氯喹对戊四氮致痫大鼠皮质和海马谷氨酸和NMDAR1表达的影响

目的观察氯喹对戊四氮致痫大鼠皮质和海马谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体1(NMDAR1,NR1)表达的影响,探讨氯喹在癫痫发生发展过程中对神经递质传导的作用。方法48只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(12只)、戊四氮致痫组(60mg/kg,i.p.,18只)和氯喹干预组(0.61mg/kg,i.c.v.,18只)。每组分6个时间点:1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h。观察大鼠行为表现和脑电图改变,用免疫组化检测大鼠皮质和海马Glu和NR1的变化。结果对照组无痫样发作,戊四氮致痫组有重型的痫样发作(Ⅲ-Ⅴ级),氯喹干预组有轻型的痫样发作(Ⅰ-Ⅲ级)(P<0.05);戊四氮致痫组脑电记录呈频发高幅的痫样波,氯喹干预组痫样波幅低且缓;Glu和NR1在戊四氮致痫组表达强,以海马为著,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),氯喹干预组与对照组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论氯喹通过对戊四氮致痫大鼠皮质和海马神经递质Glu和NR1信号传导通路的抑制作用,影响致痫大鼠痫样发作的发生和发展。     

海仁酸致痫大鼠海马组织AMPA受体GluR2表达的变化

目的　为了研究AMPA受体在癫痫发生中的作用。方法　本研究用免疫组织化学方法观察了海仁酸致痫大鼠海马组织AMPA GluR2受体的表达变化。结果　在侧脑室注射海仁酸后 1h ,4h ,12h ,2 4h及 7d ,大鼠海马CA3区及齿状回GluR2的表达明显减弱 ,显微图像分析 :与对照组相比 ,KA 4h ,KA 12h ,KA 2 4h ,KA 7d组大鼠海马组织GluR2阳性神经元平均光密度值降低 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　在癫痫发作过程中AMPA受体 GluR2亚单位表达改变可能与癫痫发作导致的神经元损伤有密切关系。     

Nω-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯抑制吗啡镇痛耐受大鼠中脑和脊髓一氧化氮合酶/N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体表达上调

采用热甩尾测痛法观察全身应用非特异性一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）抑制剂——N^ω-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）对吗啡镇痛耐受形成的影响,并通过观察脊髓和中脑神经元型NOS（nNOS）和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体亚单位表达的变化来阐释NO／NMDA受体在吗啡镇痛耐受形成中的作用。将36只健康成年Sprague-Dawley大鼠平均分为6组（每组6只）：1组为对照组,皮下注射生理盐水1ml;2、3、4、5和6组为处理组,分别皮下注射L-NAME10mg／kg、L-NAME20mg／kg、吗啡10mg／kg、L-NAME10mg／kg＋吗啡10mg／kg、L-NAME20mg／kg＋吗啡10mg／kg,每天2次。在注射前测量大鼠的热甩尾潜伏期（tail-flick latency,TFL）基础值,随后每天第一次给药50min后测量其TFL。第8天最后一次给药80min后（除2组和5组之外）断头取脊髓和中脑,采用RT-PCR技术测量nNOS以及NMDA受体1A（NR1A）和2A（NR2A）亚单位的表达。结果显示,2组大鼠第1天至第7天的TFL与基础值相比无显著差异;3组第7天时的TFL仍显著高于基础值;4组的TFL在第1天时最高,第2至第6天期间逐渐降低,第6天时与基础值相比无显著差异：5组的TFL在实验过程中呈下降趋势,虽然第7天时较第1天有所降低,但是仍然显著高于基础值;6组的TFL变化趋势与5组相同。PT—PCR分析结果显示,与1组相比,3组脊髓和中脑的nNOS mRNA表达显著降低,但NR1A mRNA和NR2A mRNA表达无显著改变;4组的nNOS mRNA、NR1A mRNA和NR2A mRNA表达均显著高于1组。与4组相比,6组的nNOS mRNA、NR1A mRNA和NR2A mRNA表达均显著降低。结果提示,吗啡镇痛耐受大鼠脊髓和中脑的nNOS和NMDA受体表达增加,联合应用L—NAME可抑制长期应用吗啡所致的nNOS表达增加和NMDA受体上调,延缓吗啡镇痛耐受的形成。本研究结果提示,脊髓和中脑的NO／NMDA受体与吗啡镇痛耐受形成密切相关。     

戊四氮点燃癫痫大鼠空间学习记忆改变及海马突触素、突触后致密物PSD-95表达的变化

目的探讨戊四氮点燃癫痫对大鼠空间学习记忆的影响及可能的分子机制。方法戊四氮(pentylenetet-razol,PTZ)点燃建立慢性癫痫(chronic epileptic,CEP)模型,Morris水迷宫进行行为学检测,免疫组织化学方法观察大鼠海马CA1、CA3区突触素(synaptophysin,P38)和突触后致密物95(postsynaptic density 95,PSD-95)的表达,并用计算机图像分析系统对免疫反应结果进行处理。结果水迷宫试验检测癫痫组大鼠空间学习记忆能力受损;免疫组化结果表明其海马CA1、CA3区P38和PSD-95免疫反应产物较对照组明显减少(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论戊四氮点燃癫痫大鼠伴有学习记忆功能减退,其海马神经元P38和PSD-95的表达减少可能参与了空间学习记忆受损。     

地塞米松对TNF-α致痫大鼠海马GABAA受体表达的影响

目的观察在地塞米松作用下,肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)致痫大鼠海马GABAA受体表达的改变,从而研究癫痫发病过程中内分泌和免疫调节相互关系的机制.方法采用侧脑室分别注射TNF-α、地塞米松(Dex) TNF-α以及生理盐水建立大鼠模型,运用SABC法进行免疫组化染色,观察大鼠海马GABAA受体表达的变化.结果 GABAA受体免疫反应主要定位于胞膜上.细胞计数及统计学处理表明: TNF-α组海马CA1、CA3区GABAA受体阳性细胞数较对照组及Dex TNF-α组显著减少(P<0. 01),而对照组和Dex TNF-α组无显著差异(P>0. 05).结论地塞米松对TNF-α致痫有抑制作用,提示地塞米松的抑痫作用和TNF-α的致痫作用之一可能是通过调节抑制性氨基酸受体而实现的.     

甜菜碱对戊四氮致痫大鼠血清中同型半胱氨酸以及对海马γ-氨基丁酸及其受体的影响

目的 观察甜菜碱对癫痫大鼠血清中同型半胱氨酸以及对海马γ-氨基丁酸及其受体的影响.方法 将健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组(腹腔注射生理盐水,1.0 mL生理盐水灌胃),癫痫组(腹腔注射戊四氮,1.0 mL生理盐水灌胃),甜菜碱高、中、低浓度组(腹腔注射戊四氮,甜菜碱灌胃),丙戊酸钠组(腹腔注射戊四氮,丙戊酸钠灌胃),实验结束后大鼠眼眶取血检测血清中同型半胱氨酸的含量;在低温条件下迅速取脑,ELISA实验检测γ-氨基丁酸含量的变化;兔疫荧光和Western bloting检测海马区γ-氨基丁酸受体的变化;取肝组织进行HE染色观察组织形态变化.结果 癫痫组同型半胱氨酸的含量与正常组比较显著降低(P＜0.01),甜菜碱高、低浓度组同型半胱氨酸含量与癫痫组比较明显降低(P＜ 0.05);ELISA结果表明癫痫组γ-氨基丁酸的含量与正常对照组相比显著下降(P＜0.01).甜菜碱高、中浓度组γ-氨基丁酸的含量与癫痫组比较显著增高(P＜0.01);免疫荧光与Western bloting检测结果,癫痫组γ-氨基丁酸受体的表达与正常对照组相比显著降低(P＜0.01),甜菜碱高、中、低浓度组较癫痫组显著升高(P＜0.01);HE染色结果,丙戊酸钠组动物肝脏组织镜下观察可见明显的空泡变性(P＜0.05).结论 甜菜碱具有较好的抗癫痫作用,且无肝毒性.     

铅致大鼠记忆受损及海马AChE阳性纤维的改变

本实验采用明暗箱被动回避反应和穿梭箱条件性回避反应测定, 探讨了铅对大鼠学习与记忆的损害作用。应用酶组织化学方法观察了铅致大鼠海马的结构改变。行为测定显示, 大鼠饮１０％ 醋酸铅水液之前和之后, 其进洞潜伏期 （ｓｔｏｐｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ｌａｔｅｎｃｙ, ＳＴＬ） 与对照组无明显差异, 而饮醋酸铅水液后, 其条件性回避反应率（ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｅｄ ａｖｏｉｄａｎｃｅ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ｒａｔｅ, ＣＡＲＲ） 较对照组明显下降（ｄ４－ ｄ１４, Ｐ＜ ００５）, 表明大鼠饮醋酸铅水液后长时记忆不受影响, 而短时记忆受到损伤。组织化学反应染色显示实验组海马腔隙分子层内ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维面积百分数较对照组明显减少（Ｐ＜ ００５）, 且纤维变细, 膨体减少。推测铅致大鼠短时记忆能力下降, 可能与海马内胆碱能纤维减少有关。     

EGCG对疲劳运动大鼠学习记忆及NMDA受体NRl亚单位表达的影响

目的：探讨表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）对疲劳大鼠学习记忆及NMDA受体NRI亚单位表达的影响。方法：选取45只SPF级健康SD雄性大鼠,随机分为正常组（A组）、疲劳模型组（B组）及EGCG防护组（C组）（n=15）。建立游泳训练运动疲劳动物模型,EGCG防护组按EGCG50mg／（kg·d）容量灌胃,B组与A组按1ml（kg·d）生理盐水灌胃,每日在大鼠游泳后30min给药。运用新事物识别模型和Morris水迷宫分析各组大鼠对新事物探究能力和空间学习能力,PCR和Western blot测定NMDA受体NRlmRNA表达和蛋白表达水平。结果：B组大鼠Morris水迷宫寻找潜伏期明显高于正常对照组,且NMDA受体NRlmRNA、蛋白表达较A组低（P〈0．01）;EGCG防护组（C组）大鼠Morris水迷宫寻找潜伏期与疲劳模型组（B组）相比明显减少,同时NMDA受体NRlmRNA表达较疲劳模型组（B组）增高（P〈0．05）。结论：EGCG可增强疲劳大鼠对新事物探究及空间学习能力。     

脑内5-羟色胺减少对致痫大鼠癫痫发作及学习记忆的影响

目的:于中脑正中中缝核局部微量注射5,7-二羟色胺(5,7-DHT),探讨5-羟色胺(5-HT)与癫痫的关系及匹罗卡品(PILO)致痫大鼠学习记忆改变的可能机制。方法:成年SD大鼠随机分为PILO组、PILO+5,7-DHT组、空白对照组三组,然后根据是否出现癫痫持续状态(SE)再将PILO组分成:PILO+SE组和PILO-SE组两亚组;利用视频脑电图观察大鼠癫痫发作及皮层脑电变化;运用Morris水迷宫测评大鼠空间学习记忆水平;最后运用免疫组化法观察大鼠中缝核5-HT能神经元。结果:大鼠予以5,7-DHT(PILO+5,7-DHT组)处理后造模成功率、死亡率及慢性期自发性发作频率均增高;与空白组比较PILO+SE组中缝核5-HT能神经元数目有所下降(P<0.05),而PILO+5,7-DHT组下降更明显(P<0.01);与空白组比较PILO+SE组平均逃避潜伏期延长、穿越平台次数减少、原平台象限停留时间缩短(P<0.05),而与PILO+SE组比较PILO+5,7-DHT组变化不明显。结论:脑内5-HT水平的降低容易诱发癫痫发作,尚不能认为癫痫大鼠合并认知功能障碍与脑内5-HT水平下降有关。     

慢性复合应激对大鼠学习记忆功能及脑ERK表达活化的影响

目的：研究慢性复合应激对大鼠学习记忆的影响,以及大脑细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）表达活化的变化,探讨慢性应激致学习记忆损害的分子机制。方法：采用低温暴露、足电击、白噪声、束缚、尾部悬吊、睡眠剥夺、水平震荡等刺激方式,建立慢性复合应激大鼠模型。Morris水迷宫实验观察应激对学习记忆的影响;放射免疫法检测血清皮质酮（CORT）含量;Western blot检测ERK的表达。结果：应激组大鼠水迷宫训练潜伏期较对照组延长,应激3周时有所恢复,但4周时大鼠的训练潜伏期再次显著延长（P〈0.05）。同时应激组大鼠血清CORT水平增高,海马、前额皮质P-ERK水平降低（P〈0.05）,两者在应激3周时均出现短时恢复,但4周时再次下调。结论：海马、前额皮质ERK蛋白磷酸化水平的改变可能参与了慢性复合应激损害学习记忆的分子机制。     

Changes in phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor in the rat hippocampus induced by status epilepticus

Systemic administration of pilocarpine preceded by lithium induces status epilepticus (SE) that results in neurodegeneration and may lead to the development of spontaneous recurrent seizures. We investigated the effect of Li/pilocarpine-induced SE on phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor in rat hippocampus. Phosphorylation of NR1 by PKC on Ser890 was decreased to 45% of control values immediately following 1 h of SE. During the first 3 h following the termination of SE, phosphorylation of Ser890 increased 4-fold before declining to control values by 24 h. Phosphorylation of NR1 by PKA was also depressed relative to controls immediately following SE and transiently increased above control values upon the termination of SE. SE was accompanied by a general increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of hippocampal proteins that lasted for several hours following the termination of seizures. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the NR2A and NR2B subunits of the NMDAR increased 3-4-fold over control values during SE, continued to increase during the first hour following SE and then declined to control levels by 24 h. SE resulted in the activation of Src and Pyk2 associated with the postsynaptic apparatus, suggesting a role for these enzymes in the SE-induced increase in tyrosine phosphorylation. Changes in phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor may play a role in the pathophysiological consequences of SE.     

不同训练方式建立大鼠空间记忆后海马结构NMDA受体表达的变化

短期强化训练能否建立可靠的空间长时记忆？用不同训练方式建立空间记忆后,大鼠海马结构NMDA受体的表达发生怎样的变化？目前尚未见明确报道。本研究应用Morris水迷宫方法分别采用以下模式对大鼠进行训练：空间长时记忆训练模式（LT组）、空间短时记忆训练模式（ST组）以及短期强化训练模式（SRT组）,对不同训练模式建立的空间记忆进行了比较,应用免疫荧光组织化学方法检测各组大鼠海马结构NMDA／NR1受体表达的变化。结果表明,Morris水迷宫训练过程中,LT和SRT组大鼠寻找站台的半均潜伏期和策略均无显著性差异：记忆检测发现,除LT组大鼠在站台所在象限的停留时间明显长于SRT组大鼠外,两组大鼠寻找站台的潜伏期和策略以及穿越站台的次数均无显著性差异。ST组大鼠海马结构NMDA／NR1的免疫反应强度与对照组相比,无显著差异。但是,LT和SRT组大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞联及齿状回的颗粒细胞层NMDA／NR1免疫荧光反应都明显增强,两组之间比较无显著差异,但是两组分别与对照组和ST组相比均有显著性差异。上述结果提示,短期强化训练可建立与长期训练基本相同的空间长时记忆。大鼠海马结构CA1区和齿状回NMDA受体表达的增加,可能是空间长时记忆形成的机制之一。     

海马齿状回内beta肾上腺素能受体对睡眠剥夺大鼠空间学习记忆的作用及其机制*

目的: 探究海马齿状回(DG)内beta肾上腺素能受体(beta-AR)对睡眠剥夺(SD)大鼠空间学习记忆的作用及其机制。方法: 本研究应用剥夺杆式睡眠剥夺仪建立21 d(18 h/d)慢性SD模型。动物分为4组(n=6):对照组,ISO组(异丙肾上腺素组),SD组和SD+ISO组。每天训练前30 min,以0.5 ml/min速度向DG区微量注入ISO (2 mg/μl) 或盐水1 ml。Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力。免疫组织化学和免疫印迹法检测海马DG区c-Fos和脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)表达。结果: 与对照组相比, SD组大鼠前4 d逃逸时间显著增加(P＜0.01),且第5日目标象限时间比和穿台次数明显减少(P＜0.05),与SD组相比SD+ISO组上述行为学指标显著改善(P均＜0.05)。与对照组比较,SD组大鼠海马DG区c-Fos和BDNF蛋白表达水平均显著降低(P均＜0.05),然而与SD组比较,SD+ISO组两蛋白表达水平明显增加(P均＜0.05)。结论: 海马DG区beta-AR激活可改善SD诱发的空间学习和记忆障碍,其机制可能与上调DG区c-Fos和BDNF蛋白表达有关。     

Regulation of emotional memory by hydrogen sulfide: role of GluN2B‐containing NMDA receptor in the amygdala

As an endogenous gaseous molecule, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has attracted extensive attention because of its multiple biological effects. However, the effect of H₂S on amygdala‐mediated emotional memory has not been elucidated. Here, by employing Pavlovian fear conditioning, an animal model widely used to explore the neural substrates of emotion, we determined whether H₂S could regulate emotional memory. It was shown that the H₂S levels in the amygdala of rats were significantly elevated after cued fear conditioning. Both intraamygdala and systemic administrations of H₂S markedly enhanced amygdala‐dependent cued fear memory in rats. Moreover, it was found that H₂S selectively increased the surface expression and currents of NMDA‐type glutamate receptor subunit 2B (GluN2B)‐containing NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in lateral amygdala of rats, whereas blockade of GluN2B‐containing NMDARs in lateral amygdala eliminated the effects of H₂S to enhance amygdalar long‐term potentiation and cued fear memory. These results demonstrate that H₂S can regulate amygdala‐dependent emotional memory by promoting the function of GluN2B‐containing NMDARs in amygdala, suggesting that H₂S‐associated signaling may hold potential as a new target for the treatment of emotional disorders.

     

Characterisation of learning and memory deficits following NMDA receptor antagonism

Summary The effects of the non-competitive NMDA antagonist dizocilpine in tests of cognitive function have been compared with its effects on motor function in rats. Severe motor impairments were observed at doses above 0.1 mg/kg. Dizocilpine (0.075 mg/kg) had no effect on the acquisition of a spatial discrimination task in a Y-maze, but disrupted reversal learning. Both the acquisition and reversal of a visual discrimination task were impaired following dizocilpine (0.075 mg/kg). Dizocilpine (0.04 mg/kg) also disrupted performance of a fivechoice visual reaction time task. It is clear that dizocilpine can impair cognitive function at doses which do not induce pronounced motor dysfunction. The impairment induced by dizocilpine includes a disruption of spatial discrimination learning and a deficit in tasks with sustained attentional demands.     

Changes of NMDA receptor binding in spontaneously epileptic rat and parent strains

We measured the binding of [³H]3-[(±)2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl]propyl-1-phosphonic acid ([³H]CPP), a competitive ligand forN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, in double mutant spontaneously epileptic rats (SER:zi/zi, tm/tm) and their parent strains, zitter rats, and tremor rats, and WTC rats (control rats from tremor rats derived from Kyoto:Wistar rats) before and after the onset of seizures in tremor rats and SER. Significantly lower [³H]CPP binding receptor density (B_max) was found in the cortex of SER and zitter rats at 12–15 weeks of age than in that of WTC rats and tremor rats, and at 4 weeks of age the Bmax in zitter rats was lower than that in the other strains. The reduction of Bmax in SER at 12–15 weeks of age may reflect a down regulation of NMDA receptors due to repetitive tonic seizures in SER.     

大鼠学习记忆能力与nov基因表达的关系

采用主动回避法进行大鼠学习记忆训练 ,选出学习成绩好和差的大鼠 ,用原位杂交、免疫细胞化学结合图像分析方法观察nov基因表达的差异。结果显示 ,novmRNA和NOV蛋白阳性神经元主要分布于海马、扣带皮质和联合皮质锥体层、基底神经节和下丘脑等脑区。好成绩组NOV蛋白免疫反应最强 ,阳性细胞最多 ,差成绩组nov基因的表达比假性条件反射组的表达稍强。novmRNA的表达在各组之间无明显的差异。以上结果提示 ,nov基因可能参与学习记忆的调控过程 ,这种调控发生在NOV蛋白翻译水平。     

Morris water maze: a versatile and pertinent tool for assessing spatial learning and memory

Since its development about 40 years ago (1981–2021), Morris water maze has turned into a very popular tool for assessing spatial learning and memory. Its many advantages have ensured its pertinence to date. These include its effectiveness in evaluating hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, exemption from motivational differences across diverse experimental manipulations, reliability in various cross-species studies, and adaptability to many experimental conditions with various test protocols. Nonetheless, throughout its establishment, several experimental and analysis loopholes have galvanized researchers to assess ways in which it could be improved and adapted to fill this gap. Therefore, in this review, we briefly summarize these developments since the early years of its establishment through to the most recent advancements in computerized analysis, offering more comprehensive analysis paradigms. In addition, we discuss the adaptability of the Morris water maze across different test versions and analysis paradigms, providing suggestions with regard to the best paradigms for particular experimental conditions. Hence, the proper selection of the experimental protocols, analysis paradigms, and consideration of the assay’s limitations should be carefully considered. Given that appropriate measures are taken, with various adaptations made, the Morris water maze will likely remain a relevant tool to assess the mechanisms of spatial learning and memory.     

Social isolation rearing-induced impairment of the hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with deficits in spatial memory and emotion-related behaviors in juvenile mice

Experiences during brain development may influence the pathogenesis of developmental disorders. Thus, social isolation (SI) rearing after weaning is a useful animal model for studying the pathological mechanisms of such psychiatric diseases. In this study, we examined the effect of SI on neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) relating to memory and emotion-related behaviors. When newly divided cells were labeled with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) before SI, the number of BrdU-positive cells and the rate of differentiation into neurons were significantly decreased after 4-week SI compared with those in group-housed mice. Repeated treatment of fluoxetine prevented the SI-induced impairment of survival of newly divided cells and ameliorated spatial memory impairment and part of aggression in SI mice. Furthermore, we investigated the changes in gene expression in the DG of SI mice by using DNA microarray and real-time PCR. We finally found that SI reduced the expression of development-related genes Nurr1 and Npas4 . These findings suggest that communication in juvenile is important in the survival and differentiation of newly divided cells, which may be associated with memory and aggression, and raise the possibility that the reduced expression of Nurr1 and/or Npas4 may contribute to the impairment of neurogenesis and memory and aggression induced by SI.     

褪黑素对大鼠空间学习记忆的影响及其机制研究

本研究运用Morris水迷宫和电生理学方法 ,以逃避潜伏期、穿环系数和海马CA1区突触长时程增强(long termpotentiation ,LTP)为指标 ,研究褪黑素对大鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响。实验结果显示 :( 1)在Morris水迷宫 6d训练中 ,对照组大鼠后 4d平均逃避潜伏期为 18 4 4± 2 7s,褪黑素组为 3 0 0 2± 3 6s,两者有显著差异 (P <0 0 1) ;训练 6d后 ,褪黑素组穿环系数为 2 5 68± 2 3 2 % ,明显小于对照组的 4 3 3 3± 2 85 % (P <0 0 1)。( 2 )采用微量注射法给予海马CA1区褪黑素 ,强直后 60min ,fEPSP斜率为基准值的 114 2 8± 1 80 % ,显著低于对照组的 169 71±6 4 8% (P <0 0 1)。( 3 )预先给予东莨菪碱 ,不影响褪黑素对海马CA1区LTP的抑制 ,强直后 60minfEPSP斜率为基准值的 113 70± 5 5 5 %。( 4 )提前给予荷包牡丹碱后给予褪黑素 ,强直后 60minfEPSP斜率为基准值的 162 2 9±10 5 2 % ,明显大于褪黑素组 (P <0 0 1) ,而与对照组无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。上述结果表明 ,褪黑素对大鼠的空间学习记忆能力及海马CA1区LTP均有明显的抑制作用 ,两者相关 ;东莨菪碱不能阻断褪黑素对海马CA1区LTP的抑制作用 ,而荷包牡丹碱可以阻断褪黑素对LTP的抑制 ,提示褪黑素的作用可能不是由胆碱能系统所介