alpha Domain deletion converts streptokinase into a fibrin-dependent plasminogen activator through mechanisms akin to staphylokinase and tissue plasminogen activator

The mechanism of action of plasminogen (Pg) activators may affect their therapeutic properties in humans. Streptokinase (SK) is a robust Pg activator in physiologic fluids in the absence of fibrin. Deletion of a "catalytic switch" (SK residues 1-59), alters the conformation of the SK alpha domain and converts SKDelta59 into a fibrin-dependent Pg activator through unknown mechanisms. We show that the SK alpha domain binds avidly to the Pg kringle domains that maintain Glu-Pg in a tightly folded conformation. By virtue of deletion of SK residues 1-59, SKDelta59 loses the ability to unfold Glu-Pg during complex formation and becomes incapable of nonproteolytic active site formation. In this manner, SKDelta59 behaves more like staphylokinase than like SK; it requires plasmin to form a functional activator complex, and in this complex SKDelta59 does not protect plasmin from inhibition by alpha(2)-antiplasmin. At the same time, SKDelta59 is unlike staphylokinase or SK and is more like tissue Pg activator, because it is a poor activator of the tightly folded form of Glu-Pg in physiologic solutions. SKDelta59 can only activate Glu-Pg when it was unfolded by fibrin interactions or by Cl(-)-deficient buffers. Taken together, these studies indicate that an intact alpha domain confers on SK the ability to nonproteolytically activate Glu-Pg, to unfold and process Glu-Pg substrate in physiologic solutions, and to alter the substrate-inhibitor interactions of plasmin in the activator complex. The loss of an intact alpha domain makes SKDelta59 activate Pg through classical "fibrin-dependent mechanisms" (akin to both staphylokinase and tissue Pg activator) that include: 1) a marked preference for a fibrin-bound or unfolded Glu-Pg substrate, 2) a requirement for plasmin in the activator complex, and 3) the creation of an activator complex with plasmin that is readily inhibited by alpha(2)-antiplasmin.     

CTL recognition of a bulged viral peptide involves biased TCR selection

MHC class I molecules generally present peptides of 8-10 aa long, forming an extended coil in the HLA cleft. Although longer peptides can also bind to class I molecules, they tend to bulge from the cleft and it is not known whether the TCR repertoire has sufficient plasticity to recognize these determinants during the antiviral CTL response. In this study, we show that unrelated individuals infected with EBV generate a significant CTL response directed toward an HLA-B*3501-restricted, 11-mer epitope from the BZLF1 Ag. The 11-mer determinant adopts a highly bulged conformation with seven of the peptide side chains being solvent-exposed and available for TCR interaction. Such a complex potentially creates a structural challenge for TCR corecognition of both HLA-B*3501 and the peptide Ag. Surprisingly, unrelated B*3501 donors recognizing the 11-mer use identical or closely related alphabeta TCR sequences that share particular CDR3 motifs. Within the small number of dominant CTL clonotypes observed, each has discrete fine specificity for the exposed side chain residues of the peptide. The data show that bulged viral peptides are indeed immunogenic but suggest that the highly constrained TCR repertoire reflects a limit to TCR diversity when responding to some unusual MHC peptide ligands.     

Caught after the Act: a human A-type metallocarboxypeptidase in a product complex with a cleaved hexapeptide

A/B-type metallocarboxypeptidases (MCPs) are among the most thoroughly studied proteolytic enzymes, and their catalytic mechanisms have been considered as prototypes even for several unrelated metalloprote(in)ase families. It has long been postulated that the nature of the side chains of at least five substrate residues, i.e., P4-P1', influence Km and kcat and that once the peptide or protein substrate is cleaved, both products remain in the first instance bound to the active-site cleft of the enzyme in a double-product complex. Structural details of binding of substrate to the nonprimed side of the cleft have largely relied on complexes with protein inhibitors and peptidomimetic small-molecule inhibitors that do not span the entire groove. In the former, the presence of N-terminal globular protein domains participating in large-scale interactions with the surface of the cognate catalytic domain outside the active-site cleft mostly conditions the way their C-terminal tails bind to the cleft. Accordingly, they may not be accurate models for a product complex. We hereby provide the structural details of a true cleaved double-product complex with a hexapeptide of an MCP engaged in prostate cancer, human carboxypeptidase A4, employing diffraction data to 1.6 A resolution (Rcryst and Rfree = 0.159 and 0.176, respectively). These studies provide detailed information about subsites S5-S1' and contribute to our knowledge of the cleavage mechanism, which is revisited in light of these new structural insights.