UV—B辐射增强对植物光合作用的影响及植物的相关适应性研究

综述了UV－B辐射增强对植物光合作用的影响,植物对光破坏的响应与适应性方面的国内外研究进展,许多研究表明UV－B辐射增强对植物具有破坏作用能引起植物光抑制,光氧化和光损伤,植物依靠自身修复系统而对其破坏又具有一定的适应性。     

水稻对低剂量UV-B辐射胁迫的分子应答研究

采用mRNA差异显示技术,分析了水稻幼苗受低剂量UV-B辐射的mRNA表达丰度差异,获得了18个差异片段,其中15个差异片段在表达水平上有差别,1条为被抑制表达,而UV—B诱导特异表达的为2条．将这2条片段进一步回收、重扩增发现确为特异带型．对其中的一个差异片段RUVB2进行序列测定和国际互联网查询结果表明,该序列位于Oryza sativa第10染色体的OSJNBb0091N21BAC上(登录号：AC091122),且该cDNA片段与水稻的3个EST序列有95％以上的同源性,而与其它序列同源性较低．     

UV-B辐射增强对水稻多胺代谢及内源激素含量的影响

研究表明,在处理前期（7－14d),增强的UV－B辐射能使供试水稻汕成63（Sy63）的精氨酸脱羧酶（ADC）、鸟氨酸脱羧酶（ODC）和s－腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶（SAMDC）活性分别平均增加165．74％、104．60％和89．60％,南川（NC）的这3种酶活性分别增加59．91％、41．30％和23．68％,IR65600－85只表现出ADC和ODC活性分别平均提高115．93％、14．45％,SAMDC活性却下降33．01％,在处理后期（21－28d）,Sy63的ADC－ODC活性分别对照平均增加89．72％、3．71％,NC则分别增加73．95％、27．38％,IR656000－85表现为ADC活性增加94．41％,ODC活性却下降13．57％,就SAMDC而言,处理后期（21－28d）,三者分别下降40．06％、19．20％和38．21％,多胺氧化酶（PAO）活性变化趋势恰好相反,从而引起多胺（PA）含量特别是腐胺（Put）含量明显上升,此外,UV－B辐射增强能使IAA和GA11／3含量在整个处理期间（7－28d）供试水稻品种（组合）Sy63分别平均下降58．92％和45．48％,NC分别减少43．31％和56．20％,IR65600－85则分别降低38．69％和47．33％,所有供试水稻品种（组合）的ZRs含量表现为处理前期（7－14d）有所降低,处理后期（21－28d）则明显提高,就ABA含量而言,整个处理时间（7－28d）,3个品种（组合）均比对照显著或后期（21－28d）则明显提高,就ABA含量而言,整个处理期间（7－28 d）,3个品种（组合）均比对照显著或极显著增加,三者分别提高了14．4%、99．6％和56．7％,从而显著降低IAA／ABA、GA1／3／ABA和ZRs/ABA的比值,影响水稻生长发育。     

Effects of long-term exposure to elevated UV-B radiation on the photosynthetic performance of five broad-leaved tree species

As part of an ongoing investigation into the effects of long-term UV-B radiation exposure on the growth and morphology of woody perennials, the gas exchange and photosynthesis of five common deciduous tree species were measured. All five tree species had been exposed to UV-B radiation for 5 years, in the field, at an enhancement level equivalent to an 18% ozone depletion. Measurements made during the fifth year of UV-B irradiation recorded reductions in light-saturated photosynthesis, transpiration and water use efficiencies. These changes were accompanied by marked reductions in individual leaf areas, stomatal density, stomatal conductance and carboxylation efficiency. There were no significant changes in the maximum variable fluorescence ratio, the quantum requirement of oxygen evolution, or light-saturated O₂ production. Analysis of the response of net carbon assimilation to changing intercellular CO₂ concentration (A/c_i response) demonstrated no significant change in stomatal limitation. Reductions in photosynthesis were consistent with decreased carboxylation efficiency. Although all five tree species were similarly affected by UV-B radiation treatment, the magnitude of the responses was species-specific. These findings demonstrate the need for more long-term experimentation and also suggest that changes in water use efficiency may be a significant factor in plants' responses to UV-B radiation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

增强UV—B辐射和CO2复合作用对蚕豆幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

在4.52 kJ*m-2*d-1 UV-BBE的UV-B辐射和700 μmol*mol-1的CO2浓度人工模拟复合处理下,研究了对蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)幼苗的生长和光合作用的影响.结果表明,UV-B辐射单因子明显降低蚕豆幼苗的株高、叶面积和生物量,CO2单因子的作用正好相反,二者的作用程度随着处理时间的延长而增大.UV-B辐射和CO2复合作用对蚕豆幼苗的生长影响不明显.同时,增强的UV-B辐射单因子还使蚕豆幼苗的光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用率下降,CO2单因子的作用也相反,且CO2单因子的促进程度大于UV-B辐射单因子的抑制程度.而在UV-B辐射和CO2复合作用下,蚕豆幼苗的光合作用参数基本与对照同步.分析认为,UV-B辐射和CO2复合作用对蚕豆幼苗的影响是一种拮抗作用.     

增强的UV-B辐射对植物影响的研究

综述了国内外有关UV－B辐射对植物影响的研究现状与动态,讨论了增强的UV－B辐射对植物生长及形态结构、植物生理生化代谢、植物遗传物质、UV－B吸收物质及某些基因表达和种群及生态系统的影响。展望了增强的UV－B辐射对植物影响领域中值得深入探讨的问题。     

不同小麦品种对UV-B辐射增强响应的生理特性差异

研究了大田条件下模拟增强UV-B辐射（500 KJ·m^-2,相当于昆明地区臭氧层减少20%）对10个小麦品种生理指标的影响以及小麦对UV B辐射响应的种内差异.结果表明,10个供试小麦品种中有6个品种的叶绿素含量显著下降,叶绿素a降低的程度大于叶绿素b,从而导致叶绿素a/b的比率下降.UV-B对小麦叶片内MDA和类黄酮的影响也具有种内差异,有5个品种的MDA含量显著上升, 2个品种的MDA含量显著下降;4个品种的类黄酮含量显著增加,2个品种的类黄酮含量显著减少.叶绿素和类黄酮含量变化与MDA含量均呈显著负相关关系,类黄酮与小麦UV-B抗性之间存在密切联系.     

The effect of exposure to enhanced UV-B radiation on the penetration of monochromatic and polychromatic UV-B radiation in leaves of Brassica napus

Using quartz optical fibres, penetration of both monochromatic (310 nm) and polychromatic UV-B (280–320 nm) radiation in leaves of Brassica napus L. (cv. Ceres) was measured. Plants were grown under either visible light (750 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ photosynthetically active radiation) or with the addition of 8. 9 KJ m⁻² day⁻¹ biologically effective UV-B (UV-B_BE) radiation. Results showed that of the 310 nm radiation that penetreated the leaf, 90% was within the intial one third of the leaf with high attenuation in the leaf epidermis, especially in UV-treated plants. Polychromatic UV-B radiation, relative to incident radiation, showed a relatively uniform spectral distribution within the leaf, except for collimated radiation. Over 30% of the UV-screening pigments in the leaf, including flavonoids, were found in the adaxial epidermal layer, making this layer less transparent to UV-B radiation than the abaxial epidermis, which contained less than 12% of the UV-screening pigments. UV-screening pigments increased by 20% in UV-treated leaves relative to control leaves. Densely arranged epicuticular wax on the adaxial leaf surface of UV-treated plants may have further decreased penetration of UV-B radiation by reflectance. An increased leaf thickness, and decreases in leaf area and leaf dry weight were also found for UV-treated plants.     

增强UV-B辐射对小麦叶片内源ABA和游离脯氨酸的影响

研究温室种植的小麦在０（ＣＫ）、８．８２ＫＪ／ｍ＾２（Ｔ１）和１２．６ＫＪ／ｍ＾２（Ｔ２）３种剂量的ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射下其内源ＡＢＡ和游离脯氨酸含量的变化。ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射导致叶绿体膜脂脂肪酸配比改变和ＩＵＦＡ降低,叶片ＭＤＡ含量升高及ＡＢＡ和游离脯脯氨酸积累。分析表明,ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射对膜系统的损坏也许是内源ＡＢＡ和游离脯氨酸含量增加的原因之一,而后者也是植物抵抗ＵＶ－Ｂ胁迫所做出的适应性反应。     

增强的UV-B辐射对麦田生态系统中种群数量动态的影响

研究了大田栽培和自然光条件下,模拟UV-B辐射(UV-B,280～315nm)增强对麦田生态系统杂草、大型土壤动物和麦蚜种群数量动态的影响。在UV-B辐射下,杂草和大型土壤动物的种类和数量降低,物种多样性改变,杂草总生物量也降低。UV-B辐射降低麦蚜复合种群数量,并与麦叶粗纤维、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、Mg和Zn含量有显著的相关性。UV-B辐射还导致麦蚜与麦叶Mg、Fe和Zn含量均显著增加。     

Non-photosynthetic mechanisms of growth reduction in pea (Pisum sativum L.) exposed to UV-B radiation

Pisum sativum cv. Guido grown under controlled environment conditions was exposed to either low or high UV-B radiation (2·2 or 9·9 kJ m^–2 d^–1 plant-weighted UV-B, respectively). Low or high UV-B was maintained throughout growth (LL and HH treatments, respectively) or plants were transferred between treatments when 22 d old (giving LH and HL treatments). High UV-B significantly reduced plant dry weight and significantly altered plant morphology. The growth and morphology of plants transferred from low to high UV-B were little affected, when compared with those of LL plants. By contrast, plants moved from high to low UV-B showed marked increases in growth when compared with HH plants. This contrast between HL and LH appeared to be related to the effect of UV-B on plant development. Exposure to high UV-B throughout development consistently reduced leaf areas. In fully expanded leaves there was no significant UV-B effect on cell area and reduced leaf area could be attributed to reduced cell number, suggesting effects on leaf primordia. Further reductions in the leaf area of younger leaves were the result of the slower development rate of plants grown at high UV-B, which also resulted in significant reductions in leaf number.     

产毒与不产毒铜绿微囊藻对模拟酸雨及紫外辐射的生理响应

为了比较研究酸雨与紫外辐射对淡水水体常见藻华蓝藻的生理学影响,选取铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)产毒(FACHB-905)与不产毒(FACHB-469)株系作为实验材料,通过人工模拟酸雨,研究了不同p H处理后2藻株的光合生理变化以及对紫外辐射的敏感性的异同。实验设置3个p H梯度,p H7.10为对照组(正常培养基培养的藻体),两模拟酸雨处理组(p H5.65和p H4.50);两种辐射处理,可见光处理(PAR)以及全波长辐射处理(PAB)。研究结果表明,905藻株细胞粒径在各p H处理下都要显著高于469藻株,模拟酸雨处理显著降低了两藻株细胞的平均粒径及体积,但叶绿素含量显著提高;酸雨处理同时也引起细胞死亡率的增加,表现为藻体有效光化学效率显著降低,生长速率显著受到抑制,低p H下呈负增长,且这种抑制程度在469下更为显著。高的可见光以及紫外辐射处理,使两株系有效光化学效率随p H的降低而呈降低趋势,其中469藻株降低至更低的水平,且高光辐射以及紫外诱导的抑制率要显著高于905藻体,这可能与469藻株较低的光保护色素有关(较低的类胡萝卜素以及紫外吸收物质)。在未来全球变化背景下,不同种类的浮游植物对环境变化的响应及适应能力不同,可改变水体的群落结构和种群丰度,铜绿微囊藻905较469较强的耐受酸雨以及紫外辐射的能力,可能会使该株系在竞争力上占据优势。     

Evaluation of the role of damage to photosystem II in the inhibition of CO2 assimilation in pea leaves on exposure to UV-B radiation

Mature pea (Pisum sativum L., cv. Meteor) leaves were exposed to two levels of UV-B radiation, with and without supplementary UV-C radiation, during 15 h photoperiods. Simultaneous measurements of CO₂ assimilation and modulated chlorophyll fluorescence parameters demonstrated that irradiation with UV-B resulted in decreases in CO₂ assimilation that are not accompanied by decreases in the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) primary photochemistry. Increased exposure to UV-B resulted in a further loss of CO₂ assimilation and decreases in the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII primary photochemistry, which were accompanied by a loss of the capacity of thylakoids isolated from the leaves to bind atrazine, thus demonstrating that photodamage to PSII reaction centres had occurred. Addition of UV-C to the UV-B treatments increased markedly the rate of inhibition of photosynthesis, but the relationships between CO₂ assimilation and PSII characteristics remained the same, indicating that UV-B and UV-C inhibit leaf photosynthesis by a similar mechanism. It is concluded that PSII is not the primary target site involved in the onset of the inhibition of photosynthesis in pea leaves induced by irradiation with UV-B.     

UV-B辐射增强对水稻生长发育及其产量形成的影响

在盆载条件下,研究UV-B辐射（280-320nm）增强对3个不同类型水稻品种（组合）的生长发育及其产量构成的影响。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强明显抑制水稻生长,使株高变矮、分蘖数减少、叶面积和干物质量下降,但其抑制程度依品种、水稻所处的生长阶段的不同而不同;株高在苗期下降幅度最大,为9.4%-12.2%,干物质量在分蘖期下降幅度最大,地下部和地上部干物质量分别下降45.3%-59.8%、54.9%-59.0%,增强的UV-B辐射使水稻主茎不同叶位的出叶时间延迟,生育期延长,汕优63、南川、IR65600-85的抽穗时间分别比对照延迟2d、3d和7d,成熟期分别推迟3d、4d和9d,UV-B辐射增强明显降低水稻叶片的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,叶片叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学参数Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo下降,与对照相比,汕优6.3、南川、IR65600-85叶片的净光合速率分别下降了11.9%、12.8%、29.7%,UV-B辐射增强使水稻每株有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重下降,最终导致水稻籽粒产量下降25.2%-31.1%。     

DNA damage and photosynthesis in Antarctic and Arctic Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske under ambient and enhanced levels of UV-B radiation

The response of the bipolar moss Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske to ambient and enhanced UV‐B radiation was investigated at an Antarctic (Léonie Island, 67°35′ S, 68°20′ W) and an Arctic (Ny‐Alesund, 78°55′ N, 11°56′ E) site, which differed in ambient UV‐B radiation (UV‐BR: 280–320 nm) levels. The UV‐BR effects on DNA damage and photosynthesis were investigated in two types of outdoor experiments. First of all, sections of turf of S. uncinata were collected in an Arctic and Antarctic field site and exposed outdoors to ambient and enhanced UV‐BR for 2 d using UV‐B Mini‐lamps. During these experiments, chlorophyll a fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration and cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimer (CPD) formation were measured. Secondly, at the Antarctic site, a long‐term filter experiment was conducted to study the effect of ambient UV‐BR on growth and biomass production. Additionally, sections of moss turf collected at both the Antarctic and the Arctic site were exposed to UV‐BR in a growth chamber to study induction and repair of CPDs under controlled conditions. At the Antarctic site, a summer midday maximum of 2·1 W m^?2 of UV‐BR did not significantly affect effective quantum yield (ΔF/F_m′) and the ratio of variable to maximal fluorescence (F_v/F_m). The same was found for samples of S. uncinata exposed at the Arctic site, where summer midday maxima of UV‐BR were about 50% lower than at the Antarctic site. Exposure to natural UV‐BR in summer did not increase CPD values significantly at both sites. Although the photosynthetic activity remained largely unaffected by UV‐B enhancement, DNA damage clearly increased as a result of UV‐B enhancement at both sites. However, DNA damage induced during the day by UV‐B enhancement was repaired overnight at both sites. Results from the long‐term filter experiment at the Antarctic site indicated that branching of S. uncinata was reduced by reduction of ambient summer levels of UV‐BR, whereas biomass production was not affected. Exposure of specimens collected from both sites to UV‐BR in a growth chamber indicated that Antarctic and Arctic S. uncinata did not differ in UV‐BR‐induced DNA damage. It was concluded that S. uncinata from both the Antarctic and the Arctic site is well adapted to ambient levels of UV‐BR.     

大气CO2升高和紫外辐射相互作用对羊栖菜生理特性的影响

为了研究经济海藻羊栖菜对大气CO2浓度增加与紫外辐射(UVR)相互作用的响应,设置两个CO2浓度(380μL/L和800μL/L)以及两种辐射处理,即PAR处理(滤除UV-A、UV-B,藻体仅接受可见光,400—700nm)和PAB处理(全波长辐射280—700nm)培养海藻,探讨了羊栖菜生长、光合作用、呼吸作用、光合色素含量、可溶性糖和蛋白以及硝酸还原酶活性的变化情况。结果表明高浓度CO2显著提高羊栖菜藻体的相对生长速率,并且紫外辐射的负面效应在高CO2处理下表现不显著。高CO2降低了藻体的光合作用速率,而UVR的负面效应和生长体现为一致性,但是羊栖菜的呼吸作用没有受到环境变化的明显影响。羊栖菜的光合色素叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素在高浓度CO2处理下明显降低,而UVR没有明显影响。环境因子对羊栖菜的可溶性糖没有影响,但是在高CO2和全波长辐射处理下,藻体可溶性蛋白的含量显著增加。同时高CO2明显提高了硝酸还原酶的活性,并且仅在高浓度CO2处理下藻体中UVR对其活性有抑制作用。CO2和UVR对羊栖菜的大多数生理特性存在明显的交互作用,在未来CO2浓度进一步增加的情况下,UVR的负面效应将会得到一定程度的缓解,这样有利于羊栖菜在养殖海区获得更高的产量。     

Leaf development, temperature and light stress control of the expression of early light-inducible proteins (ELIPs) in Vitis vinifera L.

Early light inducible proteins (ELIPs) are thylakoid proteins transiently induced by light. They are found in many species, most of which are annual plants. Studies on perennial plants are scarce and in grapevine almost nil. Because grapevines normally grow in sites with high radiation, we aimed to characterize the ELIP expression to evaluate whether they have a role in photoprotection in this species. ELIP expression was characterized in leaves at different temperatures, times of induction and natural light intensities. Very low expression was found in mature leaves. In young leaves, ELIP expression was high but began at temperatures higher than 13 °C. Maximal expression was obtained at 30 °C after 4 h of induction at 1000 μmol PAR m⁻² s⁻¹. At this intensity, the level of photoinhibition was also maximal. We conclude that in grapevine leaves, ELIP expression is developmentally dependent, occurring mainly in developing leaves, Finally, our results showed that the light intensity dependence of the ELIP expression correlated with the extent of photoinhibition indicating that ELIP induction is controlled by the strength of light stress and suggesting a role of these proteins in photoprotection.     

Changes in dissolved organic material determine exposure of stream benthic communities to UV-B radiation and heavy metals: implications for climate change

Changes in regional climate in the Rocky Mountains over the next 100 years are expected to have significant effects on biogeochemical cycles and hydrological processes. In particular, decreased discharge and lower stream depth during summer when ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the highest combined with greater photo-oxidation of dissolved organic materials (DOM) will significantly increase exposure of benthic communities to UVR. Communities in many Rocky Mountain streams are simultaneously exposed to elevated metals from abandoned mines, the toxicity and bioavailability of which are also determined by DOM. We integrated field surveys of 19 streams (21 sites) along a gradient of metal contamination with microcosm and field experiments conducted in Colorado, USA, and New Zealand to investigate the influence of DOM on bioavailability of heavy metals and exposure of benthic communities to UVR. Spatial and seasonal variation in DOM were closely related to stream discharge and significantly influenced heavy metal uptake in benthic organisms. Qualitative and quantitative changes in DOM resulting from exposure to sunlight increased UV-B (290–320 nm) penetration and toxicity of heavy metals. Results of microcosm experiments showed that benthic communities from a metal-polluted stream were tolerant of metals, but were more sensitive to UV-B than communities from a reference stream. We speculate that the greater sensitivity of these communities to UV-B resulted from costs associated with metal tolerance. Exclusion of UVR from 12 separate Colorado streams and from outdoor stream microcosms in New Zealand increased the abundance of benthic organisms (mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies) by 18% and 54%, respectively. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering changes in regional climate and UV-B exposure when assessing the effects of local anthropogenic stressors.