3-磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶1结构和功能

PDK1可调节AGC激酶家族中一些重要蛋白激酶。这些激酶包括蛋白激酶B（PKB／Akt）、p70核小体S6激酶（p70 ribosomal S6 kinase,S6K）、血清和糖皮质激素诱导激酶（SGK）和蛋白激酶C（PKC）等,它们在细胞代谢、生长、增殖和存活等生理过程中具有重要作用。因此,了解PDK1生物学特性可能对其调节的AGC激酶持续活化的癌症治疗具有一定推动作用。本文对PDK1的结构、遗传和生化特点进行了综述。     

环境变化和时序衰老过程中酵母蛋白激酶Sch9磷酸化的调控

出芽酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)蛋白激酶Sch9与哺乳动物蛋白激酶S6K1同源.S6K1是哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)和磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)的底物,且与很多人类疾病相关,包括肥胖症、糖尿病和癌症.Sch9和S6K1都对不同营养条件和环境胁迫条件下的细胞生长调控很重要.Sch9激活环内的磷酸化位点570位苏氨酸残基也被称为PDK1位点,而737位苏氨酸位点也被称为PDK2位点,这两个位点的磷酸化对Sch9的活性非常重要.蛋白激酶Pkh1/2磷酸化Sch9的PDK1位点,而雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体1(TORC1)磷酸化PDK2位点.为了深入了解Sch9在细胞中的功能,阐明不同环境条件下及时序衰老过程中Sch9的PDK1和PDK2位点磷酸化的调控就显得尤为重要.利用特异性识别570位苏氨酸残基磷酸化的Sch9蛋白和特异性识别737位苏氨酸残基磷酸化的Sch9蛋白的两种抗体,对不同环境条件下和时序衰老过程中Sch9的两个位点的磷酸化调控进行了研究.研究结果揭示了Sch9的两个磷酸化位点在营养感受、胁迫应答、热量限制和时序衰老过程中的调控方式.揭示Sch9的PDK1位点磷酸化的调控与热量限制延长出芽酵母时序寿命密切相关.     

蛋白激酶B在小鼠1-细胞期受精卵中活性及表达变化

蛋白激酶B(proteinkinaseB ,PKB)发现于 1991年 ,属于丝 苏氨酸蛋白激酶 .因其激酶活性区的氨基酸序列与蛋白激酶C (proteinkinaseC ,PKC)和蛋白激酶A (proteinkinaseA ,PKA)同源性分别为 73%和 6 8% ,因此命名为PKB ,或PKA和PKC相关激酶(relatedtheAandCkinase ,RACK) [1] .另外 ,PKB被证明为逆转录病毒的癌基因v akt编码的蛋白产物 ,因此PKB又称AKT[2 ] .PKB分子量 6 0kD ,目前已知分为PKBα、β、γ三种 .PKBα广泛存在于机体各组织中 ,其活性受多种信息物质调节 .PKBβ在卵巢癌、胰腺癌细胞中过表达 ,PKBγ在大…     

阳性表达表皮钙粘蛋白增加G0/G1期人乳腺癌细胞比例及其分子机制

表皮钙粘蛋白（E-cadherin）阴性的乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231和MDA-MB-435转染野生型表皮钙粘蛋白基因,通过流式细胞仪测量细胞周期发现表皮钙粘蛋白阳性细胞生长变慢,更多细胞停滞在G0/G1期,蛋白质印迹证实由G0/G1期进入S期的重要调控分子细胞周期蛋白-D1（cyclin D1）下降了,并发现表皮钙粘蛋白还能降低直接激活细胞周期蛋白-D1基因转录的β-连环蛋白的蛋白质浓度.蛋白激酶B（PKB）能通过抑制糖原合成激酶-3β(GSK-3β)的活性来抑制β-连环蛋白降解,并在乳腺癌高转移细胞株中普遍过表达,其表达同样受到了表皮钙粘蛋白的抑制.并且在表皮钙粘蛋白阳性细胞中,作为PKB上游信号分子并能激活PKB的粘着斑激酶 (FAK) 和整联蛋白相关激酶(ILK)蛋白量也发生下降,能抑制PKB激活的PTEN蛋白量却增加了.结果显示,表皮钙粘蛋白能通过降低乳腺癌细胞中的PKB蛋白浓度,并通过上游信号分子抑制PKB的激活,进而降低PKB对β-连环蛋白降解的抑制作用,导致β-连环蛋白直接调控的靶基因细胞周期蛋白D1的表达量下降,引起更多的细胞停止在G0/G1期.     

c-Jun/激活蛋白-1活性调节研究进展

转录因子激活蛋白-1(AP-1)对细胞增殖、细胞存活与细胞凋亡等重要生理过程具有调控作用,其核心组成成分是c-Jun.c-Jun活性从转录调控、翻译后调控（主要是磷酸化调节）和相互作用蛋白质调节等三个水平受到正负向调控.其分子内8个位点可被JNK1、GSK3、CKII、Abl等激酶磷酸化.通过N端的转录激活结构域和C端的碱性亮氨酸拉链区,c-Jun可与bZIP类转录因子、辅助激活因子和其他一些蛋白质直接相互作用而被调控.另外一些分子可通过CBP、JAB1等重要辅助激活因子的介导间接调控AP-1的活性,共同构成AP-1活性调节的复杂网络.     

PI3K-Akt信号传导通路对糖代谢的调控作用

磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3Ks)作为酪氨酸激酶和G蛋白偶联受体的主要下游分子,通过催化产生第二信使3,4,5-三磷酸磷脂酰肌醇(PIP3)并激活Akt、糖原合酶激酶-3(GSK-3)、Forkhead转录因子FoxO1、mTOR(mammalian target of rapamycin)等下游分子,将多种生长因子及细胞因子的信号传递到细胞内,从而对细胞增殖、分化、凋亡和葡萄糖转运等多种生物过程起重要的调节作用.PTEN(phosphatase and tensin homologue)是PI3K信号通路的重要负调节因子.本文将对PI3K-Akt信号通路在糖代谢中的作用予以简要综述.     

PI3K/AKT通路在动物葡萄糖代谢中的研究进展

葡萄糖代谢稳态对维持动物健康水平至关重要。磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)是受体酪氨酸激酶(receptor tyrosine kinase, RTK)和G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor, GPCR)共同调控的下游效应因子。它能够磷酸化磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositol, PI)上肌醇环的D3羟基,生成第二信使磷脂酰肌醇-3,4,5-三磷酸(PI-3,4,5-P3, PIP3)。PIP3的生成可以促使蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,AKT/PKB)在细胞膜处募集并诱导其变构激活,活化的AKT可以通过调节下游靶标的活性来调控机体的葡萄糖代谢过程和其他生物学功能。鉴于PI3K/AKT信号通路在动物机体葡萄糖代谢以及人类2型糖尿病(type2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)等疾病中的重要调控作用,该文就PI3K/AKT信号通路及相关重要调控因子的生物学功能与分子机制进行综述。     

蛋白激酶B的PH结构域可溶性表达与纯化及其二级结构分析

蛋白激酶B(亦称为Akt)是一种蛋白质丝氨酸 苏氨酸激酶 ,因其与蛋白激酶A(PKA)和蛋白激酶C(PKC)具有相对高的同源性 ,而被命名为PKB .作为磷脂酰肌醇 3激酶 (PI3 kinase)的下游分子 ,它广泛参与细胞各种功能的调节 .PKB对代谢的影响主要表现为促进蛋白质的合成 ,促进糖原的转运[1] .同时 ,PKB还在细胞增殖与调控中发挥重要作用[2 ] .PH结构域 (pleckstrinhomologydomain)是一种存在于多种信号蛋白质和细胞骨架相关蛋白质中的功能性区域 .它通常由 7个反向平行的 β片层和C末端的一个α螺旋构成 .PH结构域的配体具有一定的多样性…     

SMMC7721肝癌细胞蛋白激酶B活性增高可驱动有功能的上皮钙粘着蛋白到细胞表面(英文)

为了研究蛋白激酶B (PKB)对上皮钙粘着蛋白 (E cadherin)的调节 ,使用了用胰岛素处理的野生型SMMC 772 1细胞及稳定表达持续激活PKB的SMMC 772 1细胞株 (Gag PKB/SMMC 772 1) .用RNA印迹法和蛋白质印迹法检测细胞E cadherin表达 ,发现通过胰岛素刺激或在细胞中表达持续激活PKB从而增加PKB活性 ,不影响E cadherin的转录和蛋白质合成 ,但用流式细胞术和免疫荧光定位E cadherin ,则发现PKB活性增加能明显驱动E cadherin到细胞表面 ,从而导致部分通过E cadherin途径的细胞粘聚增加和细胞调亡的抑制 .因此 ,我们提供新的证据表明 ,增加PKB活性可驱动有功能的E cadherin分子到细胞表面 .     

Raf-1蛋白激酶在细胞信号转导研究中的新进展

重点讨论Raf-1蛋白激酶的特征、激活方式及其与其他蛋白质相互作用等方面的研究进展.Raf-1蛋白激酶是酪氨酸激酶相关信号转导途径中的重要信号分子之一,可直接下传与Ras蛋白相关的细胞增殖信号.近年来发现,Raf-1蛋白激酶还可与其他信号分子作用或相互调节,参与多种细胞生物学过程的信号转导与调控.     

PDK1, the master regulator of AGC kinase signal transduction

The interaction of insulin and growth factors with their receptors on the outside surface of a cell, leads to the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and generation of the phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) second messenger at the inner surface of the cell membrane. One of the most studied signalling events controlled by PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, comprises the activation of a group of AGC family protein kinases, including isoforms of protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt, p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K), serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase (SGK) and protein kinase C (PKC), which play crucial roles in regulating physiological processes relevant to metabolism, growth, proliferation and survival. Here, we review recent biochemical, genetic and structural studies on the 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1), which phosphorylates and activates the AGC kinase members regulated by PI 3-kinase. We also discuss whether inhibitors of PDK1 might have chemotherapeutic potential in the treatment of cancers in which the PDK1-regulated AGC kinases are constitutively activated.     

The role of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 in activating AGC kinases defined in embryonic stem cells

BACKGROUND: Protein kinase B (PKB), and the p70 and p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (p70 S6 kinase and p90 Rsk, respectively), are activated by phosphorylation of two residues, one in the 'T-loop' of the kinase domain and, the other, in the hydrophobic motif carboxy terminal to the kinase domain. The 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) activates many AGC kinases in vitro by phosphorylating the T-loop residue, but whether PDK1 also phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif and whether all other AGC kinases are substrates for PDK1 is unknown. RESULTS: Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in which both copies of the PDK1 gene were disrupted were viable. In PDK1(-/-) ES cells, PKB, p70 S6 kinase and p90 Rsk were not activated by stimuli that induced strong activation in PDK1(+/+) cells. Other AGC kinases - namely, protein kinase A (PKA), the mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1) and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) - had normal activity or were activated normally in PDK1(-/-) cells. The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) induced PKB phosphorylation at its hydrophobic motif, but not at its T-loop residue, in PDK1(-/-) cells. IGF1 did not induce phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase at its hydrophobic motif in PDK1(-/-) cells. CONCLUSIONS: PDK1 mediates activation of PKB, p70 S6 kinase and p90 Rsk in vivo, but is not rate-limiting for activation of PKA, MSK1 and AMPK. Another kinase phosphorylates PKB at its hydrophobic motif in PDK1(-/-) cells. PDK1 phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif of p70 S6 kinase either directly or by activation of another kinase.     

Notch-induced T cell development requires phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1

Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase l (PDK1) phosphorylates and activates multiple AGC serine kinases, including protein kinase B (PKB), p70Ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K) and p90Ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). PDK1 is required for thymocyte differentiation and proliferation, and herein, we explore the molecular basis for these essential functions of PDK1 in T lymphocyte development. A key finding is that PDK1 is required for the expression of key nutrient receptors in T cell progenitors: CD71 the transferrin receptor and CD98 a subunit of L-amino acid transporters. PDK1 is also essential for Notch-mediated trophic and proliferative responses in thymocytes. A PDK1 mutant PDK1 L155E, which supports activation of PKB but no other AGC kinases, can restore CD71 and CD98 expression in pre-T cells and restore thymocyte differentiation. However, PDK1 L155E is insufficient for thymocyte proliferation. The role of PDK1 in thymus development thus extends beyond its ability to regulate PKB. In addition, PDK1 phosphorylation of AGC kinases such as S6K and RSK is also necessary for thymocyte development.     

Multiple implications of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 in human cancer

3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) is a central mediator of cellular signaling between phosphoinositide-3 kinase and various intracellular serine/threonine kinases, including protein kinase B, p70 ribosomal S6 kinase, serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase, and protein kinase C. PDK1 activates members of the AGC family of protein kinases by phosphorylating serine/threonine residues in the activation loop. Here, we review the regulatory mechanisms of PDK1 and its roles in cancer. PDK1 is activated by autophosphorylation in the activation loop and other serine residues, as well as by phosphorylation of Tyr-9 and Tyr-373/376. Src appears to recognize PDK1 following tyrosine phosphorylation. The role of heat shock protein 90 in regulating PDK1 stability and PDK1-Src complex formation are also discussed. Furthermore, we summarize the subcellular distribution of PDK1. Finally, an important role for PDK1 in cancer chemotherapy is proposed. In conclusion, a better understanding of its molecular regulatory mechanisms in various signaling pathways will help to explain how PDK1 acts as an oncogenic kinase in various cancers, and will contribute to the development of novel cancer chemotherapies.     

In vivo activation of protein kinase A in Schizosaccharomyces pombe requires threonine phosphorylation at its activation loop and is dependent on PDK1

Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) plays a central role in cellular signaling by phosphorylating members of the AGC family of kinases. This family includes protein kinase C (PKC), protein kinase B (PKB), p70/p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK and S6K), and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Although PDK1 phosphorylates and activates PKC, PKB, and RSK in vivo, PDK1 regulation of PKA remains controversial. We isolated ksg1, the fission yeast ortholog of mammalian PDK1, as a suppressor of growth defects caused by loss of the stress-activated MAP kinase, Spc1. Here, we demonstrate that Ksg1 is required for activation of PKA. Cells containing the ksg1.12 thermolabile allele exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes, including the failure to arrest in G(1) and an inability to conjugate. The ksg1.12 allele strongly suppresses defects associated with unregulated PKA. Pka1, the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, is phosphorylated in vivo at Thr-356, which is located in the activation loop of the kinase and corresponds to Thr-197 in mammalian PKA. Phosphorylation of Thr-356 is required for in vivo activation of Pka1 and is dependent upon Ksg1. These data provide experimental evidence that PKA is a physiological substrate for PDK1.     

Phosphoinositide-dependent phosphorylation of PDK1 regulates nuclear translocation

3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) phosphorylates the activation loop of a number of protein serine/threonine kinases of the AGC kinase superfamily, including protein kinase B (PKB; also called Akt), serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase, protein kinase C isoforms, and the p70 ribosomal S6 kinase. PDK1 contains a carboxyl-terminal pleckstrin homology domain, which targets phosphoinositide lipids at the plasma membrane and is central to the activation of PKB. However, PDK1 subcellular trafficking to other compartments is not well understood. We monitored the posttranslational modifications of PDK1 following insulin-like growth factor 1 stimulation. PDK1 underwent rapid and transient phosphorylation on S396, which was dependent upon plasma membrane localization. Phosphorylation of S396 was necessary for nuclear shuttling of PDK1, possibly through its influence on an adjacent nuclear export sequence. Thus, mitogen-stimulated phosphorylation of PDK1 provides a means for directed PDK1 subcellular trafficking, with potential implications for PDK1 signaling.     

Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 orthologues from five eukaryotes are activated by the hydrophobic motif in AGC kinases

Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) mediates activation of many AGC kinases by docking onto a phosphorylated hydrophobic motif located C-terminal of the catalytic domain in the AGC kinase. The interaction shifts PDK1 into a conformation with increased catalytic activity and leads to autophosphorylation of PDK1. We demonstrate here that addition of a hydrophobic motif peptide increases the catalytic activity of PDK1 orthologues from Homo sapiens, Aplysia californica, Arabidopsis thaliana, Schizosaccharomyces pombe (ksg1), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Pkh1 and Pkh2) 2- to 12-fold. Furthermore, the hydrophobic motif peptide increases autophosphorylation of PDK1 from Homo sapiens, S. pombe, and S. cerevisiae (Phk2). Our results suggest that PDK1 interaction and activation by the hydrophobic motif of AGC kinases is a central mechanism in PDK1 function, which is conserved during eukaryotic evolution.     

AGC protein kinases: From structural mechanism of regulation to allosteric drug development for the treatment of human diseases

The group of AGC protein kinases includes more than 60 protein kinases in the human genome, classified into 14 families: PDK1, AKT/PKB, SGK, PKA, PKG, PKC, PKN/PRK, RSK, NDR, MAST, YANK, DMPK, GRK and SGK494. This group is also widely represented in other eukaryotes, including causative organisms of human infectious diseases. AGC kinases are involved in diverse cellular functions and are potential targets for the treatment of human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, neurological disorders, inflammation and viral infections. Small molecule inhibitors of AGC kinases may also have potential as novel therapeutic approaches against infectious organisms. Fundamental in the regulation of many AGC kinases is a regulatory site termed the “PIF-pocket” that serves as a docking site for substrates of PDK1. This site is also essential to the mechanism of activation of AGC kinases by phosphorylation and is involved in the allosteric regulation of N-terminal domains of several AGC kinases, such as PKN/PRKs and atypical PKCs. In addition, the C-terminal tail and its interaction with the PIF-pocket are involved in the dimerization of the DMPK family of kinases and may explain the molecular mechanism of allosteric activation of GRKs by GPCR substrates. In this review, we briefly introduce the AGC kinases and their known roles in physiology and disease and the discovery of the PIF-pocket as a regulatory site in AGC kinases. Finally, we summarize the current status and future therapeutic potential of small molecules directed to the PIF-pocket; these molecules can allosterically activate or inhibit the kinase as well as act as substrate-selective inhibitors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases (2012).     

Regulation of protein kinases in insulin,growth factor and Wnt signalling

Protein kinase cascades provide the regulatory mechanisms for many of the essential processes in eukaryotic cells. Recent structural and biochemical work has revealed the basis of phosphorylation regulation of three consecutive protein kinases - phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) - which transduce signals generated by insulin and/or growth factors binding to cell surface receptors. PDK1 and PKB are both AGC family kinases. Whereas PKB is positively regulated via its phosphorylated C-terminal hydrophobic motif, the activity and specificity of PDK1 are determined by equivalent hydrophobic motifs of substrate AGC kinases. In a contrasting mechanism, GSK3beta is negatively regulated by competitive autoinhibition by its phosphorylated N terminus. GSK3beta also functions in the developmental Wnt signalling pathway, but without cross-talk with the PDK1-PKB/Akt pathway. Structural studies of GSK3beta complexes are contributing to our understanding of the phosphorylation-independent mechanism that insulates the Wnt and insulin/growth factor pathways.