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1.
Regulatory agencies use many chemical standards to help protect human health and the environment. Some of these standards could potentially be adversely influenced by climate change, so it is important to scope the likelihood of such changes, and develop a plan for addressing them. A review of the literature showed that many complex interactions could occur between climate change factors, chemicals, and receptors. However, the way in which chemical standards are currently set is already likely to take into account predicted climate changes in temperate regions, at least implicitly. In contrast, compliance monitoring to ensure that chemical standards are not breached may be compromised if climate change leads to more variability in measured parameters, with a consequent reduction in the statistical power of monitoring programs.  相似文献   

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Researchers generally categorize motile foraging behavior into 3 strategies: ambush, cruise, and saltatory searching. During saltatory searches, predators move from one location to the next, frequently pausing to scan for prey that are hard to detect and widely distributed. We investigated whether 1) the foraging strategy of free-living common marmosets conforms to the strategy; 2) scanning occurs solely when the individual is stationary; 3) the environment (dense and sparse vegetation) influences foraging behavior; and 4) the age of the marmosets is related to their foraging behavior. Bezerra carried out the observations in a 32-ha fragment of Atlantic Forest in the Northeast of Brazil and in an adjacent condominium. Using the focal sampling method, we observed 31 common marmosets, including adults, juveniles, and infants, Bezerra recorded the following behaviors (in dense and sparse vegetation): locomotion (subdivided into minor locomotion—moving distances ≤1 m; major locomotion—moving distances >1 m), scan, pause, and capture. The frequency of scanning behavior was significantly greater when individuals were stationary. Adults and juveniles exhibited the clearest differentiation in terms of locomotion, both adjusting the behavior in accordance with the environment; periods of major locomotion were more frequent in sparse vegetation, whereas minor locomotion was more frequent in dense vegetation. In contrast, infants exhibited major locomotion more frequently in dense vegetation. We conclude that common marmosets use a saltatory strategy when foraging, and that their foraging behavior is plastic, changing both with the age of the individual and with the density of the vegetation.  相似文献   

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王兆峰  王梓瑛 《生态学报》2021,41(10):3917-3928
随着旅游产业的快速发展,其对生态环境的负面影响逐渐增大。为缓解当前旅游经济发展与生态环境保护间存在的矛盾,政府有必要在制度层面发挥其对旅游企业的约束作用,减轻旅游环境压力,实现旅游产业可持续发展。基于此,首先采用超效率SBM模型测算2006-2017年长江中游城市群旅游产业生态效率。然后运用重心模型、标准差椭圆等地学方法刻画其空间格局演化特征。最后,以广义最小二乘法建立面板数据模型,分析环境规制对城市群旅游产业生态效率影响。主要结论为:1)2006-2017年长江中游城市群旅游产业生态效率总体始终处于生产前沿面以下,旅游产业生态发展的集约化程度较低。从区域尺度看,三大城市群间效率存在一定差异,环鄱阳湖城市群效率最大,而武汉城市圈最小。从空间格局上看,效率重心整体向东北方向移动,"东高-西低"的空间格局逐渐形成;2)三大子城市群环境规制与旅游产业生态效率间呈"U"型的非线性关系,表明当前总体环境规制水平仍然较低,对效率的增长起抑制作用,但从长远来看,随着环境规制的逐渐增强,其对旅游产业生态效率的影响开始向积极促进方向转变;3)三大子城市群环境规制对效率的影响程度不同,整体呈正向显著影响的城市数量较少,主要集聚在各子城市群的中心城市附近。  相似文献   

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The study of the environmental footprints of various sectors and industries is increasingly demanded by institutions and by society. In this context, the regional perspective is becoming particularly important, and even more so in countries such as Spain, where the autonomous communities have the primary responsibility for implementing measures to combat environmental degradation and promote sustainable development, in coordination with national strategies. Taking as a case study a Spanish region, Aragon, and significant economic sectors, including agriculture and the food industry, the aim of this work is twofold. First, we calculate the associated environmental footprints (of emissions and water) from the dual perspectives of production (local impacts) and consumption (final destination of the goods produced by the agri‐food industry). Second, through a scenarios analysis, based on a general equilibrium model designed and calibrated specifically for the region, we evaluate the environmental implications of changes in the agri‐food industry (changes in the export and import pattern, as well as in consumer behavior). This model provides a flexible approximation to the environmental impacts, controlling for a wider range of behavioral and economic interactions. Our results indicate that the agri‐food industry has a significant impact on the environment, especially on water resources, which must be responsibly managed in order to maintain the differential advantage that a regional economy can have, compared to other territories.  相似文献   

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