Motive force and rate of cytoplasmic streaming inCharaceae cells in relation to osmotic pressure and ionic strength of the vacuole and the cytoplasm

Summary The effect of osmolarity of the vacuolar sap ofChara australis on cytoplasmic streaming was analyzed using the vacuolar perfusion technique. The osmolarity was varied between 0.3 M, which is normal and 1.2 M. The streaming rate decreased markedly with an increase in sap osmolarity, while the motive force increased significantly. This may be explained in terms of an increase in the sliding resistance at the sol-gel interface where active shearing occurs. Increase in the resistance is assumed to be caused by osmotic dehydration of the cytoplasm. This assumption was verified by the fact that in tonoplast-free cells, no significant inhibition of the streaming was observed by heightening the osmolarity of the cytoplasm with sorbitol. Heightening it with K⁺ salts inhibited the streaming to a greater extent than with sorbitol. The inhibition differed according to the anion species. Potassium methanesulfonate at 0.3 M and KCl at 0.6 M stopped the streaming almost completely, while 0.59 M K₂SO₄ was less inhibitory. Actin filaments were observed even in the presence of 0.6 M KCl.     

Measurement of the motive force of the migrating slug ofDictyostelium discoideum by a centrifuge method

Summary The motive force of the migrating slug of the cellular slime mouldDictyostelium discoideum was measured by the use of centrifugal force. Changes in shape of the slugs due to the use of centrifugal force were prevented by letting them migrate in an agar capillary. The motive force thus obtained was proportional to the slug volume, the value per unit volume being 5.8×10⁶ dyne/cm³ (58 N/cm³). This is in good agreement with the value measured by the use of hydrostatic pressure.     

祁连山青海云杉树干液流密度的优势度差异

以祁连山排露沟小流域青海云杉林为研究对象,选取有代表性的优势木、亚优势木、中等木和被压木各3—5株,2015年6月16日至10月14日应用热扩散技术对不同优势度青海云杉树干液流密度进行测定,并同步测定相关的林外气象因子。结果表明:(1)青海云杉液流密度呈昼高夜低趋势,晴天液流密度变化幅度较大,而阴雨天变化幅度较小。(2)晴天树木优势度越大,其液流在日内的启动越早,结束越晚,峰值也越大;优势木的平均液流密度为(0.0758±0.0475)m L cm~(-2)min~(-1),是亚优势木的1.5倍,是中等木和被压木的1.68倍。(3)青海云杉平均液流密度基本呈现6月份最大,其次是8月份,9、10月份明显减小,且优势木亚优势木中等木被压木。(4)相关性分析和逐步回归表明,青海云杉日均液流密度与太阳辐射强度、饱和水气压差和空气温度呈正相关关系,与空气相对湿度和降雨量呈负相关关系。影响优势木、亚优势木和中等木液流密度的主要气象因子是太阳辐射强度,被压木液流密度主要受空气相对湿度的影响。     

干旱区枸杞树干液流变化特征及其影响因素

树干液流作为植物蒸散作用的水分来源,是植物水分消耗的直观量化监测指标,利用包裹式树干液流监测技术获取干旱区枸杞全生育期树干液流实时数据,分析了不同时间尺度树干液流变化特征及各气象要素对树干液流的影响,为明晰枸杞耗水规律及其影响因素提供了重要的佐证。结果表明:枸杞的树干液流量昼夜差异较大,白天液流量是夜间的10倍左右;晴天液流速率、日累积量及变化幅度均大于阴雨天气,晴天液流速率变化曲线且呈宽峰型,在06:30左右启动较阴天提前30min;夏季树干液流启动时间为6:00比秋季提前1h左右,夏季的峰值123g/h。盛果期液流速率最大10.32g/h,营养生长期最小1.35 g/h;6—8月旺盛生长季,平均日耗水1388.3g/d,5—11月全生育期日均耗水1102.7g/d;树干液流速率与太阳辐射、空气温度均呈极显著正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系;枸杞树干液流(F)与太阳辐射(S)、温度(T)、相对湿度(H)及饱和水汽压(VPD)符合方程F=41.5+0.167S-0.563H+1.36T-9.67VPD(R~2=0.6547)。     

pH Gradients in the Stomatal Complex of Tradescantia virginiana

pH of the vacuolar sap, cytoplasm, and apoplast of the cellsof the stomatal complex of Tradescantia virginiana was measuredusing micro-electrodes. Marked differences in vacuolar and apoplasticpH were observed between leaves with open and closed stomata.Cytoplasmic pH appeared to be uniform in all the cells and didnot change with stomatal aperture. The information obtainedenabled proton motive force across the plasmalemma and tonoplastof the guard cells to be calculated. The results are discussedin relation to the accumulation of potassium by the guard cellon stomatal opening. Key words: Stomata, pH gradients, Proton pumps     

Potassium Transport and Regulation of Intracellular pH in Elodea densa Leaves

The effects of extracellular K⁺ concentration ([K⁺]_o) on the pH of cell sap, “bulk cytoplasm” and vacuole have been investigated in Elodea densa leaves under conditions of either low or high activity of the plasmalemma electrogenic H⁺ pump. Cell sap pH was evaluated directly in the cell sap expressed after freezing and thawing. Cytoplasmic and vacuolar pH were calculated by the weak base and weak acid distribution method, DMO and benzylamine appearing to be a suitable acid and base, respectively, for this purpose in this material. When added to the basal medium (no rapidly permeating ions present), 5 mM K⁺ induced an increase in intracellular pH, larger for the cell sap and the vacuole (about 0.2 units), and smaller but still significant for the cytoplasm (0.07 units). This alkalinizing effect of K⁺ was thus associated with a significant decrease in the pH difference across the tonoplast. The alkalinizing effect of K⁺ was markedly and synergistically enhanced by the presence of fusicoccin, a condition inducing a marked activation of H⁺ extrusion and of K⁺ uptake. The correlation between these effects of [K⁺]_o on intracellular pH and those on H⁺ extrusion indicates that changes in extracellular K⁺ concentration, and thus in K⁺ influx, can influence cytoplasmic and vacuolar pH by modulating the rate of H⁺ extrusion by the plasmalemma H⁺ pump.     

ORGANIZATION AND BREAKDOWN OF THE PROTOPLAST DURING MATURATION OF PINE TRACHEIDS

The protoplast of maturing axial tracheids in the secondary xylem of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The mature protoplast is differentiated into two interconnected components: (1) the commonly observed peripheral layer lining the secondary cell wall, and (2) an elaborate reticulum of cytoplasmic filaments and placoids within the central vacuole. The reticulum provides an extensive surface area of vacuolar membranes for rapid exchange of nutrients and metabolites with the vacuolar sap, which is envisaged to function as a vital medium during the period of secondary cell wall synthesis. The breakdown of the protoplast which terminates tracheid maturation is associated with poorly defined alterations of the vacuolar membranes. This is indicated by increased formation of cytoplasmic spherules and membraneous vesicles which may be portions of separated vacuolar membrane during early stages of degradation. Autolysis is supposed to occur when the cytoplasm is exposed to the vacuolar sap after rupture and separation of the vacuolar membranes. The Gomori acid phosphatase technique as combined with electron microscopy produced no evidence of autolysosomal segresomes in strands of intravacuolar reticulum of the cytoplasm.     

Rapid plant movements triggered by action potentials

Rapid bendings of the pulvinus inMimosa pudica, of the trap lobes inDionaea muscipula andAldrovanda vesiculosa, and of the tentacle in Drosera are triggered by action potentials in their motor cells. The action potential ofMimosa may be a C1⁻-spike, and that ofDionaea andAldrovanda may be a Ca²⁺-spike. Propagation of action potentials in the petiole or motor organ is thought to be electrotonie, cell-to-cell, transmission. The Ca 2+ release from unidentified organelles in the pulvinus or the Ca²⁺ influx of the cells in the trap with the action current and activation of contractile fibrillar network having ATPase activity in the cytoplasm must be involved in the rapid bending. Contractions of fibrils may open pores in the membrane of the motor cells upon activation. Outward bulk flow of the vacuolar sap through these pores, due to the pressure inside the cell, must result in turgor loss of the motor cells and then the bending of the organ.     

疏伐对黄土丘陵区刺槐林蒸腾的影响

黄土高原地区植被建设已达到土壤水分承载力的阈值,需要对现有林分进行结构优化并提升其生态功能。不合理的林分密度是导致黄土丘陵区刺槐林土壤干化、生长衰退的主要原因之一。疏伐可以优化林分结构,并能够通过控制蒸腾耗水来调控土壤水分,是促进刺槐林可持续生长的有效手段。疏伐对黄土丘陵区刺槐林蒸腾有何影响,目前并不清楚。研究基于树干液流法估算了4个不同疏伐强度（样地1：52%、样地2：48%、样地3：35%、样地4：未疏伐）下刺槐单株尺度的液流速率与林分尺度的日平均蒸腾量,并分析了不同时间尺度下液流速率与环境因子的关系,以阐明疏伐对黄土丘陵区刺槐林蒸腾的影响。结果表明：（1） 单株尺度刺槐蒸腾速率（即液流速率）随疏伐强度减小（林分密度增大）呈现下降趋势（样地1：0.53 kg cm^-2 d^-1、样地2：0.41 kg cm^-2 d^-1、样地3：0.31 kg cm^-2 d^-1、样地4：0.33 kg cm^-2 d^-1）;（2） 观测期林分尺度日平均蒸腾量随疏伐强度减小呈现上升趋势（样地1：0.90 mm/d、样地2：1.18 mm/d、样地3：1.04 mm/d、样地4：1.44 mm/d）;（3） 在半小时尺度与日尺度上,各样地液流速率与环境因子的关系没有显著差异,半小时尺度单株液流速率均与太阳辐射相关性最高（相关系数0.883-0.908）,液流速率日变化过程与环境因子日变化过程存在时滞现象;日尺度单株液流速率与饱和水汽压亏缺相关性最高（相关系数0.843-0.913）,样地间日尺度单株液流速率的差异性随着饱和水汽压亏缺增大而增大。研究结果初步反映了疏伐导致的林分密度变化对刺槐蒸腾的影响,将为黄土丘陵区刺槐林的结构改造、功能提升和土壤水分调控提供理论支持。     

Bafilomycin Inhibits Vacuolar pH Regulation in a Fresh Water Charophyte,Chora corallina

Bafilomycin A₁, known as an inhibitor of vacuolar type H⁺-ATPase, was used to study involvement of the vacuolar ATP-dependent H⁺-pump in the vacuolar pH regulation in a fresh water charophyte, Chara corallina. When bafilomycin A₁ (100 nM) was externally given to intact cells, the vacuolar pH (about 5) was not affected. Internodal cells were then pretreated with 100 nM bafilomycin for 1 ? 2 h and the vacuolar sap was replaced with a weakly buffered solution of pH 7.4. The readjustment of the modified vacuolar pH in bafilomycin-treated cells was significantly retarded compared with that in untreated cells. Next, bafilomycin A₁ was directly introduced into the vacuole by vacuolar perfusion with the artificial cell sap of pH 7.4. At 100 nM bafilomycin A₁, the decrease in the vacuolar pH was significantly inhibited. When cell sap was replaced with the artificial cell sap containing no buffer (pH 5.2 ? 5.5), the vacuolar pH increased in the presence of vacuolar bafilomycin, suggesting that the PP₁- dependent H⁺ pumping alone was not sufficient for the pH regulation of Chara vacuoles. Intracellular bafilomycin A₁ had no effect on the plasma membrane potential of tonoplast-free cells, which is evidence that it does not affect the electrogenic H⁺-pump in the plasma membrane. Bafilomycin A₁ inhibited the ATP-dependent H⁺ transport of tonoplast vesicles but not the PP₁-dependent H⁺ transport. The ATPase activity of tonoplast vesicles was also inhibited by bafilomycin A₁.     

Linking xylem diameter variations with sap flow measurements

Measurements of variation in the diameter of tree stems provide a rapid response, high resolution tool for detecting changes in water tension inside the xylem. Water movement inside the xylem is caused by changes in the water tension and theoretically, the sap flow rate should be directly proportional to the water tension gradient and, therefore, also linearly linked to the xylem diameter variations. The coefficient of proportionality describes the water conductivity and elasticity of the conducting tissue. Xylem diameter variation measurements could thus provide an alternative approach for estimating sap flow rates, but currently we lack means for calibration. On the other hand, xylem diameter variation measurements could also be used as a tool for studying xylem structure and function. If we knew both the water tension in the xylem and the sap flow rate, xylem conductivity and/or elasticity could be calculated from the slope of their relationship. In this study we measured diurnal xylem diameter variation simultaneously with sap flow rates (Granier-type thermal method) in six deciduous species (Acer rubrum L., Alnus glutinosa Miller, Betula lenta L., Fagus Sylvatica L. Quercus rubra L., and Tilia vulgaris L.) for 7–91 day periods during summers 2003, 2005 and 2006 and analyzed the relationship between these two measurements. We found that in all species xylem diameter variations and sap flow rate were linearly related in daily scale (daily average R ² = 0.61–0.87) but there was a significant variation in the daily slopes of the linear regressions. The largest variance in the slopes, however, was found between species, which is encouraging for finding a species specific calibration method for measuring sap flow rates using xylem diameter variations. At a daily timescale, xylem diameter variation and sap flow rate were related to each other via a hysteresis loop. The slopes during the morning and afternoon did not differ statistically significantly from each other, indicating no overall change in the conductivity. Because of the variance in the daily slopes, we tested three different data averaging methods to obtain calibration coefficients. The performance of the averaging methods depended on the source of variance in the data set and none of them performed best for all species. The best estimates of instantaneous sap flow rates were also given by different averaging methods than the best estimates of total daily water use. Using the linear relationship of sap flow rate and xylem diameter variations we calculated the conductance and specific conductivity of the soil–xylem–atmosphere water pathway. The conductance were of the order of magnitude 10⁻⁵ kg s⁻¹ MPa⁻¹ for all species, which compares well with measured water fluxes from broadleaved forests. Interestingly, because of the large sap wood area the conductance of Betula was approximately 10 times larger than in other species.     

Protoplasmic streaming inAcetabularia

Summary A compilation of characteristics of the two different systems of intracellular transport inAcetabularia (Koop andKiermayer 1980 a and b) is given.The presence of microfilaments-presumably F-actin-in the cytoplasm ofAcetabularia is demonstrated by electron microscopy.The evidence for an involvement of microtubules in streaming is strengthened by the induction of birefringent vinblastine crystals in the stalk of vegetative cells.Isolated portions of cytoplasm formin vitro more than 100 m long filopodium-like processes, which are highly birefringent. The processes show intensive immunofluorescent staining with both, anti-actin and anti-tubulin as a primary antibody.A perfusion buffer is presented, which after replacing the vacuolar sap does not lead to a change in cytoplasmic morphology or streaming pattern and velocities.     

雷州半岛尾叶桉和湿加松人工林的蒸腾耗水规律

为正确认识大径材桉树及湿加松耗水规律,为地区人工林树种选择、栽培及抚育提供指导,应用TDP热扩散探针技术,对10年生尾叶桉和湿加松树干液流进行连续监测,并同步测定各气象因子,分析了雷州半岛地区尾叶桉和湿加松蒸腾耗水的日变化特征和季节变化规律,并与气象因子建立了相关模型。结果表明:尾叶桉和湿加松边材液流均表现出典型的昼高夜低的单峰型日变化特征,各月平均液流速率不同,且旱雨季差异显著;其中峰值尾叶桉雨季(0.127 cm/min)和旱季(0.096 cm/min)分别是湿加松雨季和旱季的1.30倍和1.57倍;日平均液流速率尾叶桉雨季(0.045 cm/min)和旱季(0.033 cm/min)分别是湿加松雨季和旱季的1.27倍和1.54倍;启动时间和迅速下降时间雨季两树种间差异不大,但旱季尾叶桉要提前湿加松约1—1.5 h启动,并晚0.5—1 h迅速下降。影响两树种边材液流速率的主要气象因子相同。尾叶桉人工林年平均单株日耗水量为12.79 L/d,是湿加松的1.33倍,林分蒸腾耗水量尾叶桉(582.16 mm)和湿加松(483.24 mm),分别占同期年降雨量的34.2%和28.4%,且两树种旱雨季蒸腾耗水量均雨季显著大于旱季。     

喀斯特区天峨槭(Acer wangchii)树干液流特征及其与环境因子的相关分析

采用TDP(Thermal Dissipation Probe)热扩散探针法,于2012年2月—2014年3月,对喀斯特地区天峨槭(Acer wangchii)树干液流速率进行了长期连续的监测,并同步监测了林分空气温度(Ta)、相对湿度(RH)、太阳辐射(Solar)、风速(WS)、降雨量(Rainfall)、土壤含水量(SWC)等环境因子,探讨了不同时间尺度下天峨槭树干液流特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:1)不同天气条件下的树干液流为晴天阴天雨天,且均呈明显的"昼高夜低"变化规律;2)天峨槭树干的日平均液流量为5.08kg/d,不同季节表现为夏季((8.38±5.32)kg/d)秋季((5.16±3.99)kg/d)春季((4.86±3.77)kg/d)冬季((1.94±1.40)kg/d);3)月平均液流量为153.64 kg,年平均液流量达1838.40 kg;4)小时尺度下,影响晴天、阴天、雨天全天树干液流的主要环境因子都是Solar,但各环境因子对树干液流的影响程度又因昼夜、季节及降雨量的不同而存在差异;5)从年度范围来看:小时尺度下,Solar、Ta、RH、SWC_(10cm)和WS可以共同解释树干液流的63.50%;日尺度下,Solar、Ta、SWC_(10cm)和Rainfall可共同解释其68.50%;月尺度下,单个因子Ta就能解释其74.80%;且随着时间尺度的缩小,各环境因子入选回归方程的个数有增加的趋势,而对树干液流的解释程度(R2)则有降低的趋势。对比其他地区研究结果,其环境因子对树干液流的影响差异都很大;但总的来说,无论在何种时间尺度上,Solar(或光合有效辐射(PAR))和Ta基本上都是影响树干液流的主要环境因子,且各环境因子对雨天树干液流的解释程度都不高,本研究亦如此;因此,以环境因子对雨天树干液流进行预测的时候可能会存在误差,应特别注意土壤含水量对其的影响。     

Nocturnal sap flow in the C<Subscript>3</Subscript>-CAM species, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clusia minor</Emphasis>

Clusia minor L. is a C₃-CAM species in which Crassulacean acid Metabolism (CAM) is induced, among other factors, by water deficit. We propose that CAM induction by natural drought in C. minor shifts the sap flow pattern from daytime to a night-time one, and that the decreased osmotic potential due to increased malate content in droughted plants aids in the increase in nocturnal sap flow. In order to test these hypotheses, we followed for 2 years the seasonal changes in parameters of water relationships and sap flow velocity in one single, freestanding tree growing in Caracas. Leaf water and osmotic potential were measured psychrometrically, nocturnal proton accumulation by titration of aqueous leaf extracts and sap flow density with thermal dissipation probes. Leaf water, osmotic and turgor potential remained relatively high throughout the seasons. Nocturnal proton accumulation was nil under extreme drought or after frequent and heavy rains, and high after moderate rainfall. Estimated malate and citrate concentrations contributed up to 80 and 60%, respectively, of the value of osmotic potential. The shape of the daily courses of sap flow velocity varied seasonally, from mostly diurnal during the dry season to mostly nocturnal after a short dry spell during the rainy season, when nocturnal acid accumulation attained high values. There was a strong positive relationship between the proportion of the integrated sap flow courses corresponding to the night and dawn [H⁺] (r ² = 0.88). Increased nocturnal sap flow in the CAM stage of the tree of C. minor may be explained by a lower osmotic potential due to an increased acid concentration, together with increased stomatal aperture, as suggested by increased nocturnal acid accumulation probably due to nocturnal CO₂ fixation.     

Cytoplasmic streaming in internodal cells ofNitella under centrifugal acceleration: a study done with a newly constructed centrifuge microscope

Summary We constructed a new centrifuge microscope of the stroboscopic type, with which the cytoplasmic streaming inNitella internodal cells under centrifugal acceleration was studied. Under moderate centrifugal acceleration (ca. 50–100×g), the direction of cytoplasmic streaming in an internodal cell ofNitella is parallel to the direction of the subcortical fibrils. The speed of endoplasm flowing contiguous to the subcortical fibrils is neither accelerated nor retarded by moderate centrifugal acceleration. The endoplasmic flow, however, stops suddenly following an electrical stimulus. The endoplasm contiguous to the subcortical fibrils is immobilized transiently at the time of streaming cessation induced by an electrical stimulus under centrifugal acceleration at 50–100×g, even at 900×g. It is suggested that transitory cross bridges between the immobilized endoplasm and the subcortical fibrils are formed at the time of streaming cessation. The bulk endoplasm flows as a whole in the direction parallel to that of the subcortical fibrils and stops promptly upon electrical stimulation. Soon after the stoppage the bulk endoplasm starts to flow passively in the direction parallel to that of the centrifugal acceleration as a result of the centrifugal force.Abbreviations APW artificial pond water - CMS centrifuge microscope     

Pseudomonas aeruginosa,a facultative pathogen of red palm weevil,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified as a facultative pathogen of red palm weevil. Intra-haemocoelic injection of the pathogen within larvae and pre-pupae was more effective at killing the insects [with a median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 9×10² to 2×10³ bacteria/insect] than inoculation by force feeding (LD₅₀ of 10⁵ to 4×10⁵ bacteria/insect) or by wading the insects in a suspension of the pathogen (LD₅₀ of 10⁵ to 2×10⁵ bacteria/insect). Injection of 3×10³ bacteria/insect killed 69% of larvae; small larvae were more susceptible (LD₅₀ of 9×10⁵ bacteria/larva) than either larger larvae (LD₅₀ of 10³ bacteria/larva) or pre-pupa. The median time to death of the small larvae following injection of P. aeruginosa was about 6 days but that following force feeding or wading was about 8 days. A secondary invader, Serratia marcescens, had no effect on the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa but hastened death of larvae by about 3 days.A. Banerjee and T.K. Dangar were with the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station, Kayangulam 690 533, Kerala, India. They are now with the Central Rice Research Institute. Cuttack 753 006, Orissa, IndiaCPCRI research paper no. 870.     

Whole-Plant Water use and Canopy Conductance of Cassava Under Iimited Available Soil Water and Varying Evaporative Demand

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a perennial woody shrub, is known to be highly productive under favourable conditions and produce reasonably well under adverse conditions where other crops fail. Using constant heat sap flow sensors, sap flow density (F _d ) of cassava was monitored for 10 days in December 2002. Sap flow was highly correlated (R ² =0.72, P<0.05) to incoming solar radiation (R _s) than to other climatic factors. Using cross-correlation analysis, no time shift was detected between F _d and solar radiation, whereas vapour pressure deficit (VPD) lags F _d by 110 min. Solar radiation and VPD together explained 83% of diurnal variation in sap flow. Whole-plant transpiration ranged from 0.8 to 1.2 mm day⁻¹ and daily canopy conductance (g _c), computed based on the inverted Penman–Monteith model, varied between 0.7 and 2.1 mm s⁻¹ (mean = 1.4 ± 0.5 mm s⁻¹). For the measurement period, characterized by high evaporative demand coupled with low available soil water, transpiration accounted for 21% of the available energy and was only able to meet 24% of the atmospheric water demand. Average decoupling factor (Ω) of 0.05±0.02 estimated suggested that a 10% change in g _c may lead to more than 9% change in transpiration which further supports the notion that stomata play significant role in regulating cassava water use compared to other known mechanisms. Beyond light saturation (R _s >300 W m⁻²) and at higher VPD (>1.0 kPa), wind effects on the canopy transpiration under water stress condition were low, while VPD explains 94% of the observed variance in daily canopy conductance.     

Evidence against H+−HCO 3 − symport as the mechanism for HCO 3 − transport in the cyanobacteriumAnabaena variabilis

Summary The rate of inorganic carbon uptake and its steadystate accumulation ratio (intracellular/extracellular concentration) was determined in the cyanobacteriumAnabaena variabilis as a function of extracellular pH. The free energy of protons ( ) across the plasmalemma was calculated from determinations of membrane potential, and intracellular pH, as a function of the extracellular pH. While inward proton motive force decreased with increasing extracellular pH from 6.5 to 9.5, rate of HCO ₃ ^– influx and its accumulation ration increased. The latter is several times larger than would be expected should HCO ₃ ^– influx be driven by . It is concluded that HCO ₃ ^– transport in cyanobacteria is not driven by the proton motive force.     

不同径级的西伯利亚红松树干液流及蒸腾耗水特征的差异

基于热扩散技术,采用TDP法连续监测了新疆喀纳斯国家自然保护区内不同径级西伯利亚红松的树干液流,分析其在生长季内(6~9月)的液流变化及蒸腾耗水特性,为阐明喀纳斯保护区优势树种水分循环机理,以及理解区域尺度上森林生态系统水分循环及其过程应对未来气候变化的响应机制提供依据。结果显示:(1)不同径级西伯利亚红松在晴、阴、雨3种天气条件下的树干液流日动态变化均呈昼高夜低的多峰型曲线,但变化频率和变化幅度差异明显,日最大液流值的排序为晴天阴天雨天。(2)树干液流的发生较光合有效辐射的变化存在明显的滞后效应,不同径级西伯利亚红松的最大液流峰值滞后时间在30~207min。(3)西伯利亚红松的月平均树干液流的大小顺序为7月8月9月6月,且相同径级树干阳生面的液流速率均大于阴生面。(4)西伯利亚红松全株的蒸腾耗水量为7月份的最大,其值占整个生长季的61.8%;且大径级阳生面的蒸腾耗水总量(6 716.79g)和阴生面蒸腾耗水总量(4 649.08g)分别是相应小径级阳生面和阴生面的2.00和2.45倍。(5)气温、空气相对湿度和光合有效辐射是影响西伯利亚树干液流的主要因素,同时0~5cm和20~30cm土壤温度对其影响也较大。研究表明,西伯利亚红松在生长过程中,大径级树干的液流和蒸腾耗水量大于小径级,主要发生部位为树干的阳生面,且在7月份的变化最明显。