Materials for the fungus flora of Japan (48)

A coelomycetePolymorphum quercinum, newly found on the branches ofFagus crenata in Japan, is described.(47): Kobayashi, T. et al., Mycoscience 35: 399–401, 1994.     

Materials for the fungus flora of Japan (53)

Two interesting ascomycetes are described as new to Japan:Ascotricha amesii (Xylariaceae), isolated from garden soil in Osaka; andAuxarthron reticulatum, isolated from forest soil in Tokyo. ADicyma anamorph is associated with the former species. (52): Tubaki, K., Tokumasu, S. and Konno, M., Nippon Kingakukai Kaiho38: 249–250. 1997.     

Materials for the fungus flora of Japan (49)

Two interesting microfungi are described as new to Japan:Talaromyces galapagensis (anam.Penicillium galapagense), isolated from soil in Shizuoka; andPenicillium megasporum, isolated from marine sludge in Nagasaki. Some observations are recorded, particularly on ascomatal initials ofT. galapagensis, which are similar to those described forTalaromyces flavus.(48): Kaneko, S., Mycoscience 36: 359–360, 1995.     

Materials for the fungus flora of Japan (57)

Two microfungi are described as new to Japan:Amaurascopsis reticulatus (Amauroascaceae, Ascomycetes), isolated from forest soil in Kamakura, has not been recorded since it was originally found and is characterized by yellow to orange-red ascomata with undifferentiated peridial hyphae and globose ascospores with contorted ridges appearing irregularly punctate-reticulate; andHobsonia mirabilis (helicosporous hyphomycete), isolated from the cut stem of a thistle in Hachijo-jima, is characterized by gelatinous sporodochia and hyaline, tortuously coiled conidia. (56): Okuda, T. and Yamamoto, K., Mycoscience41: 411–414, 2000.     

Materials for the fungus flora of Japan (47)

Albophoma yamanashiensis isolated from a forest soil in Yamanashi Prefecture is described as a new genus belonging to Nectrioidaceae, Coelomycetes.(46): Hosoya, T. et al., Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 34: 429–432, 1993.     

Materials for the fungus flora of Japan (51)

A discomycete in Sarcoscyphaceae is described and illustrated as new to Japan:Cookeina sulcipes (Berk.) Kuntze, found on decayed wood along the Aira River, Iriomote Island, Okinawa Pref., Japan. Hongo, T., Nippon Kingakukai Kaiho (Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan)38: 99–100, 1997.     

Materials for the fungus flora of Japan (56)Mariannaea camptospora andM. elegans var.punicea from Japan

One additional species and a variety ofMariannaea, M. camptospora andM. elegans var.punicea, were recorded for the first time in Japan.Mariannaea camptospora formed two types of conidiophores. One type was characterized by simple verticillate phialides sometimes with punctuate walls at the base, producing long oblique conidial chains, and symmetrical spindle-shaped conidia. The other type was characterized by more crowded and shorter phialides with small conidial droplets and hemispherical to concave smaller conidia.Mariannaea elegans var.punicea was characterized by distinct red purple pigmentation in agar media. (55): Udagawa, S. and Uchiyama, S., Mycoscience41: 263–267, 2000.     

Fusarium nisikadoi, a new species from Japan

A new species ofFusarium, F. nisikadoi, isolated fromPhyllostachys nigra var.henonis (bamboo) andTriticum aestivum (wheat) in Japan, is described, illustrated and discussed. This species is differentiated from other known species of the genus by the following characteristics: whitish colony color, long zigzag-like chains of 0–3(-5)-septate clavate conidia, intermixed with pyriform conidia, produced mostly from monophialides and rarely from polyphialides in the aerial mycelium, very long and slender sporodochial conidia, and no chlamydospores. The long chains of septate conidia are known only in this species of the genusFusarium. The conidiophores on the aerial mycelium sometimes proliferate sympodially. The species is tentatively placed in the form-sectionLiseola.     

Egg production by the coccinellid Hippodamia convergens fed on two morphs of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae

Adults of the lady beetle Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville requiring aphids for egg production, were fed suboptimal amounts of apteriform virginoparous larvae or alatiform gynoparous larvae of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.), and artificial diet ad lib. The beetles initiated oviposition sooner and deposited significantly more eggs when supplied with the same weight of apterous virginoparous morph. The possible nutritional, hormonal, and ecological implications of the findings are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Die Eiproduktion des Marienkäfers Hippodamia convergens, welcher hierzu Blattläuse als Nahrung benötigt, wurde bei Fütterung mit zwei verschiedenen Morphen der Blattlaus Myzus persicae untersucht. Der Verzehr derselben Menge flügelloser Virginoparen führte im Vergleich zu geflügelten Gynoparen zu früherer und signifikant erhöhter Eiabgabe. Der hormonale und ernährungsphysiologische Hintergrund und die ökologische Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse werden diskutiert.

     

Ecological genetics of host plant exploitation in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae

The ecological consequences of genetic variability in host plant exploitation of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera, Aphididae) were studied in several agro-ecosystems, differing in crop plant heterogeneity. An analysis of aphid populations sampled from sugar beet, potatoes, and lettuce revealed changes in the frequency distribution of aphid clones according to their respective host plant adaptations. The spatial unit of differentiation was below an average field size of 3–5 hectares and a differentiation could be found in the centre of potato and sugar beet fields but not at the edge of the fields. On a temporal scale, the differentiation of populations is transitory even on a large-scale basis of highly specialized cropping areas. The ecological parameters of differentiation are discussed with special reference to agro-ecosystems and integrated pest management. Increasing the genetic heterogeneity of crop fields may help to reduce population outbreaks.

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Zusammenfassung Die ökologischen Konsequenzen genetischer Variabilität in der Wirtspflanzennutzung von Myzus persicae (Hemiptera, Aphididae) wurden in mehreren Agro-Ökosystemen untersucht, die sich in der Kulturpflanzenheterogenität unterscheiden. Eine Analyse von auf Rüben, Kartoffeln und Salat siedelnden Populationen zeigte eine genetische Differenzierung in Wirtspflanzen-angepaßte Feld-populationen. Die räumliche Einheit solcher Differenzierungen liegt unterhalb einer Feldgröße von 3–5 ha. Eine Differenzierung konnte hier in der Mitte der Felder aber nicht am Rand festgestellt werden. Aus zeitlicher Sicht ist die Differenzierung selbst in großräumigen, spezialisierten Anbaugebieten nur vorübergehend feststellbar. Die ökologischen Parameter der Differenzierung werden besonders in Hinsicht auf die integrierte Schädlingsbekämpfung in Agro-ökosystemen diskutiert. Eine Erhöhung der genetischen Heterogenität von Kulturpflanzenbeständen kann möglicherweise zu einer Verringerung von Blattlaus-Massenvermehrungen beitragen.

     

Urocystis tranzscheliana,a newly recorded smut fungus onPrimula sieboldii from Japan

A smut fungus onPrimula sieboldii was newly found in Japan and identified asUrocystis tranzscheliana by comparative morphology. This species causes systemic infection ofP. sieboldii and produces sori in its ovaries.Contribution No. 121, Laboratories of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba.     

Mycena auricoma,a new species ofMycena sectionRadiatae from Japan,andMycena spinosissima,a new record in Japan

Two lignicolous species ofMycena (Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) are described and illustrated from eastern, Japan:Mycena auricoma sp. nov., forming ephemeral coprinoid basidiomata and belonging to sectionRadiatae, was found on a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata. It appears to close to a Malaysian species,“Trogia” crinipelliformis. Mycena spinosissima in sectionSacchariferae, new to Japan, was collected from dead bark ofAphananthe aspera, a dead fallen inflorescence ofCryptomeria japonica, and a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata.     

Talaromyces euchlorocarpius, a new species from soil

A new species ofTalaromyces, characterized by development of unusual deep green ascomata on common media, is described and given the nameTalaromyces euchlorocarpius. This species, isolated from soil, also produces ellipsoidal, spinose ascospores, typically biverticillate penicilli, large ellipsoidal, smooth-walled conidia, and is assigned to the seriesLutei of the sectionTalaromyces.     

Five new species of the Boletaceae from Japan

Five new species of the Boletaceae (Agaricales) from Japan are described and illustrated: (1) Boletus bannaensis sp. nov. (section Luridi), forming a grayish-brown pileus and rufescent flesh, found in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests; (2) Leccinum rhodoporosum sp. nov., forming discolorous red pores, a whitish stipe covered overall with violet-brown to blackish-brown furfuraceous scales and fusoid-cylindrical brown basidiospores, found in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests or warm-temperate Quercus-Pinus forests; (3) Pulveroboletus brunneoscabrosus sp. nov., forming a lemon-yellow pulverulent basidiomata covered overall with orange to brownish-orange appressed scales, found in subtropical to warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests; (4) Rubinoboletus monstrosus sp. nov., forming a brownish-orange to yellowish-brown pileus and a very short, nonreticulate, hollow stipe, found in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests; and (5) Tylopilus fuligineoviolaceus sp. nov., having a deep violet to blackish-brown pileus and brunnescent hymenophore, found in warm temperate Quercus-Castanopsis forests.     

Three species of rust fungi (Uredinales) from Okinawa,Japan

Three species of rust fungi were reported based on the specimens collected in the islands of the Yaeyama group and Okinawa, Japan.Puccinia tarennicola onTarenna gracilipes andUredo daphniphylli onDaphniphyllum teijsmannii were described as new species.Villebrunea frutescens was added to the host plants ofUredo pipturi. Contribution No. 115, Laboratories of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba.     

Aspergillus taichungensis,a new species from Taiwan

Aspergillus taichungensis isolated from a soil sample collected in Taiwan is described as a new species. The new species is characterized by its restricted growth on Czapek's and malt extract agars and its white to light yellow colonies, radiate conidial heads, smooth and often diminutive conidiophores, hemispherical to elongate vesicles with biseriate aspergilla (conidiogenous cells), globose, micro-verrucose conidia and dark brown sclerotia. The species somewhat resemblesA. versicolor, A. terreus andA. flavipes, but differs in cultural and morphological details, and is considered to represent an interface species in the subgenusNidulantes.     

Multiparasitism of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae: competition in the egg stage between Aphidius matricariae and Ephedrus cerasicola

Multiparasitism of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) by the solitary aphidiid parasitoids Aphidius matricariae Haliday and Ephedrus cerasicola Starý was studied in the laboratory at 22°C. Single aphids first stung by an A. matricariae female were then offered to a female of E. cerasicola 1, 2 or 3 days later. E. cerasicola oviposited without restraint in such aphids. The multiparasitized aphids were dissected 3 or 4 days after the Ephedrus parasitization or allowed to mummify.Only a single parasitoid, either egg or larva, was found in a dissected host. The relative frequency of the two species was roughly the same in dissection series as in corresponding mummification series. When E. cerasicola oviposited 1 or 2 days after A. matricariae, E. cerasicola was the intrinsically superior species. Dissection showed that the competition occurred at least one day before the Ephedrus egg hatched, and that very few eggs of A. matricariae hatched in such aphids. Apparently, the Aphidius eggs must have been killed by substances injected by the ovipositing Ephedrus female or by substances or structures connected with the Ephedrus egg itself. When E. cerasicola oviposited 3 days after A. matricariae, A. matricariae survived. Probably its 4th instar larvae devoured the eggs of E. cerasicola together with the other host contents.Interspecific competition without larvae involved has not previously been demonstrated in Aphidiidae.

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Résumé L'étude du multiparasitisme de Myzus persicae (Sulzer) par les parasitoïdes Aphidiidae solitaires, Aphidius matricariae Haliday et Ephedrus cerasicola Stary a été réalisée à 22°C. Des pucerons isolés, piqués par une femelle de A. matricariae avaient été proposés ensuite à une femelle de E. cerasicola, 1, 2 ou 3 jours plus tard. E. cerasicola a pondu sans restriction dans de tels pucerons.Des témoins constitués de pucerons piqués par A. matricariae ont permis de déterminer le pourcentage des pucerons piqués, réellement parasités par A. matricariae. Les pucerons parasités une ou plusieurs fois ont pu se mommifier ou ont été disséqués 3 ou 4 jours après avoir été parasités par Ephedrus.Les fréquences relatives de développement des deux espèces, obtenues par dissection ou par étude des mommies, ont été rigoureusement les mêmes. Quand A. matricariae avait pondu 1 ou 2 jours avant E. cerasicola, A. matricariae s'est développé dans au moins 15% des pucerons apparemment multiparasités, contre 60 à 70% dans les témoins. Chez ces pucerons multiparasités, E. cerasicola était un compétiteur intrinsèquement supérieur. Quand A. matricariae avait pondu 3 jours avant E. cerasicola, A. matricariae survivait et se développait dans environ 70% des pucerons multiparasités. Chez ces pucerons, les oeufs d'E. cerasicola avaient probablement été dévorés avec le contenu de l'hôte par les larves âgées d'A. matricariae.Les oeufs des parasitoïdes sont difficiles à observer dans l'hôte les premiers jours après la ponte. Un seul parasitoïde, oeuf ou larve, était découvert lors de la dissection du puceron. La conclusion en a été que la compétition en faveur de E. cerasicola s'est produite quand les deux espèces étaient sous forme d'oeuf et au moins un jour avant l'éclosion d'Ephedrus. On peut en déduire que les oeufs d'A. matricariae sont tués par des substances injectées par la femelle de E. cerasicola lors de la ponte.Une compétition interspécifique n'impliquant pas les larves n'avait jamais été démontrée chez les Aphidiidae.

     

Emericella omanensis,a new species from Oman soil

A new species ofEmericella isolated from forest soil in the Oman,E. omanensis, is described and illustrated. It differs from the other known species of the genus in having bivalvate ascospores with a tuberculate or verruculose convex wall. The new species is compared with the closely related speciesE. desertorum andE. echinulata.     

Emericella appendiculata, a new species from Chinese soil

Emericella appendiculata, a new species isolated from soil of the Pamire Plateau, is described and illustrated. It is characterized by grayish green non-ostiolate ascomata surrounded by a thick layer of hülle cells, membranaceous peridium, prototunicate asci, violet-brown, lenticular ascospores which are ornamented by two stellate equatorial crests, capitate convex surfaces, and long filiform appendages, and anAspergillus anamorph with biseriate conidiogenous cells.     

Two new species of the genusMenziesia from Japan

Two species ofMenziesia, M. katsumatae andM. yakushimensis, are described as new to science. The former is characterized by having a long axis of the inflorescence with 15–20 bracts while the other species has a short axis with about ten bracts.M. katsumatae is restricted to the Hakusan range extending northward to Mt. Hōdatsuzan in the Noto Peninsula.M. yakushimensis has been considered asM. purpurea Maxim. in Kyūshū, but it is clearly distinguishable from the latter by the color and shape of the corolla and the presence of fasciculate glandular-hairs at the base of the corolla lobes. It is endemic to the higher altitudes of Yaku-shima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture.