The Specificity Of Processes Of Motivational Conditioning In The Human Mind

The methodological principle of the objectification of needs, which in activity theory explains the ontological development of motivation (Leont'ev, 1975), is in need of concrete psychological development to ascertain what influences and mental processes give rise to such objectification. In terms of biological motivation, this question is made easier by the existence of a detailed system of data, accumulated in conditioning studies, concerning the acquisition of the capacity to activate a person by neutral stimuli. A psychological interpretation of these data purports to explain the fact that the conditioned response phenomenon indicates not only a redirecting of unconditioned responses toward new stimuli but also the genesis, in response to this stimulus, of subjective relations orienting the person toward influences relevant to his needs. Such an interpretation therefore helps to concretize the concept of the objectification of biological needs (Vilyunas, 1986. Pp. 154-74).     

体内诱生抗原鉴定技术

体外不表达而只在体内才表达的基因称为体内诱导基因。研究表明,体内诱导基因涉及病原菌在体内的生存和致病过程,因此有重要意义。最近提出的体内诱生抗原鉴定技术(invivo-inducedantigentechnology,IVIAT)就是用于筛选病原菌体内诱导基因的一种方法。该方法不使用动物模型,而是采用经病原菌体外表达抗原吸收处理的病人血清来检测病原菌的表达文库,从而筛选体内诱导基因;方法简便、快速。这些筛选得到的体内诱导基因有助于病原菌致病机制的研究,同时也能够为抗菌药物、诊断试剂及疫苗设计等研究提供潜在靶标。     

Studies On The Role Of Ubiquinone In The Control Of The Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain

This study examines the possible role of Coenzyme Q (CoQ. ubiquinone) in the control of mitochondrial electron transfer. The CoQ concentration in mitochondria from different tissues was investigated by HPLC. By analyzing the rates of electron transfer as a function of total CoQ concentration, it was calculated that, at physiological CoQ concentration NADH cytochrome c reductase activity is not saturated. Values for theoretical V_max could not be reached experimentally for NADH oxidation, because of the limited mis-cibility of CoQ₁₀ with the phospholipids. On the other hand, it was found that CoQ₃ could stimulate α-glycerophosphate cytochrome c reductase over three-fold. Electron transfer being a diffusion-coupled process. we have investigated the possibility of its being subjected to diffusion control. A reconstruction study of Complex I and Complex III in liposomes showed that NADH cytochrome c reductase was not affected by changing the average distance between complexes by varying the protein: lipid ratios. The results of a broad investigation on ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase in bovine heart submitochondrial particles indicated that the enzymic rate is not diffusion-controlled by ubiquinol. whereas the interaction of cytochrome c with the enzyme is clearly diffusion-limited     

The Use Of Rhodizonate In Enzymatic Histochemistry

A 0.5% solution of sodium rhodizonate stains lead precipitates, obtained in histochemical methods for enzymes, in a brown-black shade. The precipitate obtained in the method for acid phosphatase can be stained directly; those obtained in the methods for alkaline phosphatase and lipase, after conversion into the corresponding lead salts.