Host plants influence susceptibility of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae)

We quantified the tritrophic effect of host plant on the susceptibility of the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) to a fungal pathogen in the laboratory. Second-instar whiteflies reared on cucumber, eggplant, tomato and bean plants for six generations were exposed to conidial suspensions of Isaria fumosorosea isolate IF-1106. Our results did not detect differences in response (proportional survival or median lethal time, LT₅₀ days) among insect populations derived from different plants that were treated with 10⁷ conidia/ml. However, at concentrations ≤ 5×10⁶ conidia/ml, whiteflies reared on bean and tomato died significantly more quickly (i.e. LT₅₀ of 4–5 days) compared with cucumber and eggplant reared populations (5–7 days). Bean and tomato-reared populations were also more susceptible to mycosis (LC₅₀ ≈ 6 × 10⁵ conidia/ml) compared with those reared on cucumber (1.9 × 10⁶ conidia/ml) and eggplant (1.5 × 10⁶ conidia/ml). A separate study confirmed that this differential response of whitefly populations to I. fumosorosea was not explained by differences in deposition rate of conidia on leaf surfaces (i.e. a dosage effect). Our findings show that host plants affect the pathogenicity and virulence of a herbivore pathogen, but depend on the rate of exposure (inoculum) applied.     

Effect of Ifchit1 gene of Isaria fumosorosea on mortality,oviposition and oxidase activities of Bemisia tabaci

Isaria fumosorosea is one of important entomopathogenic fungi showed a good potential in controlling Bemisia tabaci. The effects of I. fumosorosea ⊿Ifchit1 mutant (Ifchit1 gene deletion mutant) on the mortality, oviposition, and host immunological response of B. tabaci, on Brassica campestris L. plant, were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The wild-type fungal strain infection significantly increased insect mortality and reduced the oviposition effeciency of B. tabaci, whereas the ⊿Ifchit1 mutant was much less effective, resulting in higher survival and ovipositing of B. tabaci. The activities of four insect enzymes were examined during a time course of fungal infection. Insect phenoloxidase, perioxidase, and catalase activities were decreased in whiteflies treated with the wild type and mutant I. fumosorosea strain at 12–36?h post treatment. However, these enzyme activities increased in fungal-treated whiteflies as compared to controls between 36 and 60?h post-infection, reaching peak values. Superoxide dismutase activity in fungal-treated whiteflies was higher than that in controls during the entire experimental time course examined. The overall enzyme activity profiles in ⊿Ifchit1 mutant-treated whiteflies were significantly different from wild-type strain treatments. Our results showed that loss of the Ifchit1 gene in I. fumosorosea affects whitefly mortality, ovipositioning and various antioxidant enzyme activities, providing new insights into the role of chitinases in I. fumosorosea-insect host–pathogen interactions.     

Joint action of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea and four chemical insecticides against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci

The strain IfB01 of Isaria fumosorosea (Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) is a promising myco-insecticide candidate for control of Bemisia tabaci. Joint action of strain IfB01 and four chemical insecticides [spirotetramat (Spi), acetamiprid (Ace), imidacloprid (Imi) and thiamethoxam (Thi)] against the whitefly B. tabaci was evaluated using the cooperative virulence index (c.f.). Substantial synergistic actions were found in the mixtures of IfB01 conidia with Spi, Imi and Thi 2–4 days after treatment. The greatest synergism was recorded in the mixture of IfB01 (2.5 × 10⁶ conidia/L) and Imi (12.5 mg/L), which had a c.f. value of 184 at day 3 after treatment. Furthermore, the shorter LT₅₀ values recorded in mixtures indicated that effectiveness improved when the conidia were applied with the chemical insecticides. However, no substantial synergisms were recorded with Ace and from day 5 onwards.     

Conidia production by Isaria fumosorosea on solid substrates and its pathogenicity towards Bemisia tabaci

Large amounts of conidia must be recovered to use Isaria fumosorosea as a biological control agent. Aerial conidia are mass-produced in solid substrate culture. Conidia obtained from growth on different substrates must be similar in quantity and quality (viability, purity and virulence). In the present work, several solid substrates were evaluated: rice, sorghum, sugarcane, corncob, plantain and wheat (derived from the production of Trichogramma sp.) to find alternatives that are economical and available in different regions. The highest conidia production was obtained on rice, plantain and corncob substrates, which yielded 5.33 × 10⁹ conidia/g, 5.24 × 10⁹ conidia/g and 4.8 × 10⁹ conidia/g substrate, respectively. At concentrations of 1 × 10⁷ conidia/mL, the mortality rates obtained with conidia developed on rice, plantain and corncob substrates were 98%, 97% and 88%, respectively. The lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀₎ values of conidia obtained from rice and plantain were 7.2 × 10⁴ conidia/mL and 5.1 × 10⁴ conidia/mL, respectively.     

利用植绥螨防治烟粉虱的研究进展

对目前利用植绥螨防治烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)的研究现状进行综述。主要介绍植绥螨作为生防作用物的应用历史、替代食物在利用植绥螨进行生物防治中的作用,并对代表种Typhlodromips(Amblyseius)swirskiiAthias-Henriot等作为烟粉虱生防作用物的最新研究进展、产业化现状、应用前景及可能存在的问题进行了分析,以期为这些植绥螨的引进和利用提供参考。     

Interaction of fungicides with the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea

The effects of eight commonly used fungicides: propamocarb, fenarimol, triadimefon, procimidone, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, cooper oxychloride and Trichoderma harzianum on germination, mycelial growth and virulence of Isaria fumosorosea (Wize) Brown & Smith (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) was studied. The greatest effect on germination was observed by azoxystrobin, followed by carbendazim, triadimefon and procimidone. Propamocarb, fenarimol, cooper oxychloride and T. harzianum did not affect conidial germination with germinations of 95, 93, 79 and 84%, respectively. Virulence was evaluated against early fourth instar nymphs of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). The mix containing fungal conidial suspensions plus cooper oxychloride or fenarimol presented a significant reduction in the mortality in comparison with spore suspension itself. This study suggests that the most appropriate fungicides for use in Integrated Pest Management Programs against T. vaporariorum in combination with I. fumosorosea are propamocarb and T. harzianum.     

The entomopathogenic fungi Isaria farinosa (formerly Paecilomyces farinosus) and the Isaria fumosorosea species complex (formerly Paecilomyces fumosoroseus): biology,ecology and use in biological control

The entomopathogenic fungi, Isaria farinosa and Isaria fumosorosea were known as Paecilomyces farinosus and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, for more than 30 years. Both fungi have a worldwide distribution and a relatively wide host range. While I. farinosa currently is of minor importance in research and as biocontrol agent, I. fumosorosea is regarded as a species complex, and various strains are successfully used for biocontrol of several pest insects, mainly whiteflies. During the past 40 years, numerous scientific papers on both fungal species covering various research areas were published. This is the first monographic review on the biology, ecology and use of I. farinosa and I. fumosorosea as biocontrol agents. In the following compilation, data on the identity, natural occurrence and geographical distribution, host range, production of metabolites, effect of abiotic and biotic factors (temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, fungus, host plant) and on the use of these species in biocontrol experiments against pest insects, plant pathogens and nematodes in the laboratory and the field are summarised. Sections on their effects on non-target organisms and safety issues are also included. The aim of this review is to increase our knowledge on these entomopathogenic fungi.     

烟粉虱的发生危害与防治对策

烟粉虱是一种世界性的重要害虫,其严重危害给各国农业生产造成巨大损失。本文就烟粉虱的危害特征、寄主范围、生物型、病毒传播、经济影响以及防治对策进行了综述。     

烟粉虱在不同寄主作物上的种群动态及化学防治

20 0 1年在河北省廊坊市研究了烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)在主要寄主作物棉花、大豆、花生和玉米上的种群动态和化学防治方法。研究结果表明 ,烟粉虱的种群数量在寄主的生育期内持续增长 ,在 8月 2 2日左右达到高峰 ,之后逐渐减少。烟粉虱虽然寄主范围广泛 ,但在每种寄主上的发生量并不一致 ,调查结果表明烟粉虱在 4种不同寄主上的种群数量比较为 :棉花 >大豆 >花生 ,玉米上没有发现烟粉虱的卵及若虫 ,只有极少量的成虫在植株上逗留。在药效试验中 1 0 %吡虫啉WP、2 5 %扑虱灵WP和 1 0 %高效氯氰菊酯LC在厂家推荐浓度下对烟粉虱成虫的防治效果分别为 2 0 0 7%～ 3 3 1 9% ,2 0 62 %～ 44 88%和 4 0 5 %～ 6 78% ;对若虫的防治效果分别为 5 1 91 %～ 64 46% ,5 4 3 0 %～ 63 99%和 1 6 73 %～ 2 6 97%。     

斯氏小盲绥螨在大棚上防治烟粉虱的研究与应用

评价斯氏小盲绥螨Typhlodromipsswirskii（Athias—Henriort）在我国日光大棚中对黄瓜上的烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci（Gennadius）控制作用。在不同温度条件下研究斯氏小盲绥螨以烟粉虱为猎物的试验种群生命表,以及在日光大棚中释放斯氏小盲绥螨控制黄瓜上的烟粉虱所取的防治效果。斯氏小盲绥螨取食烟粉虱的卵、成虫、若虫、伪蛹能完成世代并能正常产卵。在19—35℃范围内总产卵量25—41粒／雌,产雌率60％-62．68％。在（20±1）℃,（25±1）℃,（30±1）℃,（34±1）℃温度条件下斯氏小盲绥螨净增殖率（心）分别为12．6160、22．1021、17．4500、16．7463;内禀增长率（rm）分别为0．0865、0．1528、0．1535、0．1690。在大棚黄瓜上应用结果表明：释放斯氏小盲绥螨与目前大棚中的常规化学防治比较,生防区能有效地控制烟粉虱成虫、卵、若虫的种群数量增长。根据斯氏小盲绥螨和烟粉虱的生物学特性,结合大棚黄瓜栽培过程中的环境条件,笔者提出了在日光大棚中应用斯氏小盲绥螨控制黄瓜上烟粉虱的策略：在黄瓜生长的整个期间释放2—3次斯氏小盲绥螨,每20-25d释放1次,苗期每株释放20—25只,后期每株释放25～50只,才能达到预期效果。生防园每季减少农药使用次数5次。     

不同邻作作物对番茄田间烟粉虱种群动态的影响

为明确不同邻作模式下番茄田间烟粉虱的种群动态与空间分布格局,于云南省昆明市选取与西葫芦、黄瓜、玫瑰等作物邻作的番茄田及单作番茄田为研究样地,通过五点取样法进行调查,采用四分位法对不同作物邻作的番茄田间烟粉虱种群动态进行分析.结果表明:在烟粉虱的主要发生期,番茄单作田间烟粉虱种群数量最高,雌成虫达26.69头?叶-1,雄...     

江苏地区烟粉虱的越冬研究

通过室内模拟寒潮、越冬大棚内虫量观察,以及冬后田间调查,研究江苏地区烟粉虱的越冬状况。结果表明,在0℃以上的环境温度下,72 h内各虫态烟粉虱均不会造成急性致死,在-2℃的环境温度下,1 h内低龄若虫开始死亡,24 h后高龄若虫开始死亡,6 h后卵全部死亡。在-4℃的环境温度下,6 h后烟粉虱所有虫态均全部死亡。在单膜覆盖的大棚内,烟粉虱成虫在-2.5℃的寒潮下全部死亡,在双膜覆盖的大棚内,烟粉虱可以安全越冬。研究认为,在江苏地区,烟粉虱可以在日光温室或双膜覆盖的大棚内越冬,苏南部分地区可以在单膜覆盖的大棚内越冬。     

Influence of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea on Axinoscymnus cardilobus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under laboratory conditions

Effects of entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea on biological characteristics and life table parameters of Axinoscymnus cardilobus, a predator of whiteflies, were studied using five different conidial concentrations under laboratory conditions. Non-significant differences were observed among different fungal concentrations on the percent survival of all immature stages. The survival of A. cardilobus on different host plants did not differ significantly. The prey consumption of third instar A. cardilobus on Bemisia tabaci treated with different fungal concentrations differed significantly at different time intervals. The developmental periods for all immature stages (from eggs, first, second, third, fourth instar nymph and pupae up to emergence) among the treatments were not statistically significant when compared to that of control. In the present study, fecundity, longevity, egg viability and life table parameters of females were not statistically significant over the different concentrations. It can be concluded that control strategies tested are compatible to a greater extent and incorporation of these have promising prospects for control of whitefly.     

Characterisation of Isaria fumosorosea isolates and their virulence toward the Diamondback Moth,Plutella xylostella

Some morphological and physiological characteristics of an Isaria fumosorosea isolate with diminished virulence, IFCF01-D, and its parent isolate, IFCF01, were evaluated and laboratory bioassays were performed to assess their virulence against Plutella xylostella. The relationship among these traits and virulence against P. xylostella is discussed. There were no significant differences in conidial viability, spore production and the time required for 50% germination (GT₅₀). Spore viability after incubation for 24 h at 25°C was greater than 98% for both isolates tested. Spore production on potato dextrose agar after 14 days incubation at 25°C was 4.68 × 10⁸ and 4.59 × 10⁸ conidia/mL for IFCF01 and IFCF01-D, respectively. When exposed to high temperatures (40, 45, 50 or 55°C) through a water bath for 10 min, conidial germination ranged from 0.83% to 84.0% for IFCF01 and 0% to 86% for IFCF01-D. Germination rate showed a negative relationship with the exposure temperature for both isolates. The per cent germination of isolate IFCF01 24 h after ultraviolet (UV) radiation (18 W, 240–260 nm) varied from 0% to 92% and 0% to 81% for IFCF01-D. Germination rate and the exposure time exhibited a negative correlation for both isolates tested. Conidial surface hydrophobicity of IFCF01 (60%) was significantly higher than that of isolate IFCF01-D (53%). Subsequently, using the cicada exuviae as the substrate for enzymatic analysis, Pr1 and chitinase activity demonstrated the contrasting virulence traits: higher specific activities for the more virulent IFCF01 and lower enzymatic levels for isolate IFCF01-D.     

国内烟粉虱B生物型的分布及其控制措施研究

收集了国内 15个省 2 6个不同地区的烟粉虱种群 ,根据有关报道合成了一个随即引物H16 ,对不同地区的烟粉虱DNA进行了RAPD -PCR扩增 ,根据扩增结果分析了不同烟粉虱种群的生物型。结果表明 ,在以上不同省市和地区中 ,北京、山东等 11个省 19个地区都有烟粉虱B型的分布。以烟粉虱B型为防治对象 ,比较了使用高效氯氰菊酯、高效大功臣 2种化学农药 ,和应用桨角蚜小蜂、粉虱座壳孢 2种寄生性天敌 ,对黄瓜上烟粉虱种群的控制效果 ,结果表明在一个世代内 ,喷施高效大功臣 (10 0 0× ,1次 ) ,喷施粉虱座壳孢 (5× 10 6 个孢子 /ml,2次 ) ,和释放桨角蚜小蜂 (3头雌蜂 /株 ,2次 ) ,对烟粉虱种群的控制作用分别达到 78.2 1%、95 .74 %和 5 7.5 8% ,三者都可以对烟粉虱起到较好的防治效果。     

浙南地区烟粉虱发生新动态及其防治对策

长期以来,烟粉虱[Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）]在浙南地区仅是一种未被重视的次要害虫,但近几年该虫在本地区呈突发性暴发态势,危害严重。笔者就烟粉虱在浙南地区发生的新动态及其原因、综合防治措施等进行了调研和综述。     

放蜂密度对桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus sp.控制烟粉虱效果的影响

研究了不同放蜂密度对桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerussp .控制烟粉虱种群效果的影响。结果表明 ,按 1头、2头、3头、5头雌蜂 /株的密度释放桨角蚜小蜂 ,3周后烟粉虱种群的增长趋势指数分别为 2 4 .13、18.5 1、12 .4 1和 8.0 6 ,随着放蜂密度的增加 ,烟粉虱种群增长趋势指数逐渐减小 ,蚜小蜂寄生对烟粉虱种群增长的干扰作用控制指数分别为 0 .80 5 1、0 .6 176、0 .4 14 1和 0 .2 6 89。研究表明在生产中以 3头或 5头雌蜂 /株的密度释放桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerussp .,对烟粉虱种群的控制效果较好     

烟粉虱在温室内甘薯寄主上生物学特性的研究

对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)在温室内甘薯寄主上主要生物学特性的研究表明：烟粉氮成虫喜光、喜湿,晴朗高温时活动性强,但扩散飞行能力弱;多在白天交尾,多在中午产卵,具有强的惫鬃性．若虫一生脱皮3次,若虫(除一龄初期)固定生活。卵的孵化及成虫的羽化也多发生在中午。雌雄性比为1．628：1,成虫平均寿命14．25天,雌成虫平均寿命比雄成虫长6．9天,每雌平均产卵158．5粒。以两性生殖为主,也可孤雌生殖,两性生殖的产卵量及卵孵化率均高于孤雌生殖。     

不同品种黄瓜对B型烟粉虱羧酸酯酶活性的影响

采用酶标仪动力学法,比较研究了3个黄瓜品种对B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)羧酸酯酶比活力的影响。结果表明,不同品种黄瓜对B型烟粉虱羧酸酯酶活性具有明显的影响:取食四季秋瓜和22-94RZ的B型烟粉虱羧酸酯酶活性均较高,其比活力最低值分别为对照的1.07倍和1.27倍;取食Deltastar RZ的为最低,其羧酸酯酶比活力最低值仅为对照的0.56倍。取食不同品种黄瓜不同时间,B型烟粉虱羧酸酯酶比活力动态变化趋势不同:取食四季秋瓜、22-94RZ的B型烟粉虱,其羧酸酯酶比活力始终保持被激活状态;取食Deltastar RZ后则处于被抑制状态,但72h后恢复至起始水平,说明B型烟粉虱在Deltastar RZ上具有较强的恢复能力,适应性较好。研究表明羧酸酯酶在B型烟粉虱选择适应寄主过程中应该起着重要作用。     

茉莉酸诱导番茄对烟粉虱发育、存活与繁殖的影响

【背景】目前,烟粉虱已成为世界性的入侵害虫,对我国的农业生产造成了严重损失。由于烟粉虱抗药性增长迅速,以非化学防治为主的综合防治措施,成为控制烟粉虱的重要手段。近年来,茉莉酸作为与损伤相关的植物激素和信号分子,已被发现广泛存在于植物体内,外施茉莉酸可激活植物的防御系统,诱导其产生次生防御物质,从而影响包括烟粉虱在内的多种害虫的生长发育、繁殖与存活等。【方法】在温度（26±1）℃、相对湿度（75±5）％、光照L：D=14：10的条件下,通过在番茄根部和叶部外施茉莉酸,研究茉莉酸诱导的番茄上烟粉虱的生长发育和繁殖等生物学特性。【结果】在茉莉酸诱导的番茄上,烟粉虱的发育历期以叶部诱导（shootJA．induced,SJA）的番茄上最长,平均历期为27．3d,与对照组（control,CON）番茄上的25．7d和根部诱导（root JA-induced,RJA）番茄上的25．8d差异显著;在SJA和CON番茄上,烟粉虱的世代存活率分别为47．17％和55．57％,而在RJA番茄上烟粉虱的存活率为81．13％,后者与前两者差异达到显著水平;烟粉虱成虫在CON、RJA和SJA番茄上的平均寿命分别为25．1、23．6和18．7d,即在JA诱导的番茄上烟粉虱成虫的平均寿命明显缩短;在产卵量方面,对照番茄上发育的烟粉虱平均单雌产卵量最大,为132．8粒,SJA番茄上发育的烟粉虱平均单雌产卵量最小,为107．9粒,两者差异显著;RJA番茄上发育的烟粉虱平均单雌产卵量为118．1粒,与前两者无显著差异。【结论与意义】利用茉莉酸诱导番茄可对烟粉虱的发育、繁殖和存活产生不同程度的影响,且诱导部位不同产生的影响也有很大差异。本结果对探索烟粉虱等刺吸式害虫的防治新策略有一定的参考价值。