心脑佳配方对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及海马NMDA受体亚基NR2B表达的影响

目的：研究心脑佳配方对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及海马N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体2B亚基（NR2B）表达的影响。方法：建立大鼠慢性酒精中毒模型,分别检测学习与记忆成绩、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和海马区NR2B mRNA表达。结果：学习记忆测试显示模型组大鼠学习记忆成绩比正常组明显下降（P〈0.01）,各用药组与模型组相比,学习记忆成绩明显上升（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;模型组大鼠脑组织中SOD活性较正常组显著降低（P〈0.01）,而各用药组与模型组相比,脑组织中SOD活性显著升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;PCR结果表明模型组大鼠海马区NR2B mRNA表达较正常组明显上升（P〈0.01）,各用药组与模型组相比,NR2B mRNA表达明显下降,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。结论：心脑佳配方可能通过对NMDA受体亚基NR2B蛋白表达的调节而发挥抗酒精中毒作用。     

电针对去卵巢大鼠学习记忆能力及海马神经元型一氧化氮合酶mRNA表达的影响

目的研究电针对去卵巢大鼠学习记忆能力及海马神经元型一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）mRNA表达的影响。方法采用卵巢切除大鼠模型,造成低雌激素记忆障碍,去势2周后进行电针刺激,连续治疗3个月。Morris水迷宫测试空间学习记忆能力,酶联免疫吸附分析（ELISA）检测血清雌二醇（E2）浓度,实时荧光定量PCR检测检测nNOSmRNA的相对表达量。结果与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠逃避潜伏期时间明显延长,跨越平台次数明显减少,血清E2浓度和海马nNOSmR—NA表达显著降低（P〈O．01）;与模型组比较,电针组和假电针组治疗后逃避潜伏期缩短,跨越平台次数增加,血清E2浓度和海马nNOSmRNA表达均显著升高,电针组升高更明显（P〈O．01）。结论电针能够提高去卵巢大鼠学习记忆能力,其机制可能与升高体内雌激素浓度上调海马nNOSmRNA的表达有关。     

癫痫大鼠海马NMDA受体亚基NR2A和BDNFmRNA水平的检测

目的通过锂一匹罗卡品癫痫模型（ithium—pilocarpine seizures rats model of epilepsy,LPS）,研究NMDA受体亚基NR2A、BDNF mRNA的表达,探讨NR2A、BDNF在LPS中的作用。方法建立氯化锂-匹罗卡品大鼠模型,运用原位杂交技术检测致痫后各组不同时间点海马CAI、CA3及DG区NR2A与BDNF mRNA的表达。结果LPS海马NR2A、BDNF mRNA在各观察时间点及部位模型组与正常对照组比较均有明显上调,且有显著统计学差异（P〈0．05）。模型组NR2A mRNA的表达上调7d达峰值（P〈0．05）;而BDNF mRNA表达上调14d达峰值。VPA干预组NR2A mRNA在大鼠海马不同时间及部位（除1d的CA3区）的表达较模型组明显下调（P〈0．05）;BDNF mRNA在大鼠海马不同时间及部位（除28d的DG区）的表达较模型组明显下调（P〈0．05）。结论锂－匹罗卡品腹腔注射可诱导大鼠海马NR2A和BDNF mRNA的表达明显上调;NR2A mRNA表达的增强可能是诱导调控BDNF mRNA表达增强的重要机制之一,说明NMDA受体亚基NR2A可能成为抑制癫痫发作的新靶点。     

白藜芦醇甙对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及前额叶皮质NR2B受体表达的影响

目的：研究白藜芦醇甙对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及大脑前额叶皮质N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体2B亚基（NR2B）表达的影响。方法：建立大鼠慢性酒精中毒模型,Y-型迷宫测试空间学习与记忆成绩,免疫组织化学方法检测前额叶皮质NR2B表达,聚合酶链式反应（PCR）分析前额叶皮质NR2B mRNA的改变。结果：学习记忆测试显示模型组大鼠学习记忆成绩比正常组明显下降（P〈0.01）,各剂量组与模型组相比,学习记忆成绩明显上升（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;免疫组化结果表明模型组大鼠前额叶皮质区NR2B阳性表达较正常组明显增多,各剂量组与模型组相比,NR2B mRNA阳性表达明显减少;PCR结果表明模型组大鼠前额叶皮质区NR2B mRNA表达较正常组明显上升（P〈0.01）,各剂量组与模型组相比,NR2B mRNA表达明显下降,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。结论：白藜芦醇甙可能通过对NMDA受体4F53亚基NR2B蛋白表达的调节而发挥抗酒精中毒作用。     

人参皂甙Rb1对阿尔茨海默病大鼠海马结构β-淀粉样蛋白表达的影响

目的观察人参皂甙Rb1对阿尔茨海默病（AD）模型大鼠学习记忆能力及海马结构β-淀粉样蛋白表达的影响。方法动物分3组：对照组、模型组及治疗组,用D半乳糖联合三氯化铝建立AD大鼠模型,治疗组在造模后给予人参皂甙Rb1腹腔注射4周;采用Morris水迷宫测试大鼠的空间学习记忆能力,用免疫组织化学方法观察海马结构β-淀粉样蛋白的表达。结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠各时间段的逃避潜伏期均显著延长（P〈0．01）,海马CA1、CA3区及齿状回β-淀粉样蛋白表达的阳性细胞数明显增多（P〈0．01）;治疗组大鼠的逃避潜伏期较模型组明显缩短（P〈0．01）,海马CA1、CA3区及齿状回的β-淀粉样蛋白阳性细胞数显著减少（P〈0．01）。结论人参皂甙Rb1对AD模型大鼠学习记忆损害具有明显改善作用,其机制可能与人参皂甙Rb1减少海马结构β-淀粉样蛋白的表达有关。     

电针对糖尿病大鼠学习记忆障碍及海马NT-3表达的影响

目的观察电针对糖尿病性认知功能障碍大鼠学习记忆的改善作用,及其对海马神经营养因子-3（NT-3）mRNA和免疫反应阳性细胞表达的影响。方法采用2％链脲佐菌素（streptozotocin,STZ）构建糖尿病大鼠模型,将模型大鼠随机分为电针组（EA）、对照组（DM）与正常组（CN）进行比较。电针4周后糖尿病测定血糖水平,并用Morris水迷宫法观察电针对糖尿病大鼠学习记忆的影响,应用RT-PCR和免疫组化方法检测海马NT-3mRNA和免疫反应阳性细胞的表达水平。结果对照组血糖、上台潜伏期高于正常组和电针组（P〈0．01）,对照组NT-3mRNA和免疫反应阳性细胞的表达明显低于正常组和电针组（P〈0．01）;电针组NT-3表达明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论电针能在一定程度上降低血糖,促进海马NT-3mRNA和免疫反应阳性细胞的表达,改善糖尿病认知功能障碍者的学习和认知功能。     

维生素E对癫痫大鼠认知功能障碍的治疗作用及其可能机制

目的：探讨维生素E（VitE）对癫痫大鼠认知功能障碍的治疗作用及其可能机制。方法：将30只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为健康对照组、单纯致痫组（SE组）、VitE[按体重100mg／（kg·d）]干预组（VitE组）。采用Morris水迷宫实验方法检测致癫后大鼠学习记忆功能变化,同时检测脑组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—PX）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）的水平。结果：（1）SE组大鼠寻找平台的潜伏期明显长于对照组,具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,VitE组寻找平台的潜伏期相对于SE组显著缩短（P〈0．05）。撤离平台后,SE组大鼠在平台所在象限的停留时间明显短于对照组（P〈0．05）,VitE治疗后大鼠在平台所在象限的停留时间较SE组显著延长（P〈0．05）。（2）SE组SOD、GSH—PX、GSH显著下降,MDA明显增高,VitE干预组SOD、GSH．PX-GSH显著增高,而MDA明显下降,具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：VitE可改善癫痫持续状态后大鼠认知功能,其可能机制是通过减轻海马区的氧化应激反应减轻海马区的损伤,从而实现改善认知功能。     

姜黄素对癫痫大鼠认知功能障碍的预防作用及其可能机制

目的：探讨姜黄素（curcumin）对癫痫大鼠认知功能障碍的预防作用及其可能机制。方法：将30只成年雄性SD大鼠分为正常对照组、单纯致痫组（SE组）、姜黄素[60mg／（kg·d）]干预组（curcumin组）。采用MorriS水迷宫方法检测大鼠学习记忆功能变化,并检测脑片水平的长时程增强（LTP）变化,处死大鼠后取脑组织并匀浆,测超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH．PX）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）的水平。结果：（1）SE组大鼠寻找平台的潜伏期明显长于对照组,具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,姜黄素组寻找平台的潜伏期相对于SE组显著缩短（P〈0．05）。撤离平台后,SE组大鼠在平台所在象限的停留时间明显短于对照组（P〈0．05）,姜黄素治疗后大鼠在平台所在象限的停留时间较SE组显著延长（P〈0．05）。（2）给予HFS刺激后各组兴奋性突出后电位（fEPSP）斜率较前明显增加,均可持续1h以上,与对照组比较SE组HFS刺激后fEPSP斜率明显减小（P〈0．05）,姜黄素可减轻SE所致的fEPSP斜率减小（P〈0．05）。（3）SE组SOD、GSH—PX、GSH显著下降,MDA明显增高,姜黄素可逆转上述现象,有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：姜黄素可显著减轻癫痫持续状态所致的大鼠认知功能障碍,减轻海马区的氧化应激反应从而保护海马海马是其可能机制之一。     

韩氏针刺对海洛因依赖大鼠学习记忆及海马SYP表达的影响

目的：初步探讨韩氏针刺对海洛因依赖大鼠学习记忆的影响及其作用机制。方法：按逐日递增的原则皮下注射海洛因建立成瘾模型,利用Morris水迷宫测定大鼠成瘾后及针刺治疗后大鼠学习记忆的变化,免疫组化测定记忆相关蛋白突触素（SYP）在海马的表达。结果：①Morris水迷宫定位航行实验中,成瘾组逃避潜伏期较对照组明显延长（P〈0.05）,而针刺组较成瘾组明显缩短（P〈0.05）;空间探索实验中,成瘾组在第4象限搜索时间及第4象限游泳距离占总距离的百分比较对照组明显下降（P〈0．05）;而针刺组较成瘾组明显增加（P〈0．05）。②海马组织中SYP的表达成瘾组低于对照组（P〈0.05）,而针刺组明显高于成瘾组（P〈0．05）。结论：韩氏针刺戒断治疗可以部分恢复由于海洛因依赖导致的大鼠学习记忆能力的减退,增加海马内SYP表达。     

EGCG对疲劳运动大鼠学习记忆及NMDA受体NRl亚单位表达的影响

目的：探讨表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）对疲劳大鼠学习记忆及NMDA受体NRI亚单位表达的影响。方法：选取45只SPF级健康SD雄性大鼠,随机分为正常组（A组）、疲劳模型组（B组）及EGCG防护组（C组）（n=15）。建立游泳训练运动疲劳动物模型,EGCG防护组按EGCG50mg／（kg·d）容量灌胃,B组与A组按1ml（kg·d）生理盐水灌胃,每日在大鼠游泳后30min给药。运用新事物识别模型和Morris水迷宫分析各组大鼠对新事物探究能力和空间学习能力,PCR和Western blot测定NMDA受体NRlmRNA表达和蛋白表达水平。结果：B组大鼠Morris水迷宫寻找潜伏期明显高于正常对照组,且NMDA受体NRlmRNA、蛋白表达较A组低（P〈0．01）;EGCG防护组（C组）大鼠Morris水迷宫寻找潜伏期与疲劳模型组（B组）相比明显减少,同时NMDA受体NRlmRNA表达较疲劳模型组（B组）增高（P〈0．05）。结论：EGCG可增强疲劳大鼠对新事物探究及空间学习能力。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.