异叶天南星苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的克隆与蛋白结构分析

以异叶天南星（Arisaema heterophyllum Blume）为材料,采用逆转录PCR（RT-PCR）法扩增其苯丙氨酸解氨酶（Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL）基因AhPAL,获得该基因的开放读码框（ORF）,并通过系统的生物信息学软件分析AhPAL的结构和理化性质。结果显示,AhPAL的ORF全长为2184 bp,编码727个氨基酸;AhPAL与郁金香（Tulipa fosteriana W.Irving）PAL的亲缘关系最近,序列相似性达88%。空间结构模型分析结果显示,AhPAL为同型四聚体,每个单体由3个结构域组成,其中MIO结构域含有PAL酶家族的保守序列和Ala-Ser-Gly三肽活性中心,是AhPAL酶活性的决定性结构域。利用荧光定量PCR方法检测3个AhPAL Unigene在根、块茎和叶中的表达情况,发现它们在根中表达量均最高,而在叶和块茎中表达较低。     

小麦PAL基因的克隆及赤霉菌诱导下的表达分析

利用苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL,phenylalanine ammonia-lyase)基因保守区域从小麦抗赤霉病材料苏麦3号中克隆获得4个PAL基因,分别命名为Ta PAL1、Ta PAL2、Ta PAL3、Ta PAL4。4个基因的开放阅读框(ORF,open reading frame)长度分别为2142 bp、2016 bp、2118 bp和2139 bp,分别编码714个、672个、706个和713个氨基酸。基因序列比对发现其相似性达到88.35%,所编码的氨基酸相似性为91.92%,氨基酸序列分析表明4个基因都包含HAL-PAL结构域及PAL结构域。通过接种禾谷镰刀菌,利用荧光定量PCR对PAL基因进行表达分析发现,4个PAL基因全部为上调表达,其中Ta PAL2、Ta PAL3和Ta PAL4最为明显。PAL基因的上调表达,说明PAL基因在小麦抵抗赤霉病菌侵染的机制中可能起着重要作用。     

北细辛丁香酚合成酶基因克隆及其表达分析

丁香酚合成酶(eugenol synthase, EGS)是北细辛(Asarum heterotropoides)主要活性成分甲基丁香酚体内合成途径中的关键酶之一。该研究根据北细辛转录组数据库中筛选到的序列设计特异引物,以RT-PCR法扩增获得北细辛丁香酚合成酶基因(AhEGS)的开放阅读框(ORF)序列,进行了相应的生物信息学分析。同时运用实时定量PCR法分析AhEGS在不同发育时期(幼叶期、花期、果期)和不同组织部位(叶、根茎、根)中的表达谱,并进行原核表达分析。结果显示:(1)AhEGS基因ORF序列长为951 bp,编码316个氨基酸,理论分子量为34.93 kD,等电点为6.19,AhEGS蛋白为亲水性蛋白,无跨膜结构,无信号肽序列;同源序列比对发现,北细辛AhEGS与月季RcEGS(AFQ98278.1)同源性最高。(2)实时定量PCR分析表明,AhEGS基因在北细辛幼叶期的根中表达量最高。(3)成功构建了原核表达载体pET28a-AhEGS-BL21,经pET28a-AhEGS重组子转化E.coli BL21(DE3),SDS-PAGE检测显示在大肠杆菌(Escheric...     

结核分枝杆菌Rv3586结构域基因真核表达载体的构建及鉴定

目的:构建结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mtb)环二腺苷酸(cyclic diadenosine monophosphate,c-di-AMP)合成酶Rv3586结构域基因的真核表达载体,并在COS-7细胞中表达。方法:以Mtb基因组为模板PCR扩增Rv3586三个结构域基因,分别克隆入pEGFP-N3真核表达质粒,用菌落PCR、质粒酶切和测序方法对插入序列进行鉴定。通过脂质体将重组质粒转染COS-7细胞,间接免疫荧光法检测目的基因在COS-7细胞内的表达。结果:PCR成功扩增出Rv3586三个结构域基因,菌落PCR、质粒酶切和质粒测序鉴定结果表明成功插入目的片段,包含Rv3586的三个结构域基因的真核表达载体构建成功。间接免疫荧光法结果显示,Rv3586三个结构域蛋白在COS-7细胞中表达成功。结论:成功构建Rv3586三个结构域基因的真核表达载体,并在COS-7细胞中表达成功,为后续Mtb Rv3586结构域的功能和应用研究奠定了基础。     

花生温度诱导载脂蛋白基因AhTIL1的克隆和表达研究

温度诱导的载脂蛋白(temperature induced lipocalins,TILs)与植物在热、冷、光、氧化等胁迫下的稳定性相关,旨在克隆花生中的温度诱导的载脂蛋白基因,分析其在响应低温、高温中的作用。从花生c DNA文库中筛选到一个TIL候选基因,命名为Ah TIL1,通过PCR扩增获得了其基因组和候选启动子的序列,并利用实时定量PCR等方法检测了该基因在花生不同组织、种子不同发育时期和温度胁迫下的相对表达量。序列分析结果表明,该基因的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)为558 bp,编码185个氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示,推测的Ah TIL1蛋白质相对分子质量为21.4 k D,等电点为6.78。序列比对结果显示,该蛋白氨基酸序列同其他物种TIL蛋白显示出很高的同源性。对候选启动子预测结果表明,该基因的候选启动子包含ACE、Box4、G-box、GAG-motif等与光反应相关的调控元件以及与ABA、水杨酸、赤霉素、厌氧等相关的顺式调控元件。基因芯片和RNASeq结果表明,该基因在花生的根、茎、叶、花、果针、种子中均有表达,在花中表达量最高,茎中次之,在根中表达量最低;Ah TIL1在果针入土后表达量下降,随着荚果的膨大和种子的成熟,Ah TIL1的表达量逐渐增加。实时定量PCR结果证明,Ah TIL1在高温和低温诱导3、6、12和24 h后上调表达,在48 h后表达量下降。Ah TIL1可能在花生响应低温、冷胁迫中发挥着重要的作用。     

丝瓜苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因PAL克隆及表达分析

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL,phenylalanine ammonia-lyase)是苯丙烷途径代谢的关键酶,在果蔬褐变中发挥着重要作用。为了探究丝瓜中PAL基因的功能,本研究以丝瓜果实为材料,采用RACE和RT-PCR技术从丝瓜果肉中分离获得丝瓜PAL基因,命名为Lc PAL,Gen Bank登录号为:KP341758。该基因全长2406 bp,具有完整的开放阅读框(ORF),共2145个碱基;预测编码715个氨基酸,理论分子量(Mw)为77.69 k D,等电点(p I)为6.11,编码的蛋白与黄瓜和香瓜的同源蛋白相似性均在93%以上,显示其高度的保守性。系统进化树分析显示,丝瓜与同为葫芦科的黄瓜、香瓜的PAL蛋白的亲缘关系较近,聚为同一类。Motif Scan分析显示,Lc PAL编码的蛋白包含有PAL-HAL(60~525位)、PLN02457(8~715位)及phe_aml_yase(24~705位)3个保守结构域和1个酶活性中心序列(197~212位),属于典型的Lyase_I_Like超家族。Wolf Psort预测其亚细胞定位于叶绿体或内质网中。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,Lc PAL基因在普通丝瓜果实、花、茎、叶和根中均有表达。Lc PAL在所选的8个丝瓜品种中表达存在一定差异,在普通丝瓜中的表达量均高于有棱丝瓜;在普通丝瓜品种闽丝3号鲜切及采后储藏褐变过程中,Lc PAL初期表达上调,后期表达量受到抑制,且与其酶活性的变化趋势基本一致。普通丝瓜Lc PAL表达与果肉褐变的发生过程高度相关,表明Lc PAL在普通丝瓜果肉褐变中发挥着作用。     

宁夏枸杞苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的cDNA克隆及其表达分析

为探讨宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum)苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(LbPAL)的表达特征,采用PCR法克隆了宁夏枸杞LbPAL基因的cDNA,并用实时定量PCR法分析了其表达特征。结果表明:宁夏枸杞的LbPAL基因的全长cDNA为2321 bp,包含2163 bp、编码720个氨基酸的开放阅读框;LbPAL与茄科其他物种的PAL氨基酸序列及三维结构具有较高保守性;与茄科物种的PAL聚类在同一个分支中。LbPAL在叶、花瓣、S1期果实的表达量较高,而在根及S2~S5期果实的表达水平较低。在NaCl胁迫处理下,LbPAL在根和茎中的表达量均有下调的趋势;而在叶片中,LbPAL表达量先急剧增加而后急剧下降并趋于稳定。这为解析宁夏枸杞中类黄酮化合物的生物合成调节及生理功能提供了参考。     

巴西橡胶树HbNAC24基因克隆和表达分析

该研究以巴西橡胶树为实验材料,从橡胶树胶乳cDNA中克隆了NAC转录因子基因(HbNAC24)完整开放阅读框(ORF),并通过酵母实验和实时荧光定量PCR技术,进行转录激活活性分析和表达分析。结果显示:(1)HbNAC24基因ORF为1 167bp,编码388个氨基酸,在N端第7~174氨基酸之间含有一个典型的NAC结构域。(2)酵母实验表明,HbNAC24具有转录激活活性,转录激活区在高度变异C端,具备了NAC转录因子的基本特征。(3)序列比对和系统进化分析表明,HbNAC24蛋白属于NAC转录因子家族中的TIP亚族。(4)实时荧光定量PCR分析结果发现,HbNAC24基因在叶中的表达量显著高于其他部位;割胶和茉莉酸(JA)处理均能够诱导HbNAC24表达上调。研究认为,HbNAC24基因可能参与植物的生长发育和胁迫应答过程。     

菊芋HtCCR1基因的克隆与表达分析

肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶(cinnamoyl-CoA reductase,CCR)是木质素合成代谢的关键酶。该研究以菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)‘廊芋8号’为材料,克隆到1个菊芋的CCR基因,命名为HtCCR1(GenBank登录号为MN205540),其开放阅读框(ORF)长975bp,编码324个氨基酸,其中含有FR_SDR_e保守结构域。系统进化分析表明,HtCCR1与向日葵CCR蛋白(XP_021989763.1)共聚于一支,二者亲缘关系最近。实时定量PCR分析表明,HtCCR1基因在菊芋茎和叶中的表达量显著高于在根和块茎中;盐(150mmol·L-1 NaCl)胁迫处理6、12和24h后,处理组HtCCR1基因的表达量均显著高于对照组;干旱(20%PEG6000)胁迫6和12h后,处理组HtCCR1基因的表达较对照组均显著上调。成功构建pET-28a-HtCCR1原核表达载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)并诱导出了符合预期大小的蛋白,表明HtCCR1重组蛋白已成功表达。该研究结果为进一步研究HtCCR1基因的功能及利用基因工程手段调节菊芋中木质素的生物合成奠定了基础。     

尾巨桉HMGR基因的克隆及表达分析

基于RACE技术克隆得到尾巨桉3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰CoA还原酶(EuHMGR)基因全长为1955bp,包含1560bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码519个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明EuHMGR包含两个HMG-CoA结合基序和两个NADP(H)结合基序;同源建模得到EuHMGR三维构象呈"V"型,包含N-结构域、S-结构域和L-结构域。将EuHMGR组DNA与cDNA序列进行比对表明EuHMGR存在一个319bp的内含子。通过实时定量PCR进行组织特异性表达分析表明EuHMGR在茎中的表达量最高,叶次之,在根中基本无表达。该研究为后续尾巨桉EuHMGR的功能验证以及遗传转化奠定基础。     

大蕉苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的克隆、鉴定和表达分析

为了研究苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因与大蕉(Musa ABB cv. Dongguandajiao)抗枯萎病的关系,利用 RT-PCR 和 RACE技术克隆了大蕉苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因全长 cDNA。此 cDNA 长 1 300 bp,包含一个长为 1 191 bp,编码 397 个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框(ORF),推导的氨基酸序列与水稻 PAL 基因氨基酸序列同源性达 89%,将此基因命名为 M-PAL。Southern杂交结果表明大蕉中存在一个包含 4-5 个 PAL基因的基因家族,将此基因克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体 pET32(a )中,表达的蛋白质分子量大小与推导的相一致,并且表达的蛋白质表现出 PAL 酶活性。对接种香蕉枯萎病菌 4 号生理小种(Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. cubense (FOC) race 4 )后大蕉叶片中 M-PAL基因的转录谱进行研究表明,在接种枯萎病菌后,M-PAL基因在叶片中的转录水平提高,因此推测 M-PAL基因的表达可能与香蕉枯萎病抗性相关。     

Tissue and method specificities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase assay

A large number of studies have estimated phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity because it strongly reacts to various stimuli. Activity of this enzyme has been assayed mainly by means of spectrophotometry, but the precision of this method is poorly known. We compared assays of PAL activity using spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in two species (Matricaria chamomilla and Arabidopsis thaliana). Additionally, copper-exposed M. chamomilla plants and buffer with additive were also tested. Our data indicate that spectrophotometry both overestimates (leaves of M. chamomilla) and underestimates (leaves and roots of A. thaliana) PAL activity in comparison with HPLC, suggesting interference of UV-absorbing metabolites. HPLC also showed more accurate detection of cinnamic acid in Cu-exposed chamomile roots. Addition of dithiothreitol to the extraction buffer enhanced PAL activity but reduced proteins, indicating an artificial negative effect. A comparison of PAL activity in selected species is also provided.     

Differential expression of two distinct phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes in condensed tannin-accumulating and lignifying cells of quaking aspen

Lignins, along with condensed tannins (CTs) and salicylate-derived phenolic glycosides, constitute potentially large phenylpropanoid carbon sinks in tissues of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Metabolic commitment to each of these sinks varies during development and adaptation, and depends on L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), an enzyme catalyzing the deamination of L-phenylalanine to initiate phenylpropanoid metabolism. In Populus spp., PAL is encoded by multiple genes whose expression has been associated with lignification in primary and secondary tissues. We now report cloning two differentially expressed PAL cDNAs that exhibit distinct spatial associations with CT and lignin biosynthesis in developing shoot and root tissues of aspen. PtPAL1 was expressed in certain CT-accumulating, non-lignifying cells of stems, leaves, and roots, and the pattern of PtPAL1 expression varied coordinately with that of CT accumulation along the primary to secondary growth transition in stems. PtPAL2 was expressed in heavily lignified structural cells of shoots, but was also expressed in non-lignifying cells of root tips. Evidence of a role for Pt4CL2, encoding 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, in determining CT sink strength was gained from cellular co-expression analysis with PAL1 and CTs, and from experiments in which leaf wounding increased PAL1 and 4CL2 expression as well as the relative allocation of carbon to CT with respect to phenolic glycoside, the dominant phenolic sink in aspen leaves. Leaf wounding also increased PAL2 and lignin pathway gene expression, but to a smaller extent. The absence of PAL2 in most CT-accumulating cells provides in situ support for the idea that PAL isoforms function in specific metabolic milieus.     

野生种马铃薯SpPHYB基因的克隆与表达分析

采用RT-PCR技术从野生种马铃薯中克隆到一个光敏色素基因PHYB,其cDNA全长为3470bp。含有一个3393 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码一条长1130个氨基酸的蛋白,分子量为125kDa,等电点为5.6。该基因编码的蛋白序列与栽培种马铃薯、番茄和烟草同源基因编码的氨基酸序列一致性分别为98%、95%、92%,命名为SpPHYB.半定量PCR分析表明,根、茎、叶和芽中SpPHYB表达水平较高且相似,但在花和块茎成熟器官中表达量稍低.     

Production of caffeic,chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids in plants and suspension cultures of Glechoma hederacea

Glechoma hederacea L. (Lamiaceae) is a perennial plant, which is distributed widely in Europe, Asia and America. Important anti-oxidant compounds are caffeic acid esters like rosmarinic acid (RA) and chlorogenic acid (CA). Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS, 4-coumaroyl-CoA:hydroxyphenyllactic acid hydroxycinnamoyltransferase) contribute to the formation of RA. Our aim in this study was to follow the accumulation of RA, CA and caffeic acid in a suspension culture of G. hederacea. Growth, medium and secondary metabolism parameters were determined during a culture period of 14 days. The maximal PAL activity was observed on day 5 and the maximal RAS activity on day 8. The RA content was exceedingly high and reached 25.9% of the dry mass on day 7. Caffeic acid and CA contents remained rather low. Furthermore, the presence of RA, CA and caffeic acid and the expression patterns of RAS and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HST), an important enzyme of monolignol formation, in leaves, flowers, stems and roots of naturally grown G. hederacea were assessed. The expression of RAS and HST genes was detectable in all organs except roots. Flowers accumulated 12.5% RA in their dry mass, leaves, stems and roots about 1%. CA was highest in leaves (2.0%), while it was at 1.6% in flowers, 1.3% in stems and almost undetectable in roots. The caffeic acid content remained at or below 0.4% of the dry weight in all organs.     

Altering expression of cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase in transgenic plants provides evidence for a feedback loop at the entry point into the phenylpropanoid pathway

Pharmacological evidence implicates trans-cinnamic acid as a feedback modulator of the expression and enzymatic activity of the first enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway, L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). To test this hypothesis independently of methods that utilize potentially non-specific inhibitors, we generated transgenic tobacco lines with altered activity levels of the second enzyme of the pathway, cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), by sense or antisense expression of an alfalfa C4H cDNA. PAL activity and levels of phenylpropanoid compounds were reduced in leaves and stems of plants in which C4H activity had been genetically down-regulated. However, C4H activity was not reduced in plants in which PAL activity had been down-regulated by gene silencing. In crosses between a tobacco line over-expressing PAL from a bean PAL transgene and a C4H antisense line, progeny populations harboring both the bean PAL sense and C4H antisense transgenes had significantly lower extractable PAL activity than progeny populations harboring the PAL transgene alone. Our data provide genetic evidence for a feedback loop at the entry point into the phenylpropanoid pathway that had previously been inferred from potentially artifactual pharmacological experiments.     

香蕉（‘威廉斯突变体’）苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因克隆、表达及酶活性分析

选用抗枯萎病突变体‘威廉斯突变体(Musa spp.AAA,Williams Mutant)'为试材,用RT-PCR技术从香蕉叶中克隆得到一个长为1 504 bp,编码501个氨基酸的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)基因cDNA序列.序列分析与其它植物PAL蛋白有较高同源性,尤其是麻疯树和柑橘属同源性高达93%.半定量PCR和酶活性测定被采用研究威廉斯突变体在接种枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.cubense.roce 4(FOC4)茎中PAL表达的变化,结果显示茎中PAL活性呈规律性变化,且均高于同期对照,与其它植物相关研究结果类似,表明PAL与香蕉抗枯萎病密切相关.