Myxococcus sp.V11海藻糖合酶TreS II分子改造 *

来源于黏细菌Myxococcus sp.V11的海藻糖合酶(trehalose synthase, EC 2.4.1.245)TreS II可通过转糖苷作用将麦芽糖转化成为海藻糖,在酶法生产海藻糖上显示出一定的应用潜力,但TreS II对热敏感,在60℃保温3h,酶活性丧失,限制了其应用范围.目的:拟探索TreS II影响热稳定性的氨基酸残基构成,通过对可能的氨基酸位点进行定点突变,以期获得耐热性的突变子,扩大TreS II应用范围.方法: 通过PCR介导的方法对TreS II可能影响到热稳定性的氨基酸Q3,A283,W374,R449和Y537进行定点突变,以野生型重组酶为对照,比较突变型与野生型的最适反应温度和最适反应pH,通过测定不同温度下保存不同时间后的残留酶活,检测突变子的耐热效果.结果: 研究表明突变子Q3D,A283R,W374D,R449Q和Y537H的比酶活与野生型无显著差异,且最适pH 和最适反应温度也未发生改变;A283R,Y537H在60℃条件下,3h后活性剩余68%;Q3D,W374D,R449Q在温度60℃时,3h后活性剩余35%.结论: TreS II分子结构中与金属离子结合的几个氨基酸残基的改变对蛋白质分子的耐热性具有显著影响.     

Myxococcus sp.V11海藻糖合酶TreS Ⅱ分子改造

来源于黏细菌Myxococcus sp. V11的海藻糖合酶(trehalose synthase,EC 2. 4. 1. 245) TreS Ⅱ可通过转糖苷作用将麦芽糖转化成为海藻糖,在酶法生产海藻糖上显示出一定的应用潜力,但TreS Ⅱ对热敏感,在60℃保温3h,酶活性丧失,限制了其应用范围。目的:拟探索TreS Ⅱ影响热稳定性的氨基酸残基构成,通过对可能的氨基酸位点进行定点突变,以期获得耐热性的突变子,扩大TreS Ⅱ应用范围。方法:通过PCR介导的方法对TreS Ⅱ可能影响到热稳定性的氨基酸Q3、A283、W374、R449和Y537进行定点突变,以野生型重组酶为对照,比较突变型与野生型的最适反应温度和最适反应pH,通过测定不同温度下保存不同时间后的残留酶活,检测突变子的耐热效果。结果:研究表明突变子Q3D、A283R、W374D、R449Q和Y537H的比酶活与野生型无显著差异,且最适pH和最适反应温度也未发生改变; A283R、Y537H在60℃条件下,3h后活性剩余68%; Q3D、W374D、R449Q在温度60℃时,3h后活性剩余35%。结论:TreS Ⅱ分子结构中与金属离子结合的几个氨基酸残基的改变对蛋白质分子的耐热性具有显著影响。     

V1C、G116D、N171H定点突变对黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)XZ-3S木聚糖酶XynZF-2热稳定性的影响

[目的]探索V1C、G116D、N171H定点突变对木聚糖酶Xyn ZF-2热稳定性的作用。[方法]生物信息学方法确定木聚糖酶Xyn ZF-2可突变位点,引入Cys、Asp、His;定点突变V1C、G116D、N171H,PCR扩增突变基因xyn CDH,构建大肠杆菌表达载体,转化表达宿主大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),诱导表达目的蛋白并测定酶活,分析酶学性质。[结果]突变酶Xyn CDH的最适温度由40℃上升到45℃。40℃条件下突变酶Xyn CDH半衰期t40℃1/2由55 min延长到60 min;在45℃条件下,突变酶Xyn CDH的半衰期t45℃1/2由7min提高到15 min。[结论]定点突变V1C、G116D、N171H能增强木聚糖酶Xyn ZF-2热稳定性,为加深木聚糖酶分子改造的研究提供参考。     

重组猪胰蛋白酶及其R122位点突变体在毕赤酵母中的高效表达及其性质研究

目的:研究R122位点突变重组猪胰蛋白酶,与野生型酶相比较,该位点对重组猪胰蛋白酶(RPT)性质的影响。方法:以毕赤酵母GS115作为表达宿主,对RPT、突变体mRPT(R122H)和 mRPT(R122H/R73G/R130T)进行表达及纯化。并对其性质和稳定进行对比研究。结果:重组胰蛋白酶及其突变体在毕赤酵母中均获得了高效表达。相对于RPT,突变体mRPT(R122H)和 mRPT(R122H/R73G/R130T)在以N-苯甲酰-L-精氨酸乙酯 (BAEE)为底物时,具有更强底物结合力,三者的米氏常数分别为18.8μmol/L、9.0μmol/L和11.0μmol/L;两突变体耐高温耐碱能力增强;在Ca ²⁺存在及去除的条件下,突变体具有更强的抗自降解能力。 结论:可以利用毕赤酵母高效表达重组胰蛋白酶及其突变体。mRPT(R122H)和mRPT(R122H/R73G/R130T) 相对于野生型RPT,对高pH条件和高温的耐受性增强,该稳定性的提高主要归因于R122位点的突变。     

金属离子对重组深渊滕黄单胞菌低温α-淀粉酶LamA的活性和稳定性影响

【背景】深渊藤黄单胞菌XH031 (Luteimonas abyssi XH031)是从深海分离到的一株具有很强淀粉降解能力的细菌,前期实验显示其α-淀粉酶LamA在低温环境下仍能保持较高酶活力。若能够提升其热稳定性,会有更好的应用前景。【目的】分析钙离子的存在对LamA热稳定性的影响,并通过钙离子结合位点的关键氨基酸的定点突变,初步明确其作用机制。【方法】在不同的离子条件下检测LamA的热稳定性,利用生物信息学方法预测可能影响钙离子结合及耐热性的氨基酸位点,对目的氨基酸进行定点突变,表达和纯化突变蛋白,并进行功能鉴定。【结果】钙离子明显提高了LamA的热稳定性:在未添加钙离子时,于65°C处理30 min已完全失活;而在5 mmol/L钙离子条件下,于65°C处理30 min后仍具有36%的酶活力。对预测位点进行定点突变后,突变蛋白D200R和H233D/M234C完全失活;N120D、Q185E和T224D活性降低。在未添加钙离子时,突变蛋白稳定性受高温影响程度与野生型差别不大;而在钙离子条件下,N120D在65°C时的酶活力仅为野生型的27.8%,推测位点Asn120与钙离子的结合能够稳定低温酶LamA在较高温度下的结构。【结论】初步明确了钙离子可提升低温α-淀粉酶LamA的热稳定性,为今后相关酶类的工程改造提供理论基础。     

心脏钠离子通道α亚单位基因单核苷酸多态性及其在汉族人群中的分布

实验旨在研究中国汉族人群心脏钠离子通道α亚单位(voltage-gated sodium channel type Ⅴ,SCN5A)基因的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)及其分布。应用荧光标记自动测序法测定120名非亲缘关系中国南方汉族人群的SCN5A基因序列,确定其单核苷酸多态位点及基因型。结果如下,在中国南方汉族人群中共检测到5个SNPs:3个位于编码区,另2个分别位于3’侧翼区和intron23邻接供体剪接位点的区域。各个SNP在基因中呈不均匀分布,其基因频率分别为G87A(A29A)27.5％,A1673G(H588R)10.4％,4245+82A>G 32.8％,C5457T(D1819D)41.3％和G6174A44.9％。其中G87A(A29A),G6174A和4245+82A>G为新发现的SNP。A1673G(H588R)的基因频率在中国南方汉族人群、日本人群和美国人群之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。C5457T(D1819D)在中国南方汉族人群和日本人群中的分布非常接近(P>0.5),但都明显高于美国人群中的分布(均P<0.005)。各SNP在不同性别中的分布无显著差异(均P>0.05)。S1102Y及其余10个国外已经报道的多态位点在本研究中未检测到。各SNP等位基因频率在人群中的分布符合Hardy—Weinberg平衡。结果提示,SCN5A基因SNP具有较大的民族差异。     

天蓝色链霉菌海藻糖合酶的异源表达、活性分析及重组菌全细胞转化合成海藻糖的条件优化

从天蓝色链霉菌Streptomyces coelicolor克隆得到海藻糖合酶基因 (ScTreS),在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) 中进行了异源表达,通过 Ni-NTA 亲和柱对表达产物进行分离纯化得到纯酶,经 SDS-PAGE 测定其分子量约为62.3 kDa。研究其酶学性质发现该酶最适温度35 ℃;最适pH 7.0,对酸性条件比较敏感。通过同源建模和序列比对分析,对该基因进行定点突变。突变酶K246A比酶活比野生酶提高了1.43倍,突变酶A165T相对提高了1.39倍,海藻糖转化率分别提高了14%和10%。利用突变体重组菌K246A进行全细胞转化优化海藻糖的合成条件并放大进行5 L罐发酵,结果表明：在麦芽糖浓度300 g/L、初始反应温度和pH分别为35 ℃和7.0的条件下,转化率最高达到71.3%,产量为213.93 g/L;当底物浓度增加到700 g/L时,海藻糖产量仍可达到465.98 g/L。     

木质素生物合成中C3H/HCT的研究进展

木质素是由三种不同的木质素单体聚合而成的,其含量和单体组成与植物体的综合利用密切相关。木质素单体的生物合成途径涉及到许多酶的参与,C3H/HCT是发现较晚的两个酶,在从对-香豆酰辅酶A（p-coumaroyl CoA）到咖啡酰辅酶A（caffeoyl CoA）的羟基化过程中起作用,是控制木质素H-单体与G/S-单体相互转化的关键酶。该文主要对C3H/HCT的研究进展及在木质素生物合成中的作用进行了阐述。     

嗜热革节孢GH1 BGL1进口端位点对酶活性及葡萄糖耐受性的影响

糖苷水解酶第一家族(GH1)β-葡萄糖苷酶(BGL1)有葡萄糖耐受性,进口端位点对酶活性及葡萄糖耐受性有很大影响,但具体作用机制尚不清楚。对嗜热革节孢GH1 BGL1进口端的W168、L173、F348、W349、C169、F180、D237、Y179、A260、H307、N335和E437这12个氨基酸残基进行定点突变,将突变酶与野生酶(WT)在毕赤酵母中表达,表达产物纯化后进行酶活性和葡萄糖耐受性测定。与WT相比,所有突变酶活性均有所降低,其中W168H、N335F和W349G几乎丧失活性。突变F180H、D237S、A260N和H307Y的Km低于WT,所有突变的kcat都降低。除L173Q外,其余突变都保持葡萄糖耐受性,在高浓度(400 mmol/L)葡萄糖时,Y179F和D237S酶活受到显著抑制。本研究表明,进口端位点对酶活性及葡萄糖耐受性均具有一定影响,催化活性通道的结构特异性可能是葡萄糖耐受机制。     

奥司他韦对我国A(H3N2)亚型流感病毒红细胞凝集和抑制试验的影响

比较加入神经氨酸酶抑制剂奥司他韦(Oseltamivir)对我国A(H3N2)亚型流感病毒红细胞凝集(Hemagglutination,HA)和凝集抑制(Hemagglutinin inhibition,HI)试验结果的影响,以期获得病毒更真实的HA和抗原性变异分析结果。选择2014年10月-2015年5月在中国大陆分离的395株A(H3N2)亚型流感病毒,在HA及HI试验中加入神经氨酸酶抑制剂Oseltamivir,对实验结果进行比较分析,根据HA试验,挑选其中部分毒株进行基因组测序,比较NA氨基酸位点变异情况。在HA试验中加入神经氨酸酶抑制剂Oseltamivir后,44.8%的毒株HA滴度未改变;43.8%的毒株HA滴度下降,仅有11.4%的毒株HA滴度升高。加入Oseltamivir后,与A/TX/50/2012鸡胚株抗原性类似的毒株的比例高于未加入Oseltamivir时,与A/SZ/9715293/13细胞株抗原性类似的毒株的比例低于未加入Oseltamivir时类似株的比例,统计学分析有显著性差异。以A/TX/50/2012细胞分离株和A/SZ/9715293/133鸡胚分离株作为参考病毒,Oseltamivir对实验结果的影响无显著性差异。挑选19株A(H3N2)亚型流感毒株进行基因组测序,进行NA蛋白氨基酸位点分析,与A/TX/50/2012鸡胚分离株相比加入20nM Oseltamivir后,滴度降低超过4倍的5株毒株,没有共同氨基酸位点变异,但A/山东莱城/119/2015流感毒株有D151G氨基酸位点突变;A/吉林铁西/1194/2015流感毒株有V412I和T434A氨基酸位点变异。加入20nM Oseltamivir后,滴度降低为2~4倍的毒株,具有I26T、G93S、V149I、N234D、T267K、S416G等位点突变。在对我国近年流行的A(H3N2)亚型流感病毒进行血凝滴度和抗原性分析中,加入Oseltamivir可获得更为真实的HA和HI结果,分析病毒的变异情况,评价疫苗的匹配性。     

Enhancement of thermostability of fungal deglycating enzymes by directed evolution

Fructosyl peptide oxidases are valuable for the determination of glycoproteins such as hemoglobin A1c. For practical use in clinical diagnosis, we applied directed evolution to improve the thermostability of these enzymes. After two rounds of random mutagenesis and high-throughput screening, six thermostabilizing amino acid substitutions were identified. Therefore, site-directed and cassette mutageneses were applied to combine these six stabilizing mutations. The simultaneous mutants showed that the stabilizing effect of the amino acid replacement was cumulative. The sextuple mutant enzyme, R94K/G184D/F265L/N272D/H302R/H388Y, had a half-life of thermal inactivation at 50°C that was 79.8-fold longer than that of the parental fructosyl peptide oxidase. The thermostable variants also showed increased tolerance to digestion by a protease. The sextuple mutant enzyme did not lose its activity on incubation with neutral protease, while the wild-type enzyme almost completely lost its activity. Furthermore, three amino acid substitutions were introduced into another fructosyl peptide oxidase with a different substrate specificity. The half-life of inactivation at 50°C was 3.61-fold longer than that of the parent enzyme. These engineered fructosyl peptide oxidases will be useful for industrial application to clinical diagnosis.     

Human ferrochelatase: characterization of substrate-iron binding and proton-abstracting residues

The terminal step in heme biosynthesis, the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to form protoheme, is catalyzed by the enzyme ferrochelatase (EC 4.99.1.1). A number of highly conserved residues identified from the crystal structure of human ferrochelatase as being in the active site were examined by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutants Y123F, Y165F, Y191H, and R164L each had an increased K(m) for iron without an altered K(m) for porphyrin. The double mutant R164L/Y165F had a 6-fold increased K(m) for iron and a 10-fold decreased V(max). The double mutant Y123F/Y191F had low activity with an elevated K(m) for iron, and Y123F/Y165F had no measurable activity. The mutants H263A/C/N, D340N, E343Q, E343H, and E343K had no measurable enzyme activity, while E343D, E347Q, and H341C had decreased V(max)s without significant alteration of the K(m)s for either substrate. D340E had near-normal kinetic parameters, while D383A and H231A had increased K(m)s for iron. On the basis of these data and the crystal structure of human ferrochelatase, it is proposed that residues E343, H341, and D340 form a conduit from H263 in the active site to the protein exterior and function in proton extraction from the porphyrin macrocycle. The role of H263 as the porphyrin proton-accepting residue is central to catalysis since metalation only occurs in conjunction with proton abstraction. It is suggested that iron is transported from the exterior of the enzyme at D383/H231 via residues W227 and Y191 to the site of metalation at residues R164 and Y165 which are on the opposite side of the active site pocket from H263. This model should be general for mitochondrial membrane-associated eucaryotic ferrochelatases but may differ for bacterial ferrochelatases since the spatial orientation of the enzyme within prokaryotic cells may differ.     

Mutational analysis of splicing activities of ribonucleotide reductase α subunit protein from lytic bacteriophage P1201

A CP1201 RIR1 intein is found in the ribonucleotide reductase alpha subunit (RNR α subunit) protein of lytic bacteriophage P1201 from Corynebacterium glutamicum NCHU 87078. This intein can be over-expressed and spliced in Escherichia coli NovaBlue cells. Mutations of C539, the N-terminal residue of the C-extein in the CP1201 RIR1 protein, led to the changes of pattern and level of protein-splicing activities. A G392S variant was found to be a temperature-sensitive protein with complete splicing activity at 17 and 28°C but not at 37°C or higher. We also found that the cleavage at the CP1201 RIR1 intein C-terminus of the double mutant G392S/C539G was blocked, but other cleavage activities could be efficiently performed at 17°C. G392S/C539G variant possessed the properties of low-temperature-induced cleavage at the intein N-terminus.     

Improvement of the acid stability of Bacillus licheniformis alpha amylase by site-directed mutagenesis

The objective of this work was to improve the acid stability of alpha amylase from Bacillus licheniformis (BLA) under acidic conditions by site-directed mutagenesis. Based on the analysis of three dimensional structure of BLA, five histidine residues at positions 281, 289, 293, 316, and 327 in BLA were substituted by arginine residues and aspartic acid residues, respectively. Ten mutants H281R/D, H289R/D, H293R/D, H316R/D, and H327R/D were obtained and H293R, H316R, and H327R were active at pH 4.5 and 6.5. Triple mutations of BLA was modified for the construction of H293R/H316R/H327R. Compared with wild type, which lost the activity, H293R, H316R, H327R, and H293R/H316R/H327R could maintain 8, 10, 20, 31% of the initial activity when incubated at pH 4.5 and 70 °C for 40 min, respectively. The results combined with three-dimensional structure analysis demonstrated that H293R, H316R, H327R, and H293R/H316R/H327R showed an improved acid stability under low pH condition as a result of the interactions of electrostatic fields, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophilcity. This work provides the theoretical basis and background data on the improvement of acid stability in BLA for satisfying the industrial requirements by protein engineering, which is beneficial to molecular modification of other industrial enzymes for acid-tolerance ability.     

Altered heme catabolism by heme oxygenase-1 caused by mutations in human NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase

Human heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) carries out heme catabolism supported by electrons supplied from the NADPH through NADPH P450 reductase (POR, CPR). Previously we have shown that mutations in human POR cause a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In this study, we have evaluated the effects of mutations in POR on HO-1 activity. We used purified preparations of wild type and mutant human POR and in vitro reconstitution with purified HO-1 to measure heme degradation in a coupled assay using biliverdin reductase. Here we show that mutations in POR found in patients may reduce HO-1 activity, potentially influencing heme catabolism in individuals carrying mutant POR alleles. POR mutants Y181D, A457H, Y459H, V492E and R616X had total loss of HO-1 activity, while POR mutations A287P, C569Y and V608F lost 50-70% activity. The POR variants P228L, R316W and G413S, A503V and G504R identified as polymorphs had close to WT activity. Loss of HO-1 activity may result in increased oxidative neurotoxicity, anemia, growth retardation and iron deposition. Further examination of patients affected with POR deficiency will be required to assess the metabolic effects of reduced HO-1 activity in affected individuals.     

Functional analysis of MUTYH mutated proteins associated with familial adenomatous polyposis

The MUTYH DNA glycosylase specifically removes adenine misincorporated by replicative polymerases opposite the oxidized purine 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG). A defective protein activity results in the accumulation of G > T transversions because of unrepaired 8-oxoG:A mismatches. In humans, MUTYH germline mutations are associated with a recessive form of familial adenomatous polyposis and colorectal cancer predisposition (MUTYH-associated polyposis, MAP). Here we studied the repair capacity of the MUTYH variants R171W, E466del, 137insIW, Y165C and G382D, identified in MAP patients. Following expression and purification of human proteins from a bacterial system, we investigated MUTYH incision capacity on an 8-oxoG:A substrate by standard glycosylase assays. For the first time, we employed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology for real-time recording of the association/dissociation of wild-type and MUTYH variants from an 8-oxoG:A DNA substrate. When compared to the wild-type protein, R171W, E466del and Y165C variants showed a severe reduction in the binding affinity towards the substrate, while 137insIW and G382D mutants manifested only a slight decrease mainly due to a slower rate of association. This reduced binding was always associated with impairment of glycosylase activity, with adenine removal being totally abrogated in R171W, E466del and Y165C and only partially reduced in 137insIW and G382D. Our findings demonstrate that SPR analysis is suitable to identify defective enzymatic behaviour even when mutant proteins display minor alterations in substrate recognition.     

Functional analysis of active site residues of Bacillus thuringiensis WB7 chitinase by site-directed mutagenesis

To investigate the roles of the active site residues in the catalysis of Bacillus thuringiensis WB7 chitinase, twelve mutants, F201L, F201Y, G203A, G203D, D205E, D205N, D207E, D207N, W208C, W208R, E209D and E209Q were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. The results showed that the mutants F201L, G203D, D205N, D207E, D207N, W208C and E209D were devoid of activity, and the loss of the enzymatic activities for F201Y, G203A, D205E, W208R and E209Q were 72, 70, 48, 31 and 29%, respectively. The pH-activity profiles indicated that the optimum pH for the mutants as well as for the wildtype enzyme was 8.0. E209Q exhibited a broader active pH range while D205E, G203A and F201Y resulted in a narrower active pH range. The pH range of activity reduced 1 unit for D205E, and 2 units for G203A and F201Y. The temperature-activity profiles showed that the optimum temperature for other mutants as well as wildtype enzyme was 60°C, but 50°C for G203A, which suggested that G203A resulted in a reduction of thermostability. The study indicated that the six active site residues involving in mutagenesis played an important part in WB7 chitinase. In addition, the catalytic mechanisms of the six active site residues in WB7 chitinase were discussed.     

Conservative and nonconservative mutations of the transmembrane CPC motif in ZntA: effect on metal selectivity and activity

ZntA from Escherichia coli belongs to the P1B-ATPase transporter family and mediates resistance to toxic levels of selected divalent metal ions. P1B-type ATPases can be divided into subgroups based on substrate cation selectivity. ZntA has the highest selectivity for Pb2+, followed by Zn2+ and Cd2+; it also shows low levels of activity with Cu2+, Ni2+, and Co2+. It has two high-affinity metal-binding sites, one each in the N-terminus and the transmembrane domains. Ligands to the transmembrane metal site in ZntA include the cysteine residues of the conserved 392CPC394 motif in the sixth transmembrane helix. Pro393 is invariant in all P-type ATPases. For ZntA homologues with different metal ion selectivity, the cysteines are replaced by serine, histidine, and threonine. To test the effect on activity and metal ion selectivity, single alanine, histidine, and serine substitutions at Cys392 or Cys394 in ZntA were characterized, as well as double substitutions of both cysteines by histidine or serine. P393A was also characterized. C392A, C394A, and P393A lost the ability to bind a metal ion with high affinity in the transmembrane domain. Histidine and serine substitutions at Cys392 and Cys394 resulted in loss of binding of Pb2+ at the transmembrane site, indicating that both cysteines of the CPC motif are required for binding Pb2+ with high affinity in ZntA homologues. However, C392H, C392S, C394H, C394S, C392S/C394S, and C392H/C394H could bind other divalent metal ions at the transmembrane site and retained low but measurable activity. Interestingly, these mutants lost the predominant selectivity for Zn2+ and Cd2+ shown by wtZntA. Therefore, conserved residues contribute to metal selectivity by supplying ligands that bind metal ions not only with high affinity, as for Pb2+, but also with the most favorable binding geometry that results in efficient catalysis.