Modulation of endothelial SK3 channel activity by Ca²⁺-dependent caveolar trafficking

Small- and intermediate-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (SK3/Kcnn3 and IK1/Kcnn4) are expressed in vascular endothelium. Their activities play important roles in regulating vascular tone through their modulation of intracellular concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) required for the production of endothelium-derived vasoactive agents. Activation of endothelial IK1 or SK3 channels hyperpolarizes endothelial cell membrane potential, increases Ca(2+) influx, and leads to the release of vasoactive factors, thereby impacting blood pressure. To examine the distinct roles of IK1 and SK3 channels, we used electrophysiological recordings to investigate IK1 and SK3 channel trafficking in acutely dissociated endothelial cells from mouse aorta. The results show that SK3 channels undergo Ca(2+)-dependent cycling between the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles; disrupting Ca(2+)-dependent endothelial caveolae cycling abolishes SK3 channel trafficking. Moreover, transmitter-induced changes in SK3 channel activity and surface expression modulate endothelial membrane potential. In contrast, IK1 channels do not undergo rapid trafficking and their activity remains unchanged when either exo- or endocytosis is block. Thus modulation of SK3 surface expression may play an important role in regulating endothelial membrane potential in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner.     

D-Lactic acid fermentation performance and the enzyme activity of a novel bacterium Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus SK5–6

Purpose

The aim of this study was to prove that Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus SK5-6, a novel D-lactate producer, exhibited a good fermentation performance comparing to the reference D-lactate producer Sporolactobacillus sp.

Methods

Glucose bioconversion for D-lactate production and the activity of five key enzymes including phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PYK), D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH), L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH), and lactate isomerase (LI) were investigated in the cultivation of T. laevilacticus SK5–6 and S. laevolacticus 0361^T.

Results

T. laevilacticus SK5–6 produced D-lactate at higher yield, productivity, and optical purity compared with S. laevolacticus 0361^T. T. laevilacticus SK5–6, the catalase-positive isolate, simultaneously grew and produced D-lactate without lag phase while delayed growth and D-lactate production were observed in the culture of S. laevolacticus 0361^T. The higher production of D-lactate in T. laevilacticus SK5–6 was due to the higher growth rate and the higher specific activities of the key enzymes observed at the early stage of the fermentation. The low isomerization activity was responsible for the high optical purity of D-lactate in the cultivation of T. laevilacticus SK5–6.

Conclusion

The lowest specific activity of PFK following by PYK and D/L-LDHs, respectively, indicated that the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate was the rate limiting step. Under the well-optimized conditions, the activation of D/L-LDHs by fructose-1,6-phosphate and ATP regeneration by PYK drove glucose bioconversion toward D-lactate. The optical purity of D-lactate was controlled by D/L-LDHs and the activation of isomerases. High D-LDH with limited isomerase activity was preferable during the fermentation as it assured the high optical purity.

     

Comparative Phosphoproteomics Reveals the Role of AmpC β-lactamase Phosphorylation in the Clinical Imipenem-resistant Strain Acinetobacter baumannii SK17

Nosocomial infectious outbreaks caused by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii have emerged as a serious threat to human health. Phosphoproteomics of pathogenic bacteria has been used to identify the mechanisms of bacterial virulence and antimicrobial resistance. In this study, we used a shotgun strategy combined with high-accuracy mass spectrometry to analyze the phosphoproteomics of the imipenem-susceptible strain SK17-S and -resistant strain SK17-R. We identified 410 phosphosites on 248 unique phosphoproteins in SK17-S and 285 phosphosites on 211 unique phosphoproteins in SK17-R. The distributions of the Ser/Thr/Tyr/Asp/His phosphosites in SK17-S and SK17-R were 47.0%/27.6%/12.4%/8.0%/4.9% versus 41.4%/29.5%/17.5%/6.7%/4.9%, respectively. The Ser-90 phosphosite, located on the catalytic motif S⁸⁸VS⁹⁰K of the AmpC β-lactamase, was first identified in SK17-S. Based on site-directed mutagenesis, the nonphosphorylatable mutant S90A was found to be more resistant to imipenem, whereas the phosphorylation-simulated mutant S90D was sensitive to imipenem. Additionally, the S90A mutant protein exhibited higher β-lactamase activity and conferred greater bacterial protection against imipenem in SK17-S compared with the wild-type. In sum, our results revealed that in A. baumannii, Ser-90 phosphorylation of AmpC negatively regulates both β-lactamase activity and the ability to counteract the antibiotic effects of imipenem. These findings highlight the impact of phosphorylation-mediated regulation in antibiotic-resistant bacteria on future drug design and new therapies.Members of the genus Acinetobacter are nonmotile Gram-negative bacteria, many of which cause severe, life-threatening infections and hospital outbreaks (1). Although Acinetobacter baumannii is regarded as an opportunistic pathogen with low virulence, this species infects the soft tissues, bone, bloodstream, and urinary tract and is an important cause of pneumonia and meningitis in immune-compromised patients (2). Crude mortalities because of nosocomial pneumonia and bloodstream infections caused by A. baumannii ranged from 30–75% and 25–54%, respectively (3–5). In intensive care units (ICU), outbreaks of infection caused by multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains exhibit a crude mortality rate as high as 91.7% (4, 5). The poor outcome in patients with invasive multidrug-resistant A. baumannii infection highlights the urgent need for new therapeutic agents and vaccines to reduce the associated morbidity and mortality.The survival of A. baumannii is enhanced by its ability to acquire foreign genes, thus increasing the number of vulnerable hosts, producing biofilms, and displaying an open pan-genome (6, 7). These abilities enable A. baumannii to persist in nosocomial environments and to survive even under antibiotic treatment. Numerous studies have reported the emergence of A. baumannii clinical isolates that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials such as carbapenems, colistin, sulbactam, and tigecycline, thus reducing the number of effective therapeutic options (8, 9). In epidemiological studies, the incidence rate of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii in countries such as Australia, Brazil, Singapore, Canada, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand is in the range of 47–80% (10). A study showed that 11% of nosocomial isolates of A. baumannii were carbapenem-resistant; resulting in a morbidity and mortality rate of 52% as compared with a rate of 19% of patients infected with carbapenem-sensitive isolates (4, 11–13). Among the many carbapenem derivatives, imipenem initially was highly effective in the treatment of patients with A. baumannii infections; however, imipenem resistance has been confirmed in 53.7% of Acinetobacter nosocomial infections since the early 1990s (4, 14, 15). The most common pathways leading to carbapenem resistance are associated with the loss of outer membrane porins, overexpression of efflux pumps, and overproduction of Ambler class B metallo-β-lactamases, class D oxacillinases, and AmpC cephalosporinase (16–18). In the case of Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinase (ADC)¹, the key upstream insertion sequence (IS) element, ISAba1, provides promoter sequences that confer bacterial resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins (3, 19, 20). In a study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the overproduction of AmpC β-lactamase exhibited weak carbapenem-hydrolyzing activity and thus contributed to carbapenem resistance in porin-deficient isolates (21). Although the study suggested a link between AmpC β-lactamase and carbapenem resistance, the regulatory mechanisms remain unclear.Kinase-induced protein phosphorylation and phosphatase-induced protein dephosphorylation are crucial for signal transduction in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic species (22–26). Hence, bacterial phosphoproteomic analysis is a promising and accurate tool to study biological networks, including the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. In a recent comparative phosphoproteomic study of A. baumannii ATCC17978 and the multidrug-resistant clinical isolate A. baumannii Abh12O-A2, the relationship between phosphoproteins and antibiotic resistance remained unclear because of the lack of biological confirmation (27). In this study, we used two clinical isolates of A. baumannii to establish comparative phosphoproteomic maps and to conduct biological validation to explore the mechanisms of imipenem resistance (28). Phosphoproteomic analysis of A. baumannii SK17 clinical strains was carried out using a shotgun strategy combined with phosphopeptides enrichment techniques and high-performance mass spectrometry, and thus the identified phosphosites were verified by site-directed mutagenesis (23, 29–31). Our findings clearly show that AmpC β-lactamase activity is regulated by phosphorylation and is involved in imipenem resistance.     

Action of a cell wall proteinase from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK11 on bovine α s1-casein

Summary The cell wall-associated proteinase from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK11 was partially purified and incubated with _s1-casein for various times up to 48 h. Sixteen trifluoroacetic acid-soluble oligopeptide hydrolysis products were identified by determination of the aminp acid sequence. Eleven of these oligopeptides originated from the 78-residue sequence comprising the C-terminal region of _s1-casein and were present among the products after the first 60 min of digestion. Three oligopeptides from the N-terminal region and two others from the central region of the _s1-casein sequence were also present among the early digestion products although in smaller amounts than most of the oligopeptides from the C-terminal region. No cleat consensus sequence of amino acid residues surrounding the cleavage sites could be identified.Offprint requests to: G. G. Pritchard     

SK4在甲状腺乳头状癌中的表达及其功能机制研究

采用Real-time PCR、Western blot及免疫组化检测中电导钙激活钾离子通道蛋白(intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein, SK4/Kca3.1/KCNN4)在甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma, PTC)组织及细胞株中的表达情况,同时,对比研究SK4蛋白表达与PTC临床病理特征的关系。通过SK4特异性抑制剂(TRAM-34)下调SK4的表达后,采用CCK-8、平板克隆实验及Transwell实验分别检测SK4对PTC细胞株CGTHW-3增殖、集落形成及迁移能力的影响并分析其可能的分子机制。Real-time PCR、Western blot结果显示, SK4在PTC组织中的mRNA及蛋白表达量均明显高于癌旁组织(P0.01)。免疫组化结果显示, SK4的阳性率明显高于正常甲状腺组织(P0.01),而SK4蛋白表达阳性率与PTC患者性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移等临床病理特征之间并无显著统计学意义(P0.05)。TRAM-34可通过阻断SK4通道抑制CGTHW-3细胞的增殖、集落形成能力及迁移能力。以上结果提示, SK4通道在PTC组织及细胞中高表达,参与调控PTC细胞的增殖及迁移过程,可能与PTC发病的分子机制有关。SK4有可能成为PTC新的治疗靶点。     

Synaptobrevin-2促进心房肌SK2通道转运的机制研究

小电导钙激活钾通道亚型2(SK2通道)主要在心房表达,与心房颤动有关.高频刺激模拟心房快速起搏可以增加SK2电流,但是其中的机制并不完全清楚.本研究旨在研究转运调节蛋白Synaptobrevin-2(VAMP2)在调节心房肌细胞膜SK2通道转运过程中的作用.以培养的新生大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)心房肌细胞(NRAMs)和表达有SK2通道的HEK293细胞为研究对象,采用蛋白质印迹、膜片钳、共聚焦显微成像、流式细胞术和全内荧光反射等技术研究VAMP2对SK2通道转运的影响.结果发现,快速起搏可上调VAMP2蛋白和增加SK2通道蛋白在细胞膜上的表达,而敲低VAMP2可降低NRAMs细胞膜上SK2通道蛋白的表达.在HEK293细胞上共表达VAMP2和SK2,增加了SK2的表达,加速了SK2向细胞膜的转运,并通过抑制SK2内吞来稳定SK2通道蛋白在细胞膜上表达.由以上结果可知,VAMP2可能通过促进SK2通道的表达,转运和稳定细胞膜上的表达,参与快速起搏心房肌细胞SK2功能的增强.     

芽孢杆菌SK007的分类鉴定及其拮抗植物病原菌的功能分析

【背景】农业生产中,发掘和利用具有生防功能的微生物资源是保障粮食安全和提高作物产量的重要举措。【目的】明确土壤中芽孢杆菌SK007的分类地位,验证其对多种植物病原菌的拮抗作用,挖掘潜在的生防功能。【方法】通过16SrRNA基因和基因组分析方法确定分离菌株SK007的分类地位;采用平板对峙法研究该菌株对番茄灰霉病菌、白菜黑斑病菌、烟草赤星病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、马铃薯干腐病菌等植物病原菌的拮抗作用;采用AntiSMASH分析和预测菌株SK007的抗生素相关基因。【结果】基于16SrRNA基因、全基因组序列、平均核苷酸一致性和DNA同源性分析,结果表明菌株SK007属于Bacillus velezensis,并且具有产生脂肽类抗生素和聚酮类抗生素的基因,对多种植物病原真菌有较强的抗性。此外,菌株SK007基因组中抗生素基因簇数目较多,丰富度高。【结论】芽孢杆菌SK007在拮抗植物病原菌方面有许多优良性状,具有促进作物抗病和增产的潜力。     

基因工程链激酶(r—SK)纯化及其单克隆抗体制备和鉴定

采用Rotofor等电聚焦和分子筛技术纯化大肠杆菌表达的重组链激酶(r—SK),其纯度为97%。比活性1×10⁶IU／mg,回收率41％。分析所纯化的r—SK　N端氨基酸顺序证实其1—15个氨基酸顺序与SK基因的核苷酸顺序所示3联密码子一致。以纯化r—SK为抗原,通过杂交瘤技术构建了分泌抗r—SK单克隆抗体(McAb)杂交瘤细胞(4D11),该McAb属IgG1亚型．特异地作用于r-SK和C组口溶血性链球菌分泌的SK。用底物显色法测定该McAb可抑制SK对纤溶酶原的激活。Western blot法证实该McAb能识别分子量为16 250Da的r—SK的CNBr裂解片段。推测SK蛋白中第71残基至第237残基间的氨基酸顺序参与SK与纤溶酶原的结合。     

‘SK4—316’胡萝卜体胚的诱导和培养

以'SK4-316'胡萝卜无菌苗的下胚轴为外植体,研究不同培养基配方和培养条件对愈伤组织诱导、体细胞胚间接发生及其同步化培养的影响,以及不同脱分化时间、脱分化培养基及外植体续存时间对体细胞胚直接发生的诱导及其培养的影响.结果表明:含3%蔗糖、0.8%琼脂的1/2MS + 2,4-D 2.5 mg/L + 6-BA(或KT)0.5 mg/L + CH 300 mg/L是诱导愈伤组织的良好培养基;1/2MS + 2,4-D 1.25 mg/L + KT 0.25 mg/L + 6-BA 0.25 mg/L(含3%蔗糖)适于愈伤组织分化并诱导体胚发生,0.02% ABA对体胚的诱导有促进作用,0.06% ABA或15% PEG能促进体胚成熟;外植体在MS + 2,4-D 1.0 mg/L固体培养基上脱分化培养48 h,再转入MS + CH 300 g/L液体培养基中可诱导体胚直接发生,但随着外植体续存于诱导培养基中时间的延长,体胚发生变异的几率也渐增.     

Bcl—2基因加强表达对SK细胞编程死亡的效应

TNF和OA诱发人神经母细胞瘤SK细胞编程死亡(PCD)。将编码Bcl-2完整蛋白质的cDNA植入pXJ 41neo载体中,由HCMV病毒启动子控制其表达。形成的正向(pBcl-2-S)及反向(pBcl-2-AS)表达质粒经转染导入SK细胞中获得稳定转染子。Western印迹表明正向转染子表达较大量的26kd Bcl-2蛋白,而反向转染子则不表达。增强表达的Bcl-2基因产物能抑制由TNF引发的PCD,但不影响由OA引发的PCD,从而证明Bcl-2基因产物抗细胞死亡效应的特异性。     

林杆菌SK200a-9的重金属铊积累与钾离子的关系

铊(Tl)对敏感细菌的毒性主要由细胞内积累造成,这个过程与钾离子浓度有关。而铊耐性较强的林杆菌(Alsobacter metallidurans)SK200a-9的细胞内铊的积累与钾离子关系尚不清楚。主要分析SK200a-9细胞内Tl~+积累与K~+浓度的关系。以SK200a-9为供试菌、Bacillussp.HK1为对照菌测定添加不同浓度Tl~+、 K~+对细胞内Tl~+积累量的影响,添加1 mmol/L K~+时静止细胞内Tl~+的浓度变化。结果表明,两株菌均在Tl~+浓度1 mmol/L时具有较好的生长,细胞内积累量分别达到最大值255.5和41 ng/mg DW。K~+浓度恒定时随着Tl~+浓度的增加,SK200a-9细胞内Tl~+浓度增加的同时K~+浓度减少。当Tl~+:K~+为1:5时SK200a-9菌体内Tl~+积累量最高,为419 ng/mg DW。在静止细胞实验中,K~+的加入使SK200a-9细胞内积累的Tl~+降低至40%,同时细胞内K~+浓度直线上升至120 ng/mg DW;而菌株HK1的变化不大。这些结果提示了Tl~+使用K~+转运系统进入到细胞内的可能性。SK200a-9细胞内Tl~+积累远大于HK1,其耐性机理可能是细胞内积累的Tl~+通过K~+作用排出细胞外。     

Cholinergic signaling through synaptic SK channels: it's a protein kinase but which one?

Cholinergic signaling modulates synaptic responses and influences cognition. In this issue of Neuron, two groups (Buchanan et?al. and Giessel and Sabatini) present evidence that cholinergic signaling enhances postsynaptic responses in CA1 neurons by decreasing synaptic SK channel activity. However, they come to different conclusions about the protein kinases involved in this process.     

猪瘟病毒C株兔脾毒在SK6细胞中的增殖培养及其鉴定

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), direct florescent antibody staining, and RT-PCT were used to detect growth characteristics of Cassical swine fever virus C-strain (Derived from Spleen) in SK6 cell. The results indicated than C-strain (Derived from Spleen) can grow in SK6 cell at a lower level. Direct florescent antibody staining method was not suitable for the detection of attenuated lapinized C-strain. The study provided a primary guide for the detection of attenuated classical swine fever virus. It also supplies an elementary foundation for the study of its growth characteristic in SK6.     

猪瘟病毒C株兔脾毒在SK6细胞中的增殖培养及其鉴定

猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fever virus,CSFV)是猪的最重要传染病之一,给养猪业造成巨大经济损失.传统疫苗C株在猪瘟防制中曾发挥了巨大作用,但由于猪瘟病毒逐渐产生变异,同时使用传统疫苗无法区分自然感染动物和免疫动物,从而使传统疫苗的应用受阻.因此十分必要研制新型猪瘟疫苗.用适宜的宿主细胞培养猪瘟传统弱毒疫苗C株,通过灵敏可靠的方法检测病毒在宿主细胞中的感染,是研究猪瘟病毒C株的一个重要基础环节.     

广西巴马小型猪小RNA启动子U6和7SK的克隆及功能验证

为了探讨巴马小型猪启动子U6和7SK的功能以及为生产GGTA1基因沉默的广西巴马小型猪奠定基础,文章克隆并分析了siRNA启动子U6和7SK,并分别连接pMD18-shEGFP载体,分别与PEGFP-N1共转猪肾细胞,进行RNAi实验。以pMD18-hU6-shEGFP为阳性对照,无启动子的pMD18-shEGFP载体为阴性对照,单独转染PEGFP-N1为第一组空白对照,以ddH2O替代质粒为第二组空白对照组,验证这两种启动子在猪细胞中的功能。结果表明:广西巴马小型猪RNA聚合酶III型siRNA启动子U6和7SK的序列全长分别为553 bp和437bp。成功构建了pMD18-pU6-shEGFP和pMD18-p7SK-shEGFP干扰载体,转染猪源PK-15细胞,证明U6以及7SK两个启动子具有较高的siRNA表达活性,可以用于α-1,3半乳糖转移酶等猪源基因的沉默实验。     

对SK、AK、cSCC临床及病理特征的差异性分析

摘要 目的：探讨SK、AK、cSCC临床及病理特征的差异。方法：收集2010年1月-2020年12月期间经皮肤科病理确诊为SK（484例）、AK（68例）和cSCC（152例）患者的临床及病理资料,分析患者发病性别、年龄、皮损部位、病理分型及误诊疾病的构成等特点。结果：1. SK好发于46-60岁和61-75岁,在31-45岁年龄段好发于非暴露部位;AK好发于61-75岁和≥76岁年龄段,无论在哪个年龄段均好发于暴露部位,且随年龄增长患病率增高;cSCC好发于61-75岁和≥76岁年龄段,在46-60岁年龄段,好发于非暴露部位,在≥76岁年龄段,cSCC好发于暴露部位。2. SK及cSCC可发生于任何部位;AK可发生于除外阴以外的其他部位,好发于头面颈部。3. SK发病男女无差异,AK发病女多于男,cSCC发病男多于女。4. SK以棘层肥厚型（52.9%）和角化过度型（38.2%）多见,AK以萎缩型（47.0%）和角化过度型（26.5%）多见。6.SK误诊率为29%,AK误诊率为63%。结论：SK、AK及cSCC发病性别、年龄、皮损部位等各有异同,临床表现多样,易误诊,临床需提高警惕。