郑州春秋时代墓葬中的寄生虫

本文是对郑州金水庙李和新郑梨河晨辉两处东周墓地部分墓葬腹土中寄生虫的研究。在两处墓地墓葬腹土中, 成功提取到了5个墓葬中的34粒蛔虫卵, 包括18粒受精卵和16粒未受精卵。研究表明, 郑州地区早在春秋时期就有蛔虫病感染和流行, 同时也反映了当时普通居民生活的自然环境和社会环境状况。此外, 通过本次研究在前人的基础上成功地改进了实验方法和技术, 减少了实验过程对寄生虫卵的损坏, 改进后的实验方法对我国墓葬腹土寄生虫考古研究具有一定的参考价值和推动作用。     

紫菀根中矿质元素及氨基酸质量分数的测定

采用原子吸收分光光度法和高效液相色谱法测定了紫菀根中的矿质元素和游离氨基酸的质量分数。矿质元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mg、Ca、Mo、Mn、Se的质量分数分别为 42 .89、5 8.14、92 0 .93、2 5 48.2 5、392 5 .43、0 .6 5、5 2 .18mg·Kg- 1 、<0 .0 0 0 5mg·Kg- 1 ;氨基酸 :天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、组氨酸 +精氨酸、丙氨酸、蛋氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸的质量分数分别为 2 6、17、40、36、190、36、37、80、8.7、4.5、13、41mg·Kg- 1 。     

天津蓟县太子陵旧石器地点调查简报

太子陵旧石器地点于2005年4月发现,2005年5月又对其进行了复查。该地点位于天津蓟县东北部孙各庄乡清太子陵东侧冲沟西面的黄土台地中,在其浅黄色粉砂质黏土层和地表发现石制品58件,包括石核、石片、断块和石器。古人类选择地点附近的阶地底部河卵石为原料进行剥片和加工石器;硬锤锤击法为剥片的主要技术;石制品总体以小型和微型居多;石器主要以石片为毛坯,刮削器是主要类型;石器多由古人类在石片的一侧采用锤击法正向加工而成。地貌与地层对比则显示遗址的时代大致属于晚更新世晚期之末或全新世早期。     

李家沟遗址的石器工业

本文介绍河南新密李家沟遗址发现的石制品, 并进行简要讨论。该遗址包含了从旧石器时代晚期一直到新石器时代多个文化阶段的遗存。石器工业在不同文化阶段表现出不同的特点。除了旧石器晚期较早阶段的石片石器组合和旧石器时代晚期之末的细石器组合之外, 还在新石器早期文化乃至裴李岗文化阶段的文化遗存中发现数量较多的打制石器。其中最值得关注的是与典型细石器共存的磨刃石锛与陶片。通过对石制品的初步观察可知, 打制石器并不只存在于旧石器时代, 而是延续到新石器早期甚至可能裴李岗文化时期, 打制石器仍然在继续使用。这种情况说明, 李家沟以及中原地区旧、新石器时代的石器工具的变化过渡是一种逐渐变化的过程。     

Forest as Stronghold of Local Ecological Practice: Currently Used Wild Food Plants in Polesia,Northern Ukraine

Local ecological practice (LEP, e.g., the everyday practice of collecting and using plants, including wild food plants) is shaped by nature (available local resources) and culture (local perceptions and knowledge on their usability), including a multitude of factors, among which language and geographical or cultural separation have been found to play crucial roles in affecting biocultural diversity. Also, proximity to the forest has been shown to increase the use of plants. We conducted ethnobotanical fieldwork within eastern and western regions of Ukrainian Polesia, during which we interviewed 118 people. Through semi-structured interviews, we recorded the distribution of the current uses of 70 wild food taxa. The analysis of use records revealed homogeneous distribution of use despite the geographical distance and different spoken dialects; however, we were able to single out the highly sylvan region of eastern Polesia as the area with highest biocultural diversity for the use of wild food plants. The results suggest that in the context of the overall homogenization of local ecological knowledge, the continued existence of unintended contact with nature through living and working in the forest may be the primary factor maintaining the broader LEP in the sylvan area of eastern Polesia.М?сцева еколог?чна практика (MЕП, що включа? повсякденну практику збору та використання дикорослих рослин у ?жу) форму?ться природою (м?сцевими ресурсами) та культурою (м?сцев? знання про ?х використання), що включа? безл?ч чинник?в, серед яких мова та географ?чне або культурне в?докремлення в?д?грають вир?шальну роль у вплив? на б?окультурне р?зноман?ття. Також показано, що близьк?сть до л?су зб?льшу? використання рослин. Ми проводили етноботан?чн? польов? роботи у двох областях Укра?нського Пол?сся, в ход? яких ми провели ?нтерв’ю з 118 людьми. За допомогою нап?вструктурованих ?нтерв’ю ми задокументували поточне використання 70 таксон?в дикорослих рослин у ?жу. Анал?з запис?в про вживання св?дчить про однор?дний розпод?л використання, незважаючи на географ?чне розташування та р?зн? розмовн? д?алекти; однак, ми змогли вид?лити л?систий рег?он Сх?дного Пол?сся як територ?ю з найвищим б?окультурним р?зноман?ттям використання дикорослих рослин у?жу. Результати св?дчать, що в контекст? загально? гомоген?зац?? м?сцевих еколог?чних знань, продовження ?снування контакту з природою живучи та працюючи в л?с? може бути основним чинником, який п?дтриму? ширшу MЕПу в л?сов?й зон? Сх?дного Пол?сся.     

藏族的高原适应——西藏藏族生物人类学研究回顾

藏族生活在具有世界屋脊之称的青藏高原, 特殊的生态环境和特殊的文化背景造就了藏族特殊的适应高原缺氧机制, 引起了国内外学者的广泛关注和浓厚的研究兴趣。本文根据国内外数据库的文献并结合我们的研究工作, 从高原适应的角度回顾了30多年藏族人类学研究。回顾显示, 藏族由于长期生活在高原缺氧的环境中, 不仅形态和机能发生了适应性变化, 而且体成分也表现出相应的变化, 体现了形态、机能和体成分的统一。这些变化是长期进化形成的, 与安第斯山人等有明显不同, 就是在同一高原生活的西藏、青海、四川、甘肃和云南的藏族乃至尼泊尔和印度藏族的体质也表现出地域差异, 这些差异的产生是多种因素所致, 两个关键性的基因是导致两大高原人口高原适应机制不同的最主要的原因。     

大窑遗址二道沟地点坡积地层出土的石核及其剥片技术

二道沟地点坡积地层中石核的形态和技术分析显示, 至少存在三种剥片技术。一是简单锤击剥片, 以简单石核、多台面石核为代表; 二是系统剥片,以漏斗型石核、盘状石核、交互打击石核和扁脸石为代表; 三为细石器技术, 以细石核为代表。在锤击剥片过程中, 至少有三种剥片方式存在于二道沟地点的石核上, 即单向打片、交互打片和多向打片。     

Monotherapy with the once-weekly GLP-1 analogue dulaglutide for 12 weeks in patients with Type 2 diabetes: dose-dependent effects on glycaemic control in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Diabet. Med. 29, 1260-1267 (2012) ABSTRACT: Aims Evaluate dose-dependent effects of once-weekly dulaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, on glycaemic control in patients with Type?2 diabetes treated with lifestyle measures with or without previous metformin. Methods This 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial randomized 167 patients who were anti-hyperglycaemic medication-na?ve or had discontinued metformin monotherapy [mean baseline HbA(1c) 59?±?8 to 61?±?8?mmol/mol (7.6?±?0.7 to 7.8?±?0.8%)] to once-weekly injections of placebo or dulaglutide (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5?mg). Results A significant dose-dependent reduction in HbA(1c) (least squares mean?±?se) was observed across doses (P?相似文献   

石制品使用微痕多阶段成形轨迹的实验研究

石制品微痕是进行石器功能研究、了解史前人类行为模式的重要考古证据之一。本文在以往实验研究的基础上, 设计并开展多阶段燧石制品"刮骨"微痕实验, 分阶段详细、直观地记录石制品刃缘使用微痕的最初形成与发展动态。实验研究表明, "刮骨"使用微痕迹随着使用时间长度的递增发生复杂的动态变化, 使用微痕的发展与使用时间之间并非简单的正函数关系。片疤破损自开始在一定时间段内呈连续发生状态, 随后停止发展, 是确认石制品是否经过使用的良好指示。磨圆表现出由少到多、由弱及强的逐渐发育过程, 可以反映石制品的使用时间和强度, 也是判断使用微痕的重要参考依据。     

早期现代人在中国的出现与演化

兴起于上世纪80年代的现代人起源研究与争论在近10年来呈现出一些新的趋势或特点, 主要体现在对现代人起源与演化细节过程的关注。这些新的关注点涉及早期现代人的出现与扩散、中更新世晚期-晚更新世早期人类化石特征变异及演化, 以及早期现代人出现与演化过程中的健康与生存适应活动三个方面。围绕这些问题, 中国古人类学界开展了相关研究并获得了一些新的发现和认识。本文对近10年来早期现代人在中国出现与演化领域的研究进行了回顾, 并对相关问题进行了讨论。     

Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for the Assessment of Heavy Metal Distribution among Amino Acids Used in Parenteral Nutrition Formulations—Studies with Cadmium and Lead

The distribution of Cd (II) and Pb (II) among amino acids in parenteral nutrition formulations was investigated by coupling ion-chromatography (HPLC/IC) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The methodology was based on ion-exchange separation and fluorimetric amino acid detection after post-column derivatization. Cd (II) and Pb (II) were assayed in 500-µL fractions of the column effluent. The distribution of Cd (II) and Pb (II) in alanine (Ala), aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), histidine (His), methionine (Met), phenylalanine (Phe), serine (Ser), and threonine (Thr) were analyzed by monitoring changes in the concentration of free amino acids by HPLC/IC. The results indicated that Cd (II) and Pb (II) were distributed according to the following trend: Gly–Cd?>?Gly–Pb?>?Ala–Cd?>?Ala–Pb?>?His–Cd?～?His–Pb?>?Thr–Cd?>?Thr–Pb?>?Phe–Cd?～?Phe–Pb?～?Asp–Cd?～?Asp–Pb?～?Met–Cd?～?Met–Pb?～?Glu–Cd?～?Glu–Pb?>?Ser–Cd?～?Ser–Pb. The effects of amino acid concentration and stability constants of amino acid–metal complexes are discussed.     

Increased hepatic expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the hepatic inflammation-fibrosis-carcinoma sequence

We evaluated expression of TLR2, TLR4 and proinflammatory genes [NF-κB, TNF-α, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)] in liver samples of patients in different stages of liver disease. Fifteen patients with unexplained transaminases elevation (reference group), 22 with viral chronic hepatitis (hepatitis group), 14 with virus-induced severe fibrosis/cirrhosis (cirrhosis group) and 10 with hepatocarcinoma (hepatocarcinoma group) were consecutively included in the study. Quantification of TLR2, TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α and COX-2 mRNA was done by real-time RT-PCR and TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Compared with reference, TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA was increased in hepatitis (TLR2: 2.66?±?0.69; TLR4: 3.11?±?0.79; P?相似文献   

面部软组织厚度测量及其在面貌复原中的应用

软组织厚度作为颅骨面貌复原的基础, 具有重要的应用价值。本文借助计算机技术对西安地区132例成年人颅面数据样本开展软组织测量、分析及应用研究, 结果表明, 1)通过分析特征点处软组织厚度和面部软组织分布图, 发现面部软组织分布具有一定的规律, 额头区域软组织厚度薄且样本间差异小, 脸颊区域软组织厚且样本间差异大; 2)通过比较不同年龄段男性软组织厚度的均值, 发现20-30岁阶段软组织厚度均值最小, 50-60岁阶段软组织厚度均值其次, 30-40岁阶段软组织厚度均值最大, 但30-40岁和40-50岁两个年龄段的软组织厚度近似; 通过比较不同年龄段女性软组织厚度的均值, 发现20-30岁阶段软组织厚度均值最小, 30-40岁阶段软组织厚度均值其次, 40-50岁阶段的软组织厚度均值最大; 3)特征点处软组织厚度标准差可以反映面貌体态的差异, 因此根据10个脸颊特征点的软组织厚度均值和标准差实现面貌体态分类; 4)根据不同性别、年龄、体态对应的软组织平均厚度, 应用计算机技术实现给定颅骨的三维面貌复原, 复原结果相比于传统手工复原的结果更加科学。     

水洞沟旧石器考古研究的新进展与新认识

水洞沟遗址在中国旧石器考古学研究中倍受关注的同时也倍受争议。争议的核心是其旧石器遗存的技术特点、文化属性、来龙去脉和与西方旧石器文化的关系。争议缘起于对核心遗址——第1地点地层、时代和文化演替了解与认识的局限性与模糊性。本文在近年来对遗址区系统调查和多个地点系统发掘与研究的基础上, 对水洞沟遗址群的旧石器时代文化及相关问题提出一系列新的认识,包括水洞沟是一个由多处地点构成的大型露天遗址群; 先民生存活动不局限在一个时期, 文化遗存至少分属7个时段, 据此可建立4万年来区域人群演化序列; 遗址保留的人类文化遗产丰富多样, 除不同技术体系的石制品, 还有骨器、装饰品、复杂用火遗存, 以及对居址复杂利用、对石料热处理和采食植物性食材的诸多信息, 反映古人群具有很强的生存能力和特定的行为方式; 该地区在旧石器时代晚期不同时段存在不同技术体系的考古学文化组合, 出现过勒瓦娄哇+石叶的技术体系与小石片技术体系的交替, 反映末次冰期期间东北亚人群复杂、能动的适应、迁徙、交流过程; 该地区的勒瓦娄哇+石叶的技术体系与本土传统石器工业不存在渊源关系, 应是从西方—西北方向迁移过来的古人群的遗留, 其出现的时间可能早于原先的认定, 而且在消失后没有对本土文化产生明显的影响; 石叶技术组合固然代表一支来自西方的早期现代人群的迁徙和扩散, 但移居者没有对本土人群实现整体替代, 反而被后者取代; 后者在石器技术上保持固有的传统, 但文化遗存中出现小型精制石器、装饰品、石料热处理等早期现代人的行为表征, 反映出这里的现代人起源与扩散模式不是简单的外来移民替代,相反, 本土人群连续演化是主旋律。因而, "连续进化附带杂 交"理论在该地区有着更坚实的考古学基础。     

丹江上游商丹盆地新发现的旧石器及其埋藏黄土地层

2010~2012年在东秦岭丹江上游商丹盆地(商洛-丹凤盆地)第三级阶地顶部黄土堆积地层中新发现9处旷野旧石器地点, 采集石制品211件, 部分石制品直接采自遗址黄土地层剖面上。加工石制品的原料来自于丹江河床的石英质砾石, 其次是石英岩和石英砂岩砾石, 砂岩、火山岩和硅质灰岩等砾石原料偶尔被使用。早期人类主要采取锤击法直接剥片, 砸击法剥片技术也被使用, 碰砧法剥片可能只是在偶尔的情况下才被采用。石核和石片以自然砾石台面者居多。石制品种类有石锤、石核、石片、工具和断块及碎片屑。工具中砍砸器数量最多, 其次是大型石片为毛坯加工而成的重型刮削器与小型刮削器, 石器中还有一定数量的石球、手斧和手镐, 商丹盆地的石制品可视为含阿舍利(Acheulian)器物组合类型的石器工业。根据遗址的黄土-古土壤地层序列, 初步判断商丹盆地丹江第三级阶地旧石器地点埋藏石制品的黄土-古土壤地层时代为中更新世中晚期, 在获得地层绝对测年结果之前, 石制品年代可暂置于旧石器时代早期偏晚阶段。     

Can hydroxyurea serve as a free radical scavenger and reduce iron overload in β-thalassemia patients?

In this study, we hypothesize that hydroxyurea could provide an additional benefit as a free radical scavenger and/or iron chelator in β-thalassemia patients with iron overload. Twenty-one β-thalassemia intermedia patients who presented between 3 and 17 years but later required regular blood transfusions were enrolled for hydroxyurea therapy for a year. Fourteen patients responded to the therapy with hemoglobin levels maintained above 7.5?g/dl without transfusions. Hydroxyurea was discontinued after 6 months in seven patients who did not respond to the therapy and had to be continued on regular blood transfusions. We observed a statistically significant decrease in serum ferritin levels from 4194?±?4850?ng/ml to 2129?±?2380?ng/ml among the responders and from 2955?±?2909?ng/ml to 2040?±?2432?ng/ml among the non-responders and statistically significant decrease in labile iron pool from 18678.7?±?10067.4 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) to 14888.5?±?5284.0?MFI among responders and from 17986.3?±?9079.8?MFI to 15634.8?±?8976.9?MFI among the non-responders after therapy. Phosphatidylserine externalization also showed a statistically significant decrease from 44.2?±?22.2?MFI to 16.6?±?6.7?MFI among the responders and from 46.9?±?33.1?MFI to 39.8?±?7.4?MFI among the non-responders along with a statistically significant decrease in the levels of reactive oxygen species from 72.8?±?35.5?MFI to 29.0?±?8.3?MFI among the responders and from 80.9?±?41.4?MFI to 40.5?±?15.8?MFI among the non-responders after therapy. A statistically significant increase in reduced glutathione levels was also observed from 430.8?±?201.1?MFI to 715.5?±?292.4?MFI among the responders and from 359.6?±?165.6?MFI to 450.3?±?279.5?MFI among the non-responders after therapy. This suggests the possible additional role of hydroxyurea as a free radical scavenger and/or iron chelator but requires a larger study for substantiation.     

Evaluation of the ratio of ω6 : ω3 fatty acids and vitamin e levels in the diet on the reproductive performance of cockerels

Three hundred and twenty 30-week old White Leghorn cockerels were housed in individual cages and distributed in a completely randomized factorial design of 5?×?3, with five oil sources (sunflower, soybean, canola, linseed and fish/soybean) and three levels of antioxidant (30, 200 and 400?mg of vitamin E/kg). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the ratio of ω6?:?ω3 fatty acids by the inclusion of different oil sources and of dietary supplementation with vitamin E on the reproductive performance of cockerels. The use of the fish/soybean combination determined the lowest total antioxidant status of the semen. However, the addition of vitamin E to the fish/soybean-oil-based diet resulted in a linear increase in semen volume, motility and sperm vigour in the 38th week and again in the 52nd week for motility and for sperm vigour and fertility rate in the periods from 50?–?53 and 41?–?53 weeks of age. The use of canola oil in the diet resulted in the highest fertility rate during 50?–?53 and 41?–?53 weeks of life. Animals receiving the soybean oil based diet showed the smallest fertility rate in the range from 50?–?53 weeks of age and concomitantly the highest level of cholesterol in the spermatozoa in the range from 47?–?51 weeks. An interaction between the vitamin E level and soybean oil was verified by the linear increase in motility and sperm vigour at 38 weeks of age. Later, the contrary was shown by a linear reduction in fertility in the periods from 44?–?46, 47?–?49 and 41?–?53 weeks of age. Cockerels that had been fed on the sunflower-oil-based diet showed the highest content of saturated fatty acids in the spermatozoa from 48?–?51 weeks. An interaction effect was observed between the vitamin E level and sunflower oil shown by a linear increase in the content of saturated fatty acids in the spermatozoa and a linear reduction in the C18?:?1ω9, C18?:?2ω6 and PUFA (C18?:?2ω6?+?C20?:?4ω6) contents in the spermatozoa at 48?–?51 weeks and in sperm volume at 52 weeks of age.     

西北干旱荒漠区种子植物科的区系分析

西北干旱荒漠区分布有种子植物82科、484属、1704种,优势现象明显,优势科11个,它们是菊科、豆科、禾本科、藜科,十字花科、蓼科,莎草科、毛莨科、蔷薇科、唇形科和百合科;表征科8个,它们是香蒲科,麻黄科,柽柳科、蒺藜科,胡颓子科、藜科、眼子菜科和蓼科。地理成分多样,其中以世界广布成分为主,共37科,占总科数的45.12%,其次为温带成分（包括热带至温带,亚热带至温带,温带,温带至寒带）,共有31科,占总科数的37.80%,热带成分,热带致亚热带成分较少,共14科,占总科数的17.07%。这些反映出植物的分布与本地区气候相适应的特点。     

Cancer targeting gene-viro-therapy specific for liver cancer by α-fetoprotein-controlled oncolytic adenovirus expression of SOCS3 and IL-24

The combination of gene therapy and virotherapy for cancer treatment has received close attention and has become a trend in the field of cancer biotherapy. A strategy called 'Cancer Targeting Gene-Viro-Therapy' (CTGVT) or 'Gene Armed Oncolytic Viral Therapy' (GAOVT) has been proposed, in which an antitumor gene is inserted into an oncolytic viral vector. In our previous study, a dual-regulated oncolytic adenovirus with enhanced safety for normal cells and strict liver cancer-targeting ability, designated Ad?enAFP?E1A?E1B (Δ55) (briefly Ad?enAFP?D55), was successfully constructed. In the current work, interleukin-24 (IL-24) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) genes were packaged into Ad?enAFP?D55. The new constructs, Ad?enAFP?D55-(IL-24) and Ad?enAFP?D55-(SOCS3), showed improved tumoricidal activity in hepatoma cell lines compared with the oncolytic viral vector Ad?enAFP?D55. The co-administration of Ad?enAFP?D55-(IL-24) and Ad?enAFP?D55-(SOCS3) showed much better antitumor effect than Ad?enAFP?D55-(IL-24) or Ad?enAFP?D55-(SOCS3) alone both in vitro and in a nude mouse xenograft model. Moreover, our results also showed that blockade of the Jak/Stat3 pathway by Ad?enAFP?D55-(SOCS3) infection in HuH-7 cells could down-regulate some anti-apoptosis proteins, such as XIAP, Bcl-xL, and survivin, which might sensitize the cells to Ad?enAFP?D55-(IL-24)-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that co-administration of Ad?enAFP?D55-(IL-24) and Ad?enAFP?D55-(SOCS3) may serve as a candidate therapeutic approach for the treatment of liver cancer.     

Herbalism, home gardens, and hybridization: Wõthïhã medicine and cultural change

Using the example of the W?th?h? of the Manapiare River Valley, Amazonas State, Venezuela, I challenge the image of the indigenous Amazonian as an expert in herbalism. I argue that the observed absence of medicinal plant use in early W?th?h? ethnography, rather than reflecting researcher oversight, reflects the centrality of shamanism. According to W?th?h? shamanic cosmology, herbal medicines, while useful to relieve symptoms and treat minor injuries, fail to address the underlying cause of illness. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, I find that as the role and influence of shamanism have dramatically decreased, the W?th?h? have turned elsewhere for medical treatment. Biomedical remedies have shown to be effective, thereby encouraging an acceptance of symptom-specific treatments. Biomedicine's patchy availability, however, has encouraged the W?th?h? to look beyond biomedicine. Several folk healing traditions are being incorporated by the W?th?h?, each with its own herbal tradition.