The Specificity Of Processes Of Motivational Conditioning In The Human Mind

The methodological principle of the objectification of needs, which in activity theory explains the ontological development of motivation (Leont'ev, 1975), is in need of concrete psychological development to ascertain what influences and mental processes give rise to such objectification. In terms of biological motivation, this question is made easier by the existence of a detailed system of data, accumulated in conditioning studies, concerning the acquisition of the capacity to activate a person by neutral stimuli. A psychological interpretation of these data purports to explain the fact that the conditioned response phenomenon indicates not only a redirecting of unconditioned responses toward new stimuli but also the genesis, in response to this stimulus, of subjective relations orienting the person toward influences relevant to his needs. Such an interpretation therefore helps to concretize the concept of the objectification of biological needs (Vilyunas, 1986. Pp. 154-74).     

Studies On The Role Of Ubiquinone In The Control Of The Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain

This study examines the possible role of Coenzyme Q (CoQ. ubiquinone) in the control of mitochondrial electron transfer. The CoQ concentration in mitochondria from different tissues was investigated by HPLC. By analyzing the rates of electron transfer as a function of total CoQ concentration, it was calculated that, at physiological CoQ concentration NADH cytochrome c reductase activity is not saturated. Values for theoretical V_max could not be reached experimentally for NADH oxidation, because of the limited mis-cibility of CoQ₁₀ with the phospholipids. On the other hand, it was found that CoQ₃ could stimulate α-glycerophosphate cytochrome c reductase over three-fold. Electron transfer being a diffusion-coupled process. we have investigated the possibility of its being subjected to diffusion control. A reconstruction study of Complex I and Complex III in liposomes showed that NADH cytochrome c reductase was not affected by changing the average distance between complexes by varying the protein: lipid ratios. The results of a broad investigation on ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase in bovine heart submitochondrial particles indicated that the enzymic rate is not diffusion-controlled by ubiquinol. whereas the interaction of cytochrome c with the enzyme is clearly diffusion-limited     

The Use Of Rhodizonate In Enzymatic Histochemistry

A 0.5% solution of sodium rhodizonate stains lead precipitates, obtained in histochemical methods for enzymes, in a brown-black shade. The precipitate obtained in the method for acid phosphatase can be stained directly; those obtained in the methods for alkaline phosphatase and lipase, after conversion into the corresponding lead salts.     

核糖体基因簇在真菌系统学研究中的意义

真菌作为一个古老的生物类群 ,在生物的遗传、演化中具有重要的作用和研究价值 ,真菌的系统学研究正越来越受到人们的关注。核糖体基因簇以其特殊的组成结构和演化方式在研究真菌的系统演化中具有不可替代的重要作用。1 .核糖体基因簇的结构真菌的核糖体ＲＮＡ基因簇既存在于细胞核内 ,又存在于线粒体中 ,由高度保守区和可变区组成 ,含有多个串联重复序列 ,每个重复序列包含 1 8Ｓ、5.8Ｓ、2 8ＳｒＤＮＡ结构基因区及其间隔区域 (图 1 )。在染色体上这 3个基因的转录间隔区 (ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｌｙｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｂｅｄｓｐａｃ ｅｒｓ,Ｉ…