水稻黄单胞菌hrp基因簇中致病相关基因hpaB的鉴定水稻黄单胞菌 TAIL-PCR hrp基因簇 hpaB基因

由水稻黄单胞菌引起的水稻白叶枯病是水稻最严重的细菌性病害.通过筛选18000个Xoo Tn5转座子插入突变体,得到其中一个致病力缺失的突变体XOG11.TAIL-PCR方法分离该突变体中插入转座子的侧翼序列,发现转座子插入到位于hrp基因簇的hpaB基因中.对该基因进一步的分析表明该基因编码一个含有156个氨基酸,等电点为4.28,亮氨酸含量为14.4%的蛋白HpaB.Southern blot和PCR验证表明Tn5在该突变体中为单拷贝插入且未发生转座子携带侧翼序列的转移.将hpaB克隆到具有广泛寄主的质粒pHM1中,转化重组质粒进入突变体后,突变体恢复了在其寄主水稻IR24上的致病力,而转化空质粒pHM1后的突变体仍然表现为致病力缺失.证实了水稻黄单胞菌中hpaB基因与该细菌的致病力相关,在侵染水稻的过程中起着不可缺失的作用.     

TAIL-PCR方法快速分离Xcc致病相关基因序列

以mini-Tn5 gfp-km转座子中nptⅡ片段作为探针,对已获得的五株野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜黑腐病致病型（Xcc)非致病突变体进行了Southern blot分析,结果表明,这五株突变体确由mini-Tn5 gfp-km转座子插入致病相关基因所致,且为单拷贝不同位点的插入。提取这五株突变体总DNA作为模板,采用改进的热不对称交错PCR（TAIL－PCR）方法从其中克隆到了各自转座子插入区侧翼序列,对这些侧翼序列进行了序列测定并将分析结果与GenBank database及Xcc全基因组序列做了比较,结果表明,五个侧翼序列所在的基因确与Xcc致病性有关。这种改进后的TAIL－PCR方法为突变体特别是转座子插入突变体中目的基因的克隆提供了一种简要高效的新方法。     

TAIL-PCR方法快速分离Xcc致病相关基因序列

以miniTn5gfp-km转座子中nptII片段作为探针,对已获得的五株野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜黑腐病致病型（Xcc）非致病突变体进行了Southern blot分析,结果表明,这五株突变体确由mini-Tn5gfp-km转座子插入致病相关基因所致,且为单拷贝不同位点的插入。提取这五株突变体总DNA作为模板,采用改进的热不对称交错PCR （TAIL-PCR）方法从其中克隆到了各自转座子插入区侧翼序列,对这些侧翼序列进行了序列测定并将分析结果与GenBank database及Xcc全基因组序列做了比较,结果表明,五个侧翼序列所在的基因确与Xcc致病性有关。这种改进后的TAIL-PCR方法为突变体特别是转座子插入突变体中目的基因的克隆提供了一种简便高效的新方法。     

水稻白叶枯病菌pxo_04104基因功能的初步分析

水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo)是一种重要的植物病原细菌,可以引起水稻白叶枯病,使水稻减产。本研究通过对Xoo K74 Tn5插入突变体库进行致病力检测、质粒拯救定位发现pxo_04104基因与Xoo致病相关,pxo_04104基因编码periplasmic beta-glucosidase(周质β-葡萄糖苷酶)。该基因的缺失突变体及其互补菌株生理生化表型检测显示缺失突变体致病力、抗渗透压能力显著下降,其互补菌株致病力可恢复到野生型水平的84.2%,抗渗透压能力也可恢复。本研究为深入研究pxo_04104基因致病分子机理提供了线索。     

野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种8004菌株wxcA基因与EPS的产量有关

在以前的工作中,采用转座子Tn5 gusA5对野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种(Xcc)8004菌株进行诱变,获得一批胞外多糖(EPS)合成减少的突变体,对这些突变体的Tn5 gusA5的插入位点进行分析后,发现有两株突变体是wxcA基因不同插入位点的突变体。以前认为wxcA基因与脂多糖(LPS)的O-抗原合成有关而与EPS的合成无关。为明确wxc4基因的功能,对8004菌株的wxcA基因进行缺失,获得的△wxcA突变体的EPS产量与野生型菌株相比,减少了50％,并且一段PCR合成的包含wxcA基因的DNA片段能反式互补△wxcA突变体,恢复突变体的EPS产量。这证实了8004菌株的wxcA基因与EPS的合成产量有关。     

大丽轮枝菌（Verticillim dahliae）突变体库的构建与分析

为了更加快捷地筛选大丽轮枝菌致病关键基因,利用聚乙二醇介导的原生质体转化法构建病原菌随机插入突变体库,对部分阳性转化子的生长表型指标和致病力进行分析,筛选生长发育与致病缺陷突变体并进行靶标基因定位。结果表明,本研究共获得13 030多个阳性转化子,随机挑选5个转化子与V991野生型菌株进行比较分析,发现其中一个突变体在PDA和不同碳源培养基上的菌落直径、产孢量以及致病力均显著降低。侧翼序列测序结果结合Blast比对分析表明,该缺陷突变体中的潮霉素抗性基因表达盒定位于大丽轮枝菌3号染色体1 528 782 bp处,属于内切葡聚糖酶1基因（VDAG＿04017）。综上所述,本研究通过大丽轮枝菌插入突变体库构建、突变体生长表型指标和致病力鉴定及靶标基因定位等一系列分子生物学手段,可初步鉴定病原菌致病相关基因,为从全基因组层面深入研究大丽轮枝菌致病机制奠定了一定基础。     

水稻条斑病菌pilT基因在致病性中的功能分析

【目的】本实验室前期研究发现水稻条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xoc)RS105菌株中pil T基因Tn5转座子插入突变体在寄主水稻上致病性明显降低,在非寄主烟草上激发过敏反应(hypersensitive response,HR)的能力也明显减弱。为了揭示pilT基因在Xoc菌株中的功能,本文进行了深入研究。【方法】本实验通过无标记双交换敲除的方法获得Xoc RS105菌株pil T基因缺失突变体RΔpilT,并对该突变体的游动性以及生物膜等表型进行了检测。【结果】与野生型RS105菌株相比,敲除突变体RΔpilT不仅在感病水稻IR24上的致病性显著降低,在非寄主烟草上产生过敏反应的能力减弱,而且突变体游动性降低,生物膜含量增加,互补子能够恢复上述缺陷至野生型水平。qRT-PCR结果显示,在RΔpil T中,hrpG、hrpX、hrcC、clp、rpfG、pilA、pilC基因表达量明显降低。【结论】Xoc中pilT为重要的毒性相关基因,其致病性与游动性和生物膜含量变化相关,并且受clp、rpfG、pilA、pilC等基因调控。pil T基因编码的Pil T蛋白是构成IV型菌毛的亚基之一,为菌体运动提供能量。本文对pilT基因的功能研究,为进一步分析IV型菌毛在Xoc中的功能提供了线索。     

柑橘溃疡病菌II型分泌通道基因xpsD突变体的鉴定及功能分析

【目的】鉴定柑橘溃疡病菌胞外水解酶减弱突变体Mxac56-20的Tn5插入位点,及其在柑橘上的致病力。【方法】采用质粒拯救方法获得Tn5旁侧序列,与基因组信息比对后明确突变体的插入位点;构建功能互补载体对突变体进行功能互补,检测互补菌株胞外蛋白水解酶、纤维素酶和淀粉酶的恢复情况;在寄主植物柑橘上观察致病力变化。【结果】Mxac56-20的Tn5插入位点是II型分泌系统xpsD基因,所构建的互补载体使突变体的胞外水解酶活性和致病力得到恢复。【结论】柑橘溃疡病菌xpsD基因的突变,导致胞外水解酶活性降低,在寄主上的致病力减弱,说明柑橘溃疡病菌的II型分泌系统在与寄主互作过程中起到致病因子的作用。     

Pseudomonas mosselii E1铁载体合成相关基因cysI的克隆与功能初步分析

从棉花根际分离的铁载体产生菌E1,其16SrDNA与Pseudomonas mosselii ATCCBAA-99的同源性为100%。采用三亲本杂交方法将携带转座子Tn5-1063的质粒pRL1063a导入E1中进行转座子插入诱变。利用CAS法,从1000个突变株中,筛选到一株铁载体合成缺失突变株E1-185。利用TAIL-PCR方法,扩增位于Tn5-1063两端的侧翼序列。测序结果表明,转座子插入到E1的cysI基因内。该基因与Pseudomonas entomophila L48的cysI同源性为96%,其CysI氨基酸序列相似性为97%。该基因与半胱氨酸的合成密切相关,而在加有半胱氨酸的CAS平板上,突变株恢复了铁载体产生能力,证明cysI在E1铁载体合成过程中具有重要作用。据推测,cysI可能与铁载体合成途径中关键蛋白acyl-S-PCPs的形成有关。     

苹果树腐烂病菌非核糖体多肽合成酶基因VmNRPS12的功能

【目的】非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)在植物病原真菌与其寄主互作过程中发挥着重要作用,明确Vm NRPS12基因在苹果树腐烂病菌致病过程中的功能,将为今后深入研究苹果树腐烂病菌NRPS作用机制提供理论依据。【方法】基于苹果树腐烂病菌全基因组数据,得到VmNRPS12基因。运用qRT-PCR技术分析VmNRPS12在侵染初期的表达水平,利用Double-joint PCR和PEG介导的原生质体转化获得该基因抗潮霉素的突变体,对突变体进行PCR检测及Southern blot验证得到敲除突变体,进一步通过重新导入该基因全长片段获得互补突变体,最后对野生型、敲除突变体和互补突变体进行菌落、产孢及致病力观察,对检测数据用SPSS软件进行差异显著性分析。【结果】定量分析显示该基因在侵染初期显著上调表达,且接种48 h后的表达量是对照的138.6倍。该基因的敲除突变体在营养生长及产孢方面与野生型菌株03-8相比无显著性差异,但致病力与野生型菌株03-8相比显著减弱,且互补突变体致病力近似恢复至野生型水平。【结论】VmNRPS12基因与苹果树腐烂病菌致病性相关。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.     

Biogeography of Hysterangiales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota)

To understand the biogeography of truffle-like fungi, DNA sequences were analysed from representative taxa of Hysterangiales. Multigene phylogenies and the results of ancestral area reconstructions are consistent with the hypothesis of an Australian, or eastern Gondwanan, origin of Hysterangiales with subsequent range expansions to the Northern Hemisphere. However, neither Northern Hemisphere nor Southern Hemisphere taxa formed a monophyletic group, which is in conflict with a strictly vicariant scenario. Therefore, the occurrence and importance of long-distance dispersal could not be rejected. Although a pre-Gondwanan origin of Hysterangiales remains as a possibility, this hypothesis requires that Hysterangiales exist prior to the origin of the currently recognized ectomycorrhizal plants, as well as the arrival of mycophagous animals in Australia. This also requires that a basal paraphyletic assemblage represents parallel evolution of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, or that Hysterangiales was mycorrhizal with members of the extinct flora of Gondwana. Regardless, models for both ancient and more recent origins of Hysterangiales are consistent with truffle-like fungi being capable of transoceanic dispersal.     

The role of the genesnrf EFG andccmFH in cytochromec biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

It has been suggested that two groups ofEscherichia coli genes, theccm genes located in the 47-min region and thenrfEFG genes in the 92-min region of the chromosome, are involved in cytochromec biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. The involvement of the products of these genes in cytochromec synthesis, assembly and secretion has now been investigated. Despite their similarity to other bacterial cytochromec assembly proteins, NrfE, F and G were found not to be required for the biosynthesis of any of thec-type cytochromes inE. coli. Furthermore, these proteins were not required for the secretion of the periplasmic cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₀ and cytochromec ₅₅₂, or for the correct targeting of the NapC and NrfB cytochromes to the cytoplasmic membrane. NrfE and NrfG are required for formate-dependent nitrite reduction (the Nrf pathway), which involves at least twoc-type cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₂ and NrfB, but NrfF is not essential for this pathway. Genes similar tonrfE, nrfF andnrfG are present in theE. coli nap-ccm locus at minute 47. CcmF is similar to NrfE, the N-terminal region of CcmH is similar to NrfF and the C-terminal portion of CcmH is similar to NrfG. In contrast to NrfF, the N-terminal, NrfF-like portion of CcmH is essential for the synthesis of allc-type cytochromes. Conversely, the NrfG-like C-terminal region of CcmH is not essential for cytochromec biosynthesis. The data are consistent with proposals from this and other laboratories that CcmF and CcmH form part of a haem lyase complex required to attach haemc to C-X-X-C-H haem-binding domains. In contrast, NrfE and NrfG are proposed to fulfill a more specialised role in the assembly of the formate-dependent nitrite reductase.     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.