通过微切—扩增建立植物（蚕豆Vicia faba）染色体区段特异性基…

以蚕豆根尖为材料,采用改良方法制备染色体标本,在光镜下切割分离一段大Ｍ染色体核仁组织区（ＮＯＲ）特定区段,通过单一引物－－聚合酶链式反应法随机扩同切ＤＮＡ后,获得近６０μｇＤＮＡ。经琼脂糖电泳分析测定扩增产物分子片段大小介于２００－９００ｂｐ。以地主新标记蚕豆总体ＤＮＡ。作为探针与扩增产物进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交,证实扩增得到的ＤＮＡ与蚕豆ＤＮＡ同源,来自微切染色体。部分扩增产物经ＥｃｏＲＩ酶切后     

玉米单染色体的分离和体外扩增

建立了玉米单染色体的分离及体外扩增的方法。取95％乙醇固定后经果胶酶和纤维酶酶解的根尖制备染色体标本,用自制的微细玻璃针在倒置显微镜下挑取目的染色体。染色体DNA经Sau3A酶切后与人工合成的Sau3A连接接头连接,经两次PCR扩增获得足以用于构建单染色体DNA文库的扩增产物。片段大小为0．3～5kb,多数为0．5～3．5kb．与前人研究方法相比,所需底物量少（只需1条染色体）,扩增片段大,为植物中小型染色体分离、体外扩增进而进行单染色体DNA文库构建奠定了基础。     

小麦6B染色体微切割及其不同片段的DNA文库构建

用Nd:YAG激光微束将处于丝分裂中期的小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)6B染色体微切割为四段,并用微细玻璃针将每个片段分别回收.将分离的染色体片段DNA用Sau3A接头介导的多聚酶链式反应(LA-PCR)分别扩增.Southem杂交证明4个特定区域的DNA确实来自于小麦基因组.用一系列(42对引物)位于6B染色体上的微卫星序列对微切割的染色体片段的PCR产物进行了验证.结果表明,获得的染色体片段的PCR产物来自于小麦6B染色体.将6B染色体4个片段的第二轮PCR产物克隆到pGET-vector中,建立了4个染色体特定区域的基因组文库,命名为R1、R2、R3和R4,分别包含2.1×105、2.74×105和2.93×105个重组子克隆.每个文库均随机挑选150个克隆进行质粒的小量制备和酶切验证.结果显示;插入片段大小在300～1800之间,平均大小为820～870bp,其中43%～48%的克隆为低/单拷贝序列,42%～47%为中/高拷贝序列.本研究为详细分析植物单染色体的不同片段的分子遗传学研究提供了基础.     

小麦6B染色体微切割及其不同片段的DNA文库构建

用Nd∶YAG激光微束将处于有丝分裂中期的小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)6B染色体微切割为四段,并用微细玻璃针将每个片段分别回收。将分离的染色体片段DNA用Sau3A接头介导的多聚酶链式反应(LA-PCR)分别扩增。Southern杂交证明4个特定区域的DNA确实来自于小麦基因组。用一系列(42对引物)位于6B染色体和其他染色体上的微卫星序列对微切割的染色体片段的PCR产物进行了验证。结果表明,获得的染色体片段的PCR产物来自于小麦6B染色体。将6B染色体4个片段的第二轮PCR产物克隆到pGEMT-vector中,建立了4个染色体特定区域的基因组文库,命名为R1、R2、R3和R4,分别包含2.1×10~5、2.74×10~5、2.45×10~5和2.93×10~5个重组子克隆。每个文库均随机挑选150个克隆进行质粒的小量制备和酶切验证。结果显示:插入片段大小在300～1800 bp之间,平均大小为820～870 bp,其中43％～48％的克隆为低/单拷贝序列,42％～47％为中/高拷贝序列。本研究为详细分析植物单染色体的不同片段的分子遗传学研究提供了基础。     

植物染色体微切割过程中细胞质DNA污染及其控制的研究

染色体微切割和微克隆已成为复杂基因组研究的有效途径。但是操作过程中的核外DNA的污染一直是令人担心的问题,通过研究植物染色体微切割（微分离）和微切割的染色体DNA扩增过程中细胞质DNA的污染问题,表明目前常用的植物染色体微切割过程中,细胞质DNA的污染几乎难以避免,并提出了一个改进的降低细胞质DNA污染的方法。对如何控制细胞质DNA的污染进行了详细的讨论。     

植物染色体微切割过程中细胞质DNA污染及其控制的研究

染色体微切割和微克隆已成为复杂基因组研究的有效途径,但是操作过程中的核外DNA的污染一直是令人担心的问题.通过研究植物染色体微切割(微分离)和微切割的染色体DNA 扩增过程中细胞质DNA的污染问题,表明目前常用的植物染色体微切割过程中,细胞质DNA的污染几乎难以避免,并提出了一个改进的降低细胞质DNA污染的方法,对如何控制细胞质DNA的污染进行了详细的讨论.     

黑麦1R染色体的显微分离、体外扩增及扩增产物的鉴定

借助Leitz显微操作器,在国产倒置显微镜下(400×)用玻璃针对处于有丝分裂中期的黑麦根尖细胞中的1R染色体成功地进行了分离。分离出来的1R染色体转入0.5 ml的Eppendorf管中,用蛋白酶K处理,把DNA释放出来;经Sau3A酶切,再与人工合成的Sau3A连接头连接;以连接头的一条链的核苷酸顺序片段为引物对DNA酶切片段进行了PCR扩增。琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示扩增产物的长度大约为300~1000 bp。以生物素分别标记的黑麦总体DNA和小麦rDNA为探针进行斑点杂交,结果表明PCR扩增产物确实来源于黑麦的1R染色体DNA。这个方法为构建黑麦1R染色体亚基因组文库和筛选1R染色体特异性探针奠定了基础。     

DNA指纹技术在污染土壤生态毒理诊断中的应用

生物标记物能在细咆或分子水平上指示暴露．效应关系,是进行污染土壤生态毒理诊断的主要技术手段之一。随着分子生物学技术的飞速发展,出现了一系列以聚合酶链式反应为基础的、在分子水平上检测污染物质导致的生物体DNA损伤的DNA指纹技术。DNA指纹技术的主要类型有：随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）、聚合酶链式反应．单链构象多态性（PCR-SSCP）、扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）、任意引物聚合酶链式反应（AP—PCR）、差异显示反转录聚合酶链式反应（DDRT）、短DNA重复序列（SSR）及限制片段长度多态性（RFLP）等。这些技术与检测基因突变、染色体畸变和损伤为主的一系列经典研究方法如彗星分析、微核实验等相比具有简便、快速、灵敏等优点。本文着重介绍了随机扩增多态性DNA、聚合酶链式反应．单链构象多态性、扩增片段长度多态性3种重要的DNA指纹技术在污染土壤诊断中的应用。     

大鼠肝脏脂酶基因的PCR扩增、序列分析和克隆

报导了应用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）技术,扩增大鼠肝脏脂酶基因及其克隆和序列分析的结果．经31个循环的扩增,得到大鼠肝脏脂酶及其N端结构域的cDNA,前者为1508bp的片段,后者为1076bp的片段．克隆后,对此二片段进行了限制性内切酶物理图谱分析,测定了DNA序列,并已将它们克隆到表达载体pGT－d中．     

利用微分离黑麦1R染色体的体外扩增产物进行染色体着染研究

首先对显微分离出的黑麦（ＳｅｃａｌｅｃｅｒｅａｌｅＬ．）１Ｒ染色体进行了两轮Ｓａｕ３Ａ连接接头介导的ＰＣＲ扩增（ＬＡ＿ＰＣＲ）。经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证实这些染色体扩增片段来源于基因组ＤＮＡ之后,再利用１Ｒ染色体的第二轮扩增产物、黑麦基因组ＤＮＡ、ｒＤＮＡ基因为探针,与其根尖细胞中期分裂相进行染色体原位杂交,发现微分离的１Ｒ染色体体外扩增产物中包含大量的非该染色体特异性重复序列,而其信息量却较黑麦总基因组少;当以适量的黑麦基因组ＤＮＡ进行封阻时,微分离染色体的体外扩增产物成功地被重新定位在中期分裂相的一对１Ｒ染色体上,说明微分离１Ｒ染色体的ＰＣＲ扩增产物中的确包含了该染色体特异性的片段。此外,以从１Ｒ染色体微克隆文库中筛选出的一单、低拷贝序列和一高度重复序列分别为探针,染色体原位杂交检测发现,这一高度重复序列可能为端粒相关序列;而单、低拷贝序列却未检测到杂交信号。这些结果从不同侧面反映出染色体着染技术是证实微分离、微切割染色体的真实来源及筛选染色体特异性探针的有利工具。建立了可供参考的植物染色体着染实验体系,为染色体微克隆技术在植物中的进一步应用提供了便利。     

Studies on Microdissection and Microcloning of the Rye Chromosome 1R

Two 1R chromosomes of Secale cereale L. were isolated from one metaphase cell by means of chromosome micro-isolation, and the chromosomal DNA was amplified adopting the cohesive adapters single primer polymerase chain reaction (CASP-PCR) technique. The CASP-PCR products were labeled as probes. The results of Southern blot hybridization confirmed that the CASP- PCR products derived from the chromosome IR were homologous with the genomic DNA of S. cereale. The clones of PCR products were obtained with high efficiency. Over 10 000 recombinant clones were obtained from one-tenth of the ligation mixture which was transferred into the competent E. coli DH5a. The size of the inserted fragments of clones ranged from 250 bp to 500 bp. This research has established the foundation for further selection of chromosome 1R markers.     

Determination of the chromosomal site for the human radiosensitive ataxia telangiectasia gene by chromosome transfer

The chromosomal localization of the gene which complements radiation hypersensitivity of AT cells was studied by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. A 6-thioguanine-resistant derivative of an immortalized AT cell line, AT2KYSVTG, was used as a recipient for microcell-mediated chromosome transfer from 4 strains of mouse A9 cells, 3 of which carried a human X/11 recombinant chromosome containing various regions of chromosome 11, while the other carried an intact X chromosome. HAT-resistant microcell hybrids were isolated and examined for their radiosensitivity and chromosome constitution. The microcell hybrid clones obtained from the transfer of an intact X chromosome or an X/11 chromosome bearing the pter → q13 region of chromosome 11 did not show a difference in radiosensitivity from parental AT cells, while those obtained from the transfer of X/11 chromosomes bearing either the p11 → qter or the pter → q23 region of chromosome 11 exhibited a marked radioresistance which was comparable to normal human fibroblasts. A HAT-resistant but radiosensitive variant was further obtained from the microcell fusion with an A9 cell strain carrying an X/11 chromosome bearing the 11p11 → qter region, in which a deletion at the 11q23 region was found. The results indicate that the gene which complements a radiosensitive phenotype of AT is located at the q23 region of chromosome 11.     

横断山区被子植物染色体研究概况

横断山区作为全球生物多样性热点地区之一 ,染色体数目的研究对探讨植物区系起源和进化有重要的意义。本文对横断山区被子植物染色体数目报道方面的情况进行收集和整理并进行统计分析 ,结果发现共有 42科 1 4 3属 51 8种被子植物有染色体数目报道。     

Molecular phylogeny and karyotype differentiation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paratelmatobius</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scythrophrys</Emphasis> (Anura,Leptodactylidae)

Paratelmatobius and Scythrophrys are leptodactylid frogs endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic forest and their close phylogenetic relationship was recently inferred in an analysis that included Paratelmatobius sp. and S. sawayae. To investigate the interspecific relationships among Paratelmatobius and Scythrophrys species, we analyzed a mitochondrial region (approximately 2.4 kb) that included the ribosomal genes 12S and 16S and the tRNAval in representatives of all known localities of these genera and in 54 other species. Maximum parsimony inferences were done using PAUP* and support for the clades was evaluated by bootstrapping. A cytogenetic analysis using Giemsa staining, C-banding and silver staining was also done for those populations of Paratelmatobius not included in previous cytogenetic studies of this genus in order to assess their karyotype differentiation. Our results suggested Paratelmatobius and Scythrophrys formed a clade strongly supported by bootstrapping, which corroborated their very close phylogenetic relationship. Among the Paratelmatobius species, two clades were identified and corroborated the groups P. mantiqueira and P. cardosoi previously proposed based on morphological characters. The karyotypes of Paratelmatobius sp. 2 and Paratelmatobius sp. 3 described here had diploid chromosome number 2n = 24 and showed many similarities with karyotypes of other Paratelmatobius representatives. The cytogenetic data and the phylogenetic analysis allowed the proposal/corroboration of several hypotheses for the karyotype differentiation within Paratelmatobius and Scythrophrys. Namely the telocentric pair No. 4 represented a synapomorphy of P. cardosoi and Paratelmatobius sp. 2, while chromosome pair No. 5 with interstitial C-bands could be interpreted as a synapomorphy of the P. cardosoi group. The NOR-bearing chromosome No. 10 in the karyotype of P. poecilogaster was considered homeologous to chromosome No. 10 in the karyotype of Scythrophrys sp., chromosome No. 9 in the karyotype of Paratelmatobius sp. 1, chromosome No. 8 in the karyotypes of Paratelmatobius sp. 2 and of Paratelmatobius sp. 3, and chromosome No. 7 in the karyotype of P. cardosoi. A hypothesis for the evolutionary divergence of these NOR-bearing chromosomes, which probably involved events like gain in heteochromatin, was proposed.     

A set of duplicons on human chromosome 9 is involved in the origin of a supernumerary marker chromosome

Human chromosome 9 is involved in a number of recurrent structural rearrangements; moreover, its pericentromeric region exhibits a remarkable evolutionary plasticity. In this study we present the molecular characterization of a constitutional rearrangement, involving the 9p21.1q13 region, which led to the formation of a supernumerary marker chromosome (SMC). We defined the sequence of the breakpoints and identified a new set of duplicons on human chromosome 9, named LCR9s (chromosome 9 low-copy repeats). Two of these duplicons were shown to be involved in a somatic exchange leading to the formation of the SMC. High-resolution FISH coupled to database search demonstrated that a total number of 35 LCR9 paralogs are present in the human genome. These newly described chromosome 9 duplicons have features that may be crucial in driving structural chromosome rearrangements in germinal and somatic cells.     

内葵杂3号染色体核型分析

对内蒙古地区的栽培品种内葵杂3号三交种和单交种了进行了核型分析。其结果为:内葵杂3号三交种和单交种的染色体数均为2n=34,各具一对随体染色体。三交种第2对染色体具随体且为近中部着丝粒染色体,其余为中部着丝粒染色体,染色体相对长度变异范围4.105%～7.703%,核型公式为2n=2x=34=32m+2sm(2sat),核型类型属于1A型;单交种均为中部着丝粒染色体,第4对染色体具随体,染色体相对长度变异范围3.661%～8.128%,其核型公式为:2n=2x=34=34m(2sat),核型类型属于1B型。     

Genetic analysis of the X-chromosomal region 1E-2A of Drosophila melanogaster

Reversion mutagenesis of three single P elements located in the cytogenetic interval 1E-2A at the tip of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster was used to recover new deletions in this chromosomal region. The deletions obtained include small aberrations within region 2A and larger lesions extending from 2A into 1E and 1B. All three screens also yielded terminal deficiencies. The new deficiencies, together with previously characterized rearrangements, were analyzed for their complementation behaviour with the maternal effect locus fs(1)Nasrat and lethal loci in the region. These analyses provide an overall genetic map of the interval 1E-2A. In addition, the smaller deletions were physically mapped within cloned genomic DNA of the 2A region.     

Mapping a mutator, mu2, which increases the frequency of terminal deletions in Drosophila melanogaster

A mutator, mu2, in Drosophila melanogaster has been identified recently that potentiates the recovery of terminal deficiencies. The deleted chromosomes behave as if they had been capped; that is, they are protected from degradation and from fusion with other chromosome fragments. The mutator maps near the telomere on the left arm of chromosome 3. Using the selectable marker Aprt, 150 deficiencies for region 62 of the cytological map have been recovered. These deficiencies identify the map position of mu2 as 62B11-C1. A yeast artificial chromosome spanning this region has been subcloned into lambda phage, and the positions of deficiency breakpoints on either side of the mu2 gene have been identified within the subclones. These positions limit the location of the left end of the gene to a 23 kb region. In the course of these experiments, three additional, presumptive mutant alleles were identified, suggesting that other mutator alleles remain undiscovered in many standard laboratory stocks.