斑(鱼祭)人工繁殖与鱼苗培育的初步试验

斑(鱼祭)Clupanodon punctaus(Temminck ＆ Schlegl)是我国近海习见经济鱼类之一。因为它具有生长快、肉味鲜美、以浮游生物为食等特点,适宜与对虾Penaeus orientalis Kishinouye混养,所以是海水鱼类养殖的优良品种,为我国港养的主要经济鱼类之一(倪正泉1965;顾昌栋1958;陈大刚1974等)。关于斑(鱼祭)形态、生态学的研究,尤其是有关繁殖习     

沱江宽体沙鳅个体生殖力的研究

2010年5～9月从长江支流沱江收集性成熟宽体沙鳅个体,研究了其个体生殖力及其与多项生物学指标的关系。实验鱼共76尾,由2+、3、4龄鱼组成。其绝对生殖力(F)为414～9625粒,平均3230粒;体长相对生殖力(FL)为50～837粒/cm,平均324粒/cm;体重相对生殖力(FW)为21～789粒/g,平均227粒/g;绝对生殖力、体长相对生殖力和体重相对生殖力与成熟系数呈幂函数相关,回归方程为:F=177.99GSI0.9872,FL=20.315GSI0.9592,FW=13.957GSI0.9542;绝对生殖力和体长相对生殖力与体重呈幂函数相关,回归方程为:F=9.4876M1.9425,FL=2.2684M1.6597。     

徐家河水库翘嘴鲌的个体生殖力

2008年4-6月,在徐家河水库采集性成熟翘嘴鲌雌鱼,取鳞片鉴定年龄(A),测量其体长(L)、体质量(M)和性腺质量(M_o)等形态指标,用称量法计数个体绝对生殖力(F),据此计算体长相对生殖力(F_L)、体质量相对生殖力(F_M)、成熟系数（GSI）和肥满度(CF)等指标,对徐家河水库翘嘴鲌个体生殖力与形态指标的关系进行了分析.结果表明：调查样本由2⁺～5⁺龄组成,个体绝对生殖力与体长、体质量和年龄分别呈幂函数、幂函数和直线相关,体长相对生殖力与体长、体质量和年龄也分别呈幂函数、幂函数和直线相关,而体质量相对生殖力与各形态指标的相关性不显著.多元逐步回归分析结果表明,研究区翘嘴鲌个体绝对生殖力与体质量和性腺质量密切相关,体长相对生殖力与性腺质量、肥满度和成熟系数密切相关,而体质量相对生殖力仅与成熟系数相关.     

广东北江马口鱼个体生殖力研究

于2009年3、4月,从北江中随机采集成熟度为Ⅳ期的马口鱼雌性个体55尾,测量体长(L)、体重(W)、净体重(Wn)和性腺重(Wo)等形态学指标,并用鳞片鉴定年龄,用重量法计数绝对生殖力(F),计算出体长相对生殖力(FL)、体重相对生殖力(FW)、成熟系数(GSI)和丰满度(K),并用5种数学模型及多元逐步回归方程拟合了马口鱼绝对生殖力与生物学指标的关系.结果表明,用于统计生殖力的马口鱼样本由1+～3+龄3个龄组组成;绝对生殖力在1486.29～12 025.78粒之间,平均为4842.42粒;体长相对生殖力在163.33～856.27粒/cm之间,平均为437.30粒/cm;体重相对生殖力在99.77～470.27粒/g之间,平均为207.29粒/g.绝对生殖力与体长、体重、净体重、性腺重、年龄呈抛物线相关,与成熟系数呈幂函数相关,与丰满度的关系不显著.多元逐步回归分析表明,绝对生殖力与体重和成熟系数密切相关,相关式为:F=-312.129+137.765W+108.715GSI(R2=0.719,n=55,F=57.089, P<0.001).     

足木足河黄石爬■个体生殖力研究

2012年7月和2013年6月于大渡河流域足木足河日部-足木足段采集黄石爬鮡Euchiloglanis kishinouyei,研究性腺Ⅳ期雌性个体生殖力及其与多项形态学指标的关系。结果显示:黄石爬鮡为一次性产卵鱼类,产卵群体以5~8龄鱼为主;个体绝对生殖力247.77粒±81.37粒,体长相对生殖力17.75粒/cm±5.34粒/cm,体质量相对生殖力6.59粒/g±1.99粒/g,繁殖策略属于典型的K对策者;绝对生殖力、体长相对生殖力和体质量相对生殖力均与成熟系数相关性显著,绝对生殖力与体长、体质量相对生殖力与净体质量和肥满度相关性较显著,可根据成熟系数、体长和体质量预测其种群繁殖能力,进而了解其种群的动态变化。     

切尾拟鲿的个体生殖力

于2013年4～5月在长江上游岷江河口区域采集63尾性腺发育至Ⅳ期的切尾拟鲿(Pseudobagrus truncatus)雌性个体,所有样本均测量其体长(L)、体重(M)、净体重(W)和性腺重(Wa)等生物学指标。取耳石鉴定年龄,测量卵径,用重量法计数个体绝对生殖力(F),并对体长相对生殖力(FL)、体重相对生殖力(FW)进行计算,用5种数学模型及多元逐步回归方程拟合个体生殖力与生物学指标的关系。结果显示,调查样本由2+～5+龄组成,个体绝对生殖力(F)为566～6758粒,平均为3056粒;体长相对生殖力(FL)68～469粒/cm,平均为234粒/cm;体重相对生殖力(FW)为45～349粒/g,平均为145粒/g。个体绝对生殖力(F)和体长相对生殖力(FL)与体长(L)、体重(M)和成熟系数(GSI)均呈幂函数相关;而体重相对生殖力(FW)仅与成熟系数(GSI)呈幂函数相关,和其他形态指标的相关性不显著。多元逐步回归分析结果表明,长江上游切尾拟鲿个体绝对生殖力(F)与体重(M)和成熟系数(GSI)密切相关,相关式为:F=16370.714+3284.028 GSI+58.361M(n=63,R2=0.973,P0.01);体长相对生殖力(FL)与体重(M)、净体重(W)和成熟系数(GSI)密切相关,相关式为:FL=251.749+18.961 M+684.273 W+3 268.421 GSI(n=63,R2=0.852,P0.01);而体重相对生殖力(FW)仅与成熟系数(GSI)相关:FW=138.590+837.641 GSI(n=63,R2=0.539,P0.01)。依据卵径频数分布结果推测,切尾拟鲿属于一次性产卵鱼类。     

卡特拉鱼形态,食性和生长的研究

观测卡特拉鱼的形态特征和1—3龄鱼主要可量性状及其比例的变动。1—3龄鱼除主食商品饲料外,同时也食较大比例的浮游生物。着重对浮游生物的种类和比例进行了分析。肠长与体长呈直线相关。Y=6.38X-89.95。1—4龄鱼体长和体重相对生长率和生长指标都随年龄增加而逐渐下降。体长与体重呈曲线相关。W=0.00002261L~(3.0569)。采用 Von.Bertalanffy 生长方程分析其生长特性。方程参数 L_∞=821.2mm,W_∞=19616.6g,t_0=0.6年,K=0.3。体长生长不具拐点,生长速度随年龄增加而递减;体重生长具拐点,其值4.3年。此时体重生长速度达最大值。4、3龄前是生长旺盛期,此后进入生长缓慢期。     

绿色太阳鱼的生物学习性

对绿色太阳鱼(Lepomis cyanellus)的食性、生活习性、对环境的适应性、生长和繁殖特性进行了研究。绿色太阳鱼为温和肉食性鱼类。对温度适应性广。体长与体重的相关关系为:W=0.375 3L3.194 9,同龄雄鱼大于雌鱼。135~180日龄性成熟,为多次产卵类型,卵沉性、粘性,绝对怀卵量与体重呈直线正相关:Y=0.551 2 0.252 3X,相对生殖力为260粒/g,胚胎发育阶段所需积温为950℃.h.。     

袁河花个体繁殖力研究

对采自江西省袁河的68尾花个体繁殖力及其与生物学指标的关系进行了研究。结果表明,体长在11.0～28.5cm、体重在27.3～418g的个体,绝对繁殖力(F)为540～47477.06粒,相对体长繁殖力(FL)和相对体重繁殖力(FW)分别为31.40～1683.96粒/cm、5.82～249.17粒/g,F、FL与年龄、体长、体重、体长×体重、净体重、卵巢重和成熟系数显著相关,FW与卵巢重和成熟系数显著相关;个体绝对生殖力与各指标逐步回归方程为:F=20062.53+604.307Wg+244.982W-1365.731L-134.223W0-4183.265K(R2=0.935,n=68),经卵径分布频数图初步推断,袁河花为一次产卵鱼。     

长江口近岸水域棘头梅童鱼资源现状的评估

为了评估长江口近岸水域棘头梅童鱼的资源状况,利用2012—2013年底拖网调查数据,基于体长频率分布的方法研究了长江口近岸棘头梅童鱼的生长和种群参数.采用FiSATⅡ软件中的ELEFAN模块计算了长江口棘头梅童鱼的Von Bertalanffy生长参数,结合Pauly经验公式估算其自然死亡系数,并建立Beverton-Holt动态综合模型预测其资源变化趋势.结果表明: 2012—2013年共采集到棘头梅童鱼样本4201尾,体长范围18~155 mm,其生长系数(K)和极限体长(L_∞)分别为1.1和162.75 mm,种群总死亡系数(Z)、自然死亡系数(M)和捕捞死亡系数(F)分别为4.040、1.683和2.357.当前长江口近岸水域棘头梅童鱼的资源开发率(E)为0.583,大于F_opt (0.5),年平均资源数量为1.33亿尾,对应的资源量为576.02 t.目前长江口水域棘头梅童鱼资源已处于过度捕捞状态.
     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.