共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 24 毫秒
1.
We studied suppression of pain-related reactions induced in mice by i.p. injection of 0.08 ml of a 2% solution of acetic acid
using pharmacological analgesics (analgin and tramadol) combined with low-intensity microwave irradiation of an acupuncture
point (AP) E-36 (frequency 30 to 300 GHz and power rate density 3·10−9 W/cm2). The respective effects were also observed under conditions of suppression of the functions of opioid and serotonergic cerebral
systems using injections of, respectively, naloxone and DL-p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA). We found that antinociceptive effects provided by analgesics used in a 50% mean single dose in the combination with
microwave irradiation of the AP were significantly more intense than those induced by isolated injection of analgesics used
in both 50% and full mean single doses and isolated microwave irradiation of the AP E-36. After injections of naloxone, analgesic
effects caused by the combined action of analgin and microwave irradiation of the AP were considerably smaller. At the same
time, after injection of p-CPA, analgesic effects, provided by the combination of injection of pharmacological agents and microwave irradiation of the
AP, weakened in the case of use of both analgesics. This was manifested in a significant increase in the total duration of
pain-related behavioral reactions. Therefore, the studied analgesic effects observed in the examined animal groups are realized
due to the involvement of the opioid and serotonergic cerebral systems.
Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 468–477, November–December, 2007. 相似文献
2.
E. V. Bagatskaya 《Neurophysiology》2006,38(5-6):424-426
Under conditions of the formalin test, we studied changes in the level of analgesia induced by the action of low-intensity
microwaves on the antinociceptive acupuncture point (AP) E36 in mice of strains CBA/CaLac (CBA) and C57BL/6j (C57) and in
albino mongrel mice. Measurements were performed under control conditions and with experimentally induced decrease in the
serotonin level in the brain (by injections of DL-parachlorophenylalanine, p-CPA). In the latter cases, the duration of the pain behavioral reaction increased despite irradiation of the AP E36. In mongrel,
CBA, and C57 mice, the intensity of pain manifestations was 114.4, 29.0, and 21.1% greater, respectively, than in mice of
these groups with no injections of p-CPA. These facts show that the serotonergic brain system is profoundly involved in the formation of analgesia after irradiation
of the AP by low-intensity microwaves, and this involvement significantly depends on the genotype of the animals.
Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 38, Nos. 5/6, pp. 495–497, September–December, 2006. 相似文献
3.
Yasuyoshi Hayata Xin Xian Li Keiko Kishimoto Yutaka Osajima 《Plant Growth Regulation》2002,36(1):13-18
The effects of para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid(p-CPA) application in improving the reduction in growthrate and sugar accumulation, and on the peel color and firmness ofparthenocarpic fruit, and its residual content in the treated fruit wereexamined. p-CPA application to parthenocarpic fruit duringthe rapid growth stage [5 or 10 days after anthesis (DAA)] enhanced the fruitweight, but was ineffective when applied at 40 DAA. p-CPA– promoting of fruit growth increased as the applied concentration rose,so the weight of fruit treated by p-CPA at 500 mgL–1 (the highest level) was the greatest in all plots;however the peel was considerably softer and abnormal swelling occurred in thenet. p-CPA applied to parthenocarpic fruit from 5 to 25DAAincreased sucrose content, the most effective application time being justbeforethe onset of sucrose accumulation (25 DAA). Fructose and glucose contents wereconsiderably lower than that of sucrose, and were not affected byp-CPA. p-CPA promoted sucroseaccumulation when applied to pollinated fruit, which showed the highest levelofenhancement in all plots. During the maturation period, the peel ofparthenocarpic fruit was a darker green color and the netting did not fullydevelop compared to pollinated fruit. p-CPA applicationsat10 or 25 DAA improved the peel color and netting of parthenocarpic fruits;therefore, the L value was similar to that of seeded fruit and the hue angledeclined. Applications of p-CPA during the early growthstage reduced the firmness of the mesocarp concomitant with increases in theapplied concentrations. p-CPA was present in the fruit atharvest, when applied from 10 to 25 DAA, even at 20 mgL–1. The residue level increased as the appliedconcentration rose, but p-CPA was not detected in thenon-treated plot. 相似文献
4.
We examined pain-related behavioral reactions and non-pain behavioral manifestations in mice under conditions of the formalin
test. Levels of analgesia induced by i.p. injections of analgin, microwave irradiation of an antinociceptive acupuncture point
(AP), E-36, or combined application of the above factors were measured. The duration of the pain behavioral reaction (licking
of the injured limb) decreased due to irradiation of the AP with microwaves and to injection of 8.3 mg/kg analgin by 24.3%
and 53.8%, on average, respectively. Combination of injection of analgin in a smaller dose (4.2 mg/kg) and microwave irradiation
of the AP suppressed manifestations of the pain behavioral reaction by 43.4%. Thus, combination of pharmacologically induced
analgesia with the action of microwaves on the antinociceptive AP allows one to significantly decrease the doses of analgesic
preparations necessary to provide a full-level analgesic effect; in such a way, side effects of the respective drugs can be
weakened.
Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 46–51, January–February, 2006. 相似文献
5.
Xin-Xian Li Yasuyoshi Hayata Junichi Yasukawa Yutaka Osajima 《Plant Growth Regulation》2002,36(3):237-240
We investigated the effects of 1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenylurea(CPPU) and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid(p-CPA) treatments on the sucrose metabolism-relatedenzymeactivities in excised mesocarp discs of muskmelon fruit at different growthstages. Both a CPPU and a p-CPA treatment applied to discsprepared at 5 and at 20 days after anthesis (DAA) increased acid invertase (AI)activity and neutral invertase (NI) activity, but neither treatment affectedthese activities in the discs prepared at 45 DAA. Both plant growth substancesincreased the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in the discs at 5and20 DAA, but neither affected it in the 45 DAA discs. The sucrose synthase (SS)activity was markedly increased by p-CPA treatment in the20 and 45 DAA discs, but was not affected at 5 DAA. CPPU treatment did notactivate SS of discs throughout the growth stage. 相似文献
6.
We examined the effects of seed formation andpara-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (p-CPA)treatment on the growth and endogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) content ofmuskmelon fruit. The growth of parthenocarpic muskmelon fruit induced by 1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenylurea (CPPU) declined 15 days after anthesis (DAA),resulting in smaller fruit than those pollinated at harvest.p-CPA improved the growth of parthenocarpic fruit thatweretreated between 10 and 25 DAA. Endogenous IAA levels in the seedsof artificially pollinated fruit were at their highest at 10 DAA,then decreased, and increased again after 30 to 45 DAA, whereas,the levels in the empty seeds of parthenocarpic fruit were significantly lowerthroughout development. Although endogenous IAA levels in the placenta ofpollinated fruit were lower than those in the seeds, the changing patterns werevery similar to those in the seeds. Endogenous IAA levels in the mesocarp ofpollinated fruit remained lower than those in the placenta throughout fruitgrowth, and the pattern of change was similar to that of the placenta. Levelsinthe seed, placenta and mesocarp of p-CPA-nontreatedparthenocarpic fruit stayed lower than those in pollinated fruit.p-CPA increased the levels of IAA in the seeds, placenta,and mesocarp of parthenocarpic fruit after the first treatment (10DAA) to 15 DAA, while those in the mesocarp increasedsignificantly after the second treatment (25 DAA), but did notincrease in empty seed and placenta. 相似文献
7.
Riitta Tegelberg Satu Turtola Matti Rousi Beat Meier Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto 《Trees - Structure and Function》2006,20(3):299-303
Hybridisation between certain willow species is a common feature leading to novel genotypes varying in growth rate and stress tolerance. The objective of this 4-week study was to investigate the effects of decreased watering, enhanced ultraviolet-B irradiation (UV-BBE, 280–315 nm, 7.2 kJ m−2 day−1) and combined decreased watering and enhanced UV-B irradiation on di- and polyamines in the leaves of Salix myrsinifolia and its hybrid with S. myrsinites. Control plantlets were well-watered and exposed to ambient UV-B irradiation (UV-BBE, 3.6 kJ m−2 day−1). HPLC analyses showed that the constitutive concentrations of soluble di- and polyamines varied markedly between S. myrsinifolia and its hybrids. The degree of responses to treatments also varied: in S. myrsinifolia, concentrations of free putrescine were clearly increased by reduced watering, while in the hybrid willow, change in putrescine was less pronounced and not significant. Results also showed that the increase in putrescine in S. myrsinifolia by reduced watering was mitigated by concurrent enhancement of UV-B irradiation. There were no direct UV-B effects on the soluble polyamines. 相似文献
8.
Soror SH Verma V Rao R Rasool S Koul S Qazi GN Cullum J 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2007,34(8):525-531
The genome sequence of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) contains 51 putative lipase and esterase genes mostly of unknown function. The gene estB (locus SCO 6966) was expressed as a His-tagged protein in E. coli. Esterase B was active at low temperatures exerting its maximum activity at 30°C and retaining more than 25% of its activity
at 4°C. The optimum pH was 8–8.5. The enzyme was active against short synthetic p-nitrophenylesters (C2–C10) with maximum activity towards the acetate ester (C2). The esterase was tested on 13 series of racemic esters of potential interest for the synthesis of chiral pharmaceutical
compounds. 4 of the series were substrates and a modest degree of enantioselectivity was observed (enantiomeric ratios of
1.1–1.9). 相似文献
9.
Mitochondria isolated from the roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings were capable of oxidizing external NADH and NADPH anaerobically in the presence of nitrite. The reaction was
linked to ATP synthesis and nitric oxide (NO) was a measurable product. The rates of NADH and NADPH oxidation were in the
range of 12–16 nmol min−1 mg−1 protein for both species. The anaerobic ATP synthesis rate was 7–9 nmol min−1 mg−1 protein for barley and 15–17 nmol min−1 mg−1 protein for rice. The rates are of the same order of magnitude as glycolytic ATP production during anoxia and about 3–5%
of the aerobic mitochondrial ATP synthesis rate. NADH/NADPH oxidation and ATP synthesis were sensitive to the mitochondrial
inhibitors myxothiazol, oligomycin, diphenyleneiodonium and insensitive to rotenone and antimycin A. The uncoupler FCCP completely
eliminated ATP production. Succinate was also capable of driving ATP synthesis. We conclude that plant mitochondria, under
anaerobic conditions, have a capacity to use nitrite as an electron acceptor to oxidize cytosolic NADH/NADPH and generate
ATP. 相似文献
10.
A new lipase gene designated as SlLipA was isolated from Serratia liquefaciens S33 DB-1 by the genomic-walking method. The cloned gene contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,845 bp encoding 615 amino
acids with a conserved GXSXG motif. Genome sequence analysis showed that an aldo/keto reductase gene closed to the SlLipA gene. The lipase gene was cloned into the expression vector pPICZαA and successfully integrated into the heterologous host,
methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris GS115. Five transformants could be expressed as secreted recombinant proteins with the high activity on Triglyceride–Agarose
plate and as candidates to produce the recombinant enzyme. A C-terminal His tag was used for its purification. The lipase
activity of different transformants against substrate para-nitrophenyl laurate (p-NPL) varied from 14 to 16 U ml−1. For the substrates para-nitrophenyl caprate (p-NPC), p-NPL, para-nitrophenyl myristate (p-NPM), para-nitrophenyl palmitate (p-NPP), and para-nitrophenyl stearate (p-NPS), the specific activity was shown to be preferred to long acyl chain length of p-NPS. 相似文献
11.
Yi-Ping Chen 《Plant Growth Regulation》2008,55(1):73-79
Sterilized seeds of Isatis indigotica (Brassicacae) were divided into four groups based on irradiation pretreatments. These control groups (C) were non irradiated,
He–Ne laser treated seeds (L), UV-B treated seeds (B) and He–Ne laser followed by UV-B radiation treated seeds (LB). Laser
radiation was provided by He–Ne laser, UV-B radiation was provided by filtered Qin brand 30 W fluorescent sun lamps. Malondialdehyde
(MDA), proline, UV-B absorbing compounds and ascorbic acid (AsA) concentrations, as well as, the activities of superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were measured in the cotyledons of seedlings from all the four irradiation
treatments. The result indicate that UV-B radiation enhanced the concentration of MDA while decreasing the activities of SOD,
CAT, POD and the concentration of AsA in the seedlings compared with the controls. The concentration of MDA decreased, while
the activities of SOD, CAT, POD and the concentration of AsA increased in seedling treated with He–Ne laser and UV-B compared
to UV-B alone. The concentration of proline and UV absorbing compounds increased progressively with treatments i.e. UV-B irradiation,
He–Ne laser irradiation, and He–Ne laser irradiation followed by UV-B irradiation compared to the controls. The present data
suggest that Isatis indigotica seedlings derived from laser stimulated seeds showed improved resistance to elevated UV-B. 相似文献
12.
Park SY Kim JT Kang SG Woo JH Lee JH Choi HT Kim SJ 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2007,77(1):107-115
Vibrio sp. GMD509, a marine bacterium isolated from eggs of the sea hare, exhibited lipolytic activity on tributyrin (TBN) plate, and the gene representing lipolytic activity was cloned. As a result,
an open reading frame (ORF) consisting of 1,017 bp (338 aa) was found, and the deduced amino acid sequence of the ORF showed
low similarity (<20%) to α/β hydrolases such as dienelactone hydrolases and esterase/lipase with G–X1–S–X2–G sequence conserved. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the protein belonged to a new family of esterase/lipase together
with various hypothetical proteins. The enzyme was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme (Vlip509) showed the best hydrolyzing activity toward p-nitrophenyl butyrate (C4) among various p-nitrophenyl esters (C2 to C18), and optimal activity of Vlip509 occurred at 30°C and pH 8.5, respectively. Kinetic parameters toward p-nitrophenyl butyrate were determined as K
m (307 μM), k
cat (5.72 s−1), and k
cat/K
m (18.61 s−1 mM−1). Furthermore, Vlip509 preferentially hydrolyzed the S-enantiomer of racemic ofloxacin ester. Despite its sequence homology to dienelactone hydrolase, Vlip509 showed no dienelactone
hydrolase activity. This study represents the identification of a novel lipolytic enzyme from marine environment. 相似文献
13.
Aqueous extract of Podophyllum hexandrum (RP-1), which has been reported to render more than 82% survival against whole body lethal (10 Gy) gamma-irradiation in mice,
was further investigated for its immunomodulatory potential. In this study, no significant change could be scored in peritoneal
macrophages survival up to 8th day after whole body irradiation. RP-1 treatment (200 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) alone or 2 h
before whole body irradiation enhanced macrophage survival significantly (p < 0.05) as compared to irradiated control mice. In irradiated animals, there was significant (p < 0.01) reduction in splenocyte survival and proliferation as revealed by 3H-TdR method. RP-1 treatment (200 mg/kg) alone
or 2 h before irradiation countered the decrease in survival of splenocytes and proliferation significantly (p < 0.05) as compared to irradiated control group. Whole body irradiation also significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the population of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and bone marrow GM-CFU at 24 h and 72 h post-irradiation intervals,
respectively, as compared to unirradiated control. RP-1 treatment 2 h before whole body irradiation countered the decrease
in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells populations and CGM-CFU. Nitric oxide free radicals generation was enhanced significantly (p < 0.05) in the supernatant of peritoneal macrophage cultures exposed to 2 Gy gamma radiation ex vivo in comparison to unirradiated control, which was reduced by pre-irradiation (−2 h) administration of RP-1. Whole body irradiation
(10 Gy) also reduced the serum titres of IL-3, IL-1 and various IgG isotypes observed at different post-irradiation time interval.
RP-1 treatment alone or before whole body irradiation countered radiation induced decrease in the titre of IL-1, IL-3 and
IgG’s in the serum of mice. These findings indicate immunostimulatory potential of RP-1. 相似文献
14.
Satoru Fujihiro Ryusuke Higuchi Shin Hisamatsu Shigenori Sonoki 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2009,82(5):853-860
The white-rot fungus T. versicolor UAMH 8272 produced two groups of laccases, each of which included several isoforms showing different isoelectric points (pI). Group 1 and group 2 laccases, respectively, displayed higher pI 5–6 and lower pI 3–4. Of the four cloned full-length laccase cDNAs, Lac 1 and Lac 4 were expressed in the heterologous protein expression
system using Aspergillus oryzae. The measured pI of each Lac 1 and Lac 4 expressed in A. oryzae was lower than that of pI predicted from the amino acid composition. With this regard, isoelectric focusing of Lac 1 showed the presence of multiple
protein bands in the 3.0–4.0 pI range, although the predicted pI value of Lac 1 was 4.7. Similarly, Lac 4 exhibited a pI value which was lower than that predicted (3.6 vs. 4.3, respectively). In all tested hydroxyPCBs, higher chlorinated hydroxyPCBs
were less susceptible to in vitro degradation by laccase than lower chlorinated hydroxyPCBs. Although Lac 4 showed a generally
higher activity than Lac 1, the two laccases were characterized by quite different substrate specificity toward two hydroxy-tetrachlorobiphenyl
congeners. Two metabolites were obtained from the metabolism of hydroxy-pentachlorobiphenyl: a ten chlorine-substituted dimer
with a C–O bond, and one with a C–C bond. 相似文献
15.
Bi Wen Zhou Seung Gu Shin KwangHyun Hwang Johng-Hwa Ahn Seokhwan Hwang 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2010,87(2):765-770
This research investigated the effect of microwave irradiation (MWI) on cell disintegration in municipal secondary sludge
(MSS). A representative MSS Gram-positive bacterium (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were pure cultured separately and treated using MWI. Compared to untreated controls, MWI significantly increased the soluble
chemical oxygen demand (COD) (1.8–4.0-fold), soluble protein concentration (1.1–1.8-fold), and soluble carbohydrate concentration
(3.2–14.1-fold), with greater increase in the Gram-negative bacteria. After MSS was MWI-treated with different irradiation
times, from 0 to 9 min, soluble COD increased gradually from 0.14 to 2.38 g/L (i.e., 72-fold). Effective disintegration of
Gram-negative cell walls and of MSS by MWI was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. These findings suggest that MWI
could be an effective pretreatment method for MSS that is dominated by Gram-negative microorganisms. 相似文献
16.
Re-establishing plant cover is essential for restoring ecosystem functions, but revegetation can be difficult in severe sites,
such as salt marshes that experience hypersalinity and sedimentation. We tested three treatments (adding tidal creeks, planting
seedlings in tight clusters, and rototilling kelp compost into the soil) in a site that was excavated to reinstate tidal flows
and restore salt marsh. The magnitude of responses was the reverse of expectations, with tidal creeks having the least effect
and kelp compost the most. On the marsh plain, kelp compost significantly increased soil organic matter (by 17% at 0–5 cm;
p = 0.026 and 11.5% at 5–20 cm; p = 0.083), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (45% at 5–8 cm; p < 0.001) and inorganic nitrogen (35% at 5–8 cm; p < 0.006), and decreased bulk density (16% at 0–5 cm; p < 0.001 and 21% at 5–8 cm depth; p < 0.001) compared to control plots. Survivorship of kelp compost treated plantings increased, along with growth (> 50% increase
in a growth index at 20 months after planting; p < 0.0001). In Spartina foliosa plots, kelp compost did not affect soil organic matter, but plants were taller (by ~11 cm; p = 0.003) and denser (47% more stems; p = 0.003). Planting seedlings 10-cm apart in tight clusters on the marsh plain increased survivorship by 18% (compared to
90-cm apart in loose clusters; p = 0.053), but not growth. Tidal creek networks increased survivorship of Batis maritima and Jaumea carnosa by ≥20% (p = 0.060 and 0.077, respectively). Kelp compost had a strong, positive influence on vegetation establishment by ameliorating
some of the abiotic stress. 相似文献
17.
Lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli, polyamines, and acetic acid stimulate cell proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jaime Olaya Vadim Neopikhanov Andrés Uribe 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal》1999,35(1):43-48
Summary Our aim was to examine whether lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli, polyamines of dietetic and/or bacterial origin, and products of the bacterial metabolism influence cell proliferation in
epithelial cells from the colon and small intestine. Lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 was incubated with cultures from human colonic mucosa. The mitoses were arrested with Vincristine and the total number
of metaphases per crypt was counted. In addition, lipopolysaccharide was incubated with a human colonic epithelial cell line
from adenocarcinoma (LS-123 cells) and with a nontransformed small intestinal cell line from germ-free rats (IEC-6 cells)
for 24 h. In the last 4 h, the cells were labeled with tritiated thymidine. The cells were incubated with putrescine, cadaverine,
and spermidine at 10−11–10−3
M and with acetic acid (10−5–10−1
M), acetaldehyde (10−10–10−4
M) and ammonium chloride (1–20 mM). Lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli increased the number of arrested metaphases in human colonic crypts and DNA synthesis in L-123 and IEC-6 cells (P<0.001). All polyamines increased DNA synthesis in the colonic and small intestinal cell lines, the effects being more marked
for putrescine (P<0.001). The higher concentrations of acetic acid increased DNA synthesis in both epithelial cell lines (P<0.001). Acetaldehyde slightly decreased DNA synthesis in LS-123 cells at cytotoxic concentrations. Ammonium chloride did
not significantly affect DNA synthesis. The final concentration of nonionized ammonia was less than 3%. It is concluded that
lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli and intraluminal factors derived from microorganisms increase cell proliferation in human colonic crypts and intestinal epithelial
cell lines. 相似文献
18.
Bacillus pumilis F3-4 utilized feather as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur. Supplementation of the feather medium with glucose
or MgSO4 · 7H2O increased keratinolytic protease production (14.6–16.7 U/mg). The synthesis of keratinolytic protease was repressed by an
exogenous nitrogen source. Keratinolytic protease was produced in the absence of feather (9.4 U/mg). Feather degradation resulted
in sulfhydryl group formation (0.8–2.6 μM). B. pumilis F3-4 effectively degraded chicken feather (75%), duck feather (81%) and feather meal (97%), whereas human nails, human hair
and sheep wool under went less degradation (9–15%).
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
19.
Effects of zinc deficiency and pinealectomy on cellular immunity in rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
The effects of zinc and/or melatonin deficiencies on cellular immunity were investigated in rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii. A total of 50 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups of 10 rats each. In group I, the rats were infected
with T. gondii and fed a zinc-deficient diet; in group II, the rats were infected and their pineal gland was surgically removed. Group III
included rats that were infected, pinealectomized, and fed a zinc-deficient diet. Group IV consisted of T. gondii-infested rats that received no treatment of any kind, and group V were normal controls. After 3 wk of treatment, all rats
were sacrificed and the percentages of CD3, CD4, and CD8 lymphocytes, zinc, and melatonin levels in plasma and the percentage
of lymphocyte in blood smears were analyzed. The CD3 ratios of groups I–III were significantly lower than those of groups
IV and V (p<0.01). The CD4 lymphocytes were significantly higher in group IV than that in all other groups (p<0.05). In group IV, the CD8 lymphocytes were higher than in groups I–III (p<0.01) and those in group V were higher than for groups I and III (p<0.01). Lymphocyte incidence in group IV was higher than in the other four groups (p<0.01). The plasma zinc and plasma melatonin levels in groups I–III were significantly lower than those in the controls (p<0.01, both cases). These results suggest that zinc and/or melatonin deficiency have a negative influence on cellular immunity
in rats with toxoplasmosis. 相似文献
20.
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) were synthesized from lactose by immobilized and free -galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis (Lactozym 3000 L HP-G) using either focused microwave irradiation or conventional heating. Immobilization of the -galactosidase on to Duolite A-568 increased the synthesis of GOS. GOS selectivity (GOS synthesis/lactose hydrolysis ratio) increased when the water activity of the media was reduced, notably with a high initial lactose concentration but also by using co-solvents in the media. The advantage of microwave heating on GOS formation was also examined. Addition of solvent and carrying out the reaction under microwave irradiation resulted an increase in the production of GOS. The selectivity for GOS synthesis can be increased by 217-fold under microwave irradiation, using immobilized -glucosidase and with added co-solvents such as hexanol. 相似文献