Above- and belowground biomass was harvested after 4 months.Important findings In monocultures, the results show increases in biomass with N addition, but clipping resulted in fewer changes with species displaying varying degrees of growth compensation. A. odoratum was the strongest competitor when grown with other species. In monocultures without clipping, N form was not important, but in the presence of clipping and in different species combinations, N form became important. Significant two- and three-way interactive effects were observed showing that complex interactions exist between N addition, clipping and species identity. The results have important implications when considering the effects of N deposition.     

基于树木起源、立地分级和龄组的单木生物量模型

以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和落叶松(Larix)的大样本实测资料为建模样本,以独立抽取的样本为验证样本,把样本按起源、立地和龄组进行分级,采用与材积相容的两种相对生长方程,分普通最小二乘和两种加权最小二乘,对地上部分总生物量、地上各部分生物量和地下生物量进行模型拟合和验证,使用决定系数、均方根误差、总相对误差和估计精度等8项统计量对结果进行分析。结果表明:两个树种地上部分总生物量,立地分类方法,模型的拟合结果和适用性都最优;马尾松VAR模型较优,而落叶松CAR模型较好;两种加权最小二乘方法,在建模样本和验证样本中表现得不一致。在建模样本中,加权回归2(权重函数1/f^0.5)略优于加权回归1(权重函数1/y^0.5),但在验证样本中,加权回归1却明显优于加权回归2。而同时满足建模样本拟合结果最优和验证样本检验结果最优的组合中,只有加权回归1。两个树种地上部分各分量生物量,模型拟合结果和适用性,均为干材最优,树叶最差、树枝和树皮居中,样本分类、模型类型和加权最小二乘方法对干材生物量的影响,规律和地上部分总生物量相同;样本分类、模型类型和加权最小二乘方法的最优组合,用验证样本检验的结果,总相对误差树枝不超过±10.0%,树皮不超过±5.0%,树叶马尾松不超过±30.0%,落叶松不超过±20.0%。两个树种地下部分(根)生物量,样本按龄组分类方法,模型拟合结果最优,与材积相容的模型总体上优于与地上部分总生物量相容模型。     

A spatial assessment of potential biomass for bioenergy in Australia in 2010, and possible expansion by 2030 and 2050

This paper provides spatial estimates of potentially available biomass for bioenergy in Australia in 2010, 2030 and 2050 (under clearly stated assumptions) for the following biomass sources: crop stubble, native grasses, pulpwood and residues (created either during forest harvesting or wood processing) from plantations and native forests, bagasse, organic municipal solid waste and new short‐rotation tree crops. For each biomass type, we estimated annual potential availability at the finest scale possible with readily accessible data, and then aggregated to make estimates for each of 60 Statistical Divisions (administrative areas) across Australia. The potentially available lignocellulosic biomass is estimated at approximately 80 Mt per year, with the major contributors of crop stubble (27.7 Mt per year), grasses (19.7 Mt per year) and forest plantations (10.9 Mt per year). Over the next 20–40 years, total potentially available biomass could increase to 100–115 Mt per year, with new plantings of short‐rotation trees being the major source of the increase (14.7 Mt per year by 2030 and 29.3 Mt per year by 2050). We exclude oilseeds, algae and ‘regrowth’, that is woody vegetation naturally regenerating on previously cleared land, which may be important in several regions of Australia (Australian Forestry 77 , 2014, 1; Global Change Biology Bioenergy 7 , 2015, 497). We briefly discuss some of the challenges to providing a reliable and sustainable supply of the large amounts of biomass required to build a bioenergy industry of significant scale. More detailed regional analyses, including of the costs of delivered biomass, logistics and economics of harvest, transport and storage, competing markets for biomass and a full assessment of the sustainability of production are needed to underpin investment in specific conversion facilities (e.g. Opportunities for forest bioenergy: An assessment of the environmental and economic opportunities and constraints associated with bioenergy production from biomass resources in two prospective regions of Australia, 2011a).