深水网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹血液指标

对深水网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)成鱼的部分血液性状和血清生化指标进行测定比较.结果显示,雌、雄成鱼红细胞数量(RBC)、白细胞数量(WBC)、血细胞比容(Ht)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)等血液性状不存在显著性差异.血清指标中雌、雄成鱼血糖(GLU)的含量分别为(10.24±1.25)mmol/L、(17.36±1.34)mmol/L,存在极显著差异;雌鱼血清中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、钾离子(K+)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)浓度大于雄鱼(P<0.05);雄鱼血清中肌酐(CREA)、钠离子(Na+)浓度大于雌鱼(P<0.05);尿酸(UA)、尿素氮(BUN)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、白蛋白/球蛋白(ALB/GLB)、钙离子(Ca2+)、氯离子(Cl-)、无机磷(PO43-)等指标,雌雄差异不显著.卵形鲳鲹部分生化指标存在雌雄差异,可能与个体的生理状况有关.结果可为卵形鲳鲹血液生理研究提供基础资料.     

The influence of dietary vitamin C and E supplementation on the physiological response of pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, in net culture

This study evaluated the efficacy of dietary vitamin C (ascorbic acid or AA), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol or alpha-T), and C+E supplementation on the blood parameters of Arapaima gigas grown in net cages for 45 days. Four treatments were tested: control (commercial feed); C800; E500 and C+E (800+500) with supplementation of 800 mg AA kg(-1), 500 mg alpha-T kg(-1) and 800+500 mg AA+alpha-T kg(-1), respectively. Hematocrit (Ht), red blood cells (RBC), and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) (oxidative status indicators), thrombocytes and leukocytes (immunological indicators), plasma protein and glucose were evaluated. Fish fed vitamin C and C+E supplemented diets showed greater weight gain and survival. Dietary vitamin C and C+E diet supplementation resulted in increased Ht, Hb, RBC, MCHC, total leukocytes, total proteins, thrombocytes and eosinophils compared to the control and alpha-T. The alpha-tocopherol-supplemented diet reduced the number of total thrombocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils and increased glucose and eosinophils relatively to the control. In general, leukocytes and thrombocytes were good indicators of the efficiency of vitamin on the defense mechanism of the A. gigas reared in cages. Results indicate that high alpha-T diet supplementation provides no benefit for the maintenance of the oxidative or the immunological status of A. gigas. However, it was demonstrated that high dietary AA improves A. gigas immunological status. Red blood cell indices and immune system indicators showed no synergistic effect between the vitamins after supplementing the A. gigas diet with alpha-T+AA.     

Seasonal changes in the haematological indices in peripheral blood of chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger L.)

Changes in nine haematological indices in adult female and male chinchilla were investigated over a period of 18 months. All haematological values were in the same range both for females and males, although seasonal fluctuations were more evident in the females. High levels of the red blood cells count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) during the winter months and low levels of these parameters during the summer months were found. The white blood cells count (WBC) and lymphocyte number (L) also decreased in summer, their values increasing during autumn and spring. The haematocrit values (Ht) and mean cell volumes (MCV) are high during the summer and low during the winter.     

Does breeding status influence haematology and blood biochemistry of yellow-legged gulls?

We compared the haematological and biochemical values within a population of yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis) in the Chafarinas Islands (Northern Africa), in non-breeding (February) and breeding (May) animals. We collected blood samples from 51 adults. We found that according to the haematological data, there was a significant variation in haemoglobin content, and a higher proportion of heterophils, thrombocytes, and Haemoproteus infection in breeding individuals with a lower level in basophils. Blood biochemistry showed a higher level in plasmatic proteins, calcium, phosphorus, thiobarbituric acidreactive substances and alkaline phosphatase as well as alanine aminotransferase activity in breeding animals while cholesterol and phospholipid levels showed a lower level. There was also a sexual difference in triglycerides, albumin, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and alkaline phosphatase activity. Hence, the haematological and blood chemistry values of yellow-legged gulls showed some differences between breeding and non-breeding individuals as well as between sexes.     

Experimental study of the organotropic properties of dactinomycin

Dactinomycin was studied pharmacologically on experimental animals. When dactinomycin was administered to the test-animals in doses close to the therapeutic ones for humans, suppression of the bone marrow blood formation was registered in spite of some increase in the number of the reticulocytes and thrombocytes in the peripheral blood and acceleration of the process of blood coagulation. In addition, the urea nitrogen blood levels increased. When the drug was administered in higher doses, suppression of the bone marrow blood formation was pronounced and the number of the leucocytes, reticulocytes and thrombocytes in the peripheral blood decreased. The rate of the blood coagulation decreased, while the biochemical values of the blood were indicative of impairement of the liver and kidney functions.     

军曹鱼血液指标及血细胞发生的观察

测定军曹鱼的血液指标,红细胞密度为2．69±0．86×106个/mm3,白细胞密度为1．50±0．09×104个/mm3;血 红蛋白含量为7．42±0．22g/L,红细胞渗透脆性为0．43±0．07g％,红细胞沉降速率为1．18±0．46mm/h。观察军曹鱼 外周血液涂片,可区分出红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞,但没有发现嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱 性粒细胞。在外周血液涂片观察中还发现了较多未成熟的红细胞和嗜中性粒细胞以及少量正在分裂的红细胞。 血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞在白细胞中所占比例分别为61．20±6．30％,16．60±3．28％,16．00± 3．61％和6．20±3．90％。对肝脏、脾脏、头肾和中肾等四种造血组织进行了涂片观察,军曹鱼的血细胞主要在头肾 和肾脏产生;脾脏是军曹鱼粒细胞发生的另一个场所,而肝脏也具有产生粒细胞和淋巴细胞的作用。       

Erythrocyte senescence and haematological changes induced by starvation in the neotropical fish traíra, Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes, Erythrinidae)

Adult specimens of traira (Hoplias malabaricus Bloch) were subjected to long-term starvation (30 to 240 days) and re-fed for 30 days after 90 and 240 days of food deprivation. Counting of immature erythrocytes in peripheral blood showed that erythropoiesis decreased significantly during the first 30 days of food deprivation. The results suggest that a process of senescence takes place in the pre-existent red blood cells and that the cells are not replaced during starvation. After 240 days of starvation, H. malabaricus had a significantly reduced number of red blood cells, causing changes in hematocrit and blood indices (mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration). Furthermore, during this period, the fish presented leukopenia (lymphocytopenia) and thrombocytopenia. After re-feeding, the number of leukocytes and thrombocytes recovered, but the red blood cell number remained reduced and there was a significant increase in abnormal red cell nuclei.     

Haematological observations on a hibernating tuatara,Sphenodon punctatus

Abstract

Quantitative and biochemical observations were made on the peripheral blood of a hibernating female tuatara. The packed red cell volume (haematocrit) was 30%. There were about 260 000 erythrocytes and 5000 leucocytes per mm³ blood. Lymphocytes and neutrophils were the predominant leucocytes, followed by monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Haemoglobin, plasma protein, glucose, sodium, potassium, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were determined. These haematological data are compared with data from the same animal obtained during the active summer period.     

Hematological and biochemical changes during a short triathlon competition in novice triathletes

Short-course 'sprint' triathlons have become popular in recent years, often as a precursor to the longer full-course triathlons. We undertook a study investigating the haematological and biochemical changes that occur in novice triathletes between the start and finish and after each of the three legs of a short sprint triathlon involving swimming, cycling and running. The changes that occurred in the triathlon included a significant (P less than 0.003) decrease in weight from 71.7 kg, SD 7.9 to 70.3 kg, SD 7.6. Throughout the time span of the triathlon, the white blood cell count increased significantly (P less than 0.001), as did the platelet count (P less than 0.005) and plateletcrit (P less than 0.001). There were no significant changes during the period of the race in any of the other haematological variables measured. The biochemical variables measured were glucose, triglycerides, sodium, potassium, calcium, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine and aspartate aminotransferase. Triglyceride, calcium and potassium values did not change between the pre- and post-race samplings. All other biochemical parameters showed a significant change (P less than 0.05 or better). Changes that occurred in the haematological and biochemical parameters between stages were many and varied. There was also a significant change in plasma volume during the swimming event (P less than 0.001), but this returned to normal during the later stages of the triathlon. In conclusion the changes that occurred during the triathlon were many and were similar to those reported elsewhere in the literature for longer events.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Age-related changes in the haematology of female F344 rats

As little comprehensive baseline data are available on age-related haematological changes in genetically-defined rat strains, the haematology of female F344 rats is described in animals sampled at 2, 4, 8, 20, 66 and 121 weeks of age. Values for Hb, RBC and PCV increased from 2 weeks of age to reach adult levels at 8 weeks, whereas MCV, MCH and reticulocyte counts were high initially but decreased to reach the adult range at 8 weeks. Between 66 and 121 weeks, reticulocyte counts were significantly increased and values for MCHC significantly decreased. Lymphocytes were the predominant white cell type in each age group. The absolute numbers of neutrophils and lymphocytes showed slight variations between 2 and 66 weeks and both cell types increased significantly between 66 and 121 weeks. Platelet counts showed no overall age-related trends. Fibrinogen values increased from 2 weeks of age to reach the adult level at 8 weeks. One animal of the 14 sampled at 121 weeks showed changes in the blood, liver and spleen consistent with a diagnosis of lymphoid leukaemia.     

猴免疫缺陷病毒（SIV）感染恒河猴血液学和血液生化的动态变化

目的探讨SIVmac239感染中国恒河猴的血液学和血清生物化学的变化,研究艾滋病的发生机制。方法 20只恒河猴感染SIVmac239后分别在感染前和感染后2、6、9、12、15和18个月在猴空腹状态用盐酸氯胺酮麻醉下静脉釆血。抗凝血用全自动血液细胞分析仪检测血液常规,血清用全自动生化分析仪检测生化指标。结果SIV感染猴红白细胞计数呈逐渐的减少。淋巴细胞计数有较明显减/增的波动。血清酶类ALT和AST没有明显的上升,但在15月时均有所下降P〈0.05～P〈0.01。LDH持续降低,原因未明。CK则逐月上升,至12月时达高峰,后又有所下降。血尿素氮逐月上升,并在6～18个月时P〈0.01。总蛋白量上升,白蛋白逐月降低,球蛋白升高,白蛋白/球蛋白比率倒置。SIV感染猴2个月后总胆固醇、甘油三脂、低密度脂蛋白和高密度脂蛋白均呈上升,至12月时略有下降,但到18月又上升。血糖（GLU）在SIV感染后逐月上升,后期上升更为明显,这可能与胰岛的损害有关。结论 SIVmac239感染猴后,通过SIV侵入相关的器官病变和体液调节失衡导致血液学和血液生物化学产生异常,从而提供有关猴艾滋病的一些基础资料,这将对研究人的艾滋病也许有所帮助。     

Mechanisms of the haematological changes induced by hyperventilation

During voluntary hyperventilation an increase in the lymphocyte and thrombocyte counts occurs, paralleled by an increase in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine. All these changes are rapidly reversible after hyperventilation and are followed by an increase in the neutrophil granulocyte count. The pathophysiological mechanisms of these changes were investigated by comparison of the hyperventilation-induced changes of the blood picture in 11 normal, 9 splenectomized and 12 beta-blocked volunteers. Splenectomy did not affect the hyperventilation-induced mobilization of lymphocytes and neutrophils but totally suppressed the change in the thrombocyte count. beta-blockade by 80 mg propranolol did not suppress the hyperventilation-induced increase in neutrophils. It reduced the absolute increase of lymphocytes and thrombocytes by half, but it also increased the baseline counts of these cells. The study shows that hyperventilation mobilizes thrombocytes from the spleen but not from extralienal pools, and that lymphocytes and neutrophils are mobilized from extralienal pools. Whereas neutrophil mobilization is not suppressed by beta-blockade, the reduction of hyperventilation-induced mobilization of lymphocytes and thrombocytes may be due to a reduction in the size of the mobilizable cell pools, and therefore cannot be interpreted as a sure indication that adrenergic mechanisms are involved in their hyperventilation-induced mobilization.     

Effect of hormones and pharmacological drugs on the blood of Anabas testudineus (Bloch).

Effect of different gonadal steroids, hydrocortisone, catecholamines and antithyroidal agent on certain haematological parameters in an air breathing fish, Anabas testudineus (Bloch) commonly known as climbing perch, have been made. The treatment of hydrocortisone, adrenaline, noradrenaline and testosterone brings about a significant increase in RBC counts (polycythemia), Hb content and PCV values as compared to control which were subjected to the treatment of normal saline. Males were more susceptible to the treatment of hydrocortisone, catecholamines than females. Ovocyclin, Duogynon forte and Fertyl treatments bring about anaemia in this fish, i.e. a decrease in RBC number, Hb content and PCV was clearly marked out. Females were more susceptible to Fertyl than males. Lutocyclin failed to bring any significant changes in these blood parameters. Though the treatment of thiouracil could not bring about significant changes in different blood parameters, a tendency of increase in RBC counts, Hb content and PCV was observed. The absolute values for different blood parameters have also been calculated. Possible reason and the mechanism of such changes in different blood parameters are discussed in detail.     

Hematological and serum biochemical reference intervals of rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss cultured in Himalayan aquaculture: Morphology,morphometrics and quantification of peripheral blood cells

De novo reference intervals (RIs) for a total of thirty two hematological and serum biochemical attributes were established for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cultured in Himalayan aquaculture system. For this purpose, long term assessment of hemato-biochemical parameters was carried over a period of one year from March 2019 to February 2020 and a total of 444 blood samples were analysed. Blood examination results were recorded systematically and reference intervals were established, notably for erythrocyte parameters: hematocrit (Hct) 29–40%, hemoglobin 8.32–12.28 g/dL, red blood cell (RBC) count 1.01–2.04 (×10⁶/mm3); leukocyte parameters (x 10³/mm3): total leukocytes 31.32–90.60, neutrophils 4.21–18.85, total lymphocytes 20.55–63.63, small lymphocytes 14.86–46.50, large lymphocytes 6.35–22.34 and monocytes 1.22–7.56; thrombocyte count 23.00–68.00 (×10⁶/mm3). RIs were also established for red blood cell indices, vital serum constituents involved in carbohydrate, protein, lipid and nitrogen metabolism including the less known, diagnostically important, serum enzymes and electrolyte concentrations. Principal component analysis revealed that certain serum components were more efficient at distinguishing between the life stages (juvenile, adult) of fish by explaining about 92.7% of variation in the whole dataset compared to the principal hematological components which explained only about 80% of the variation. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were noted for RBC count, total leukocyte count (TLC), total protein, total cholesterol and uric acid with respect to the sex of fish. Moreover, clearly differentiable morphometric and morphological attributes were also noticed among erythrocytes, leukocytes (lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes) and thrombocytes. To our knowledge, the present study is the first of its kind that elucidates blood chemistry of cultured rainbow trout, O. mykiss in accordance to the guidelines framed by the American society of veterinary clinical pathologists (ASVCP). RIs reported here can help monitor the fish health status by improving the use of non-lethal diagnostics in piscine medicine.     

Haematological and blood biochemical studies in female domesticated Indian elephants (Elaphas maximus L.)

1. Some haematological and biochemical blood parameters in female Indian elephants were investigated. 2. Haematological data were as follows: Ht = 39.2 +/- 2.36%, Hb = 10.1 +/- 0.54 g%, RBC = 2.66 +/- 0.32 x 10(6)/mm3, WBC = 5.43 +/- 0.48 x 10(3)/mm3. Lymphocytes, determined on blood smears were mainly leucocytes from (67.0 +/- 1.59%). Data for MCV, MCH and MCHC are also given. 3. Blood plasma was separated into 5 main fractions, total plasma protein concentration was 6.98 +/- 0.53 g%, A/G ratio was 0.69 +/- 0.1. 4. Plasma minerals concentration was as follows: Na, 3044 +/- 194 micrograms/ml; K, 529 +/- 38.5 micrograms/ml; Mg, 33.0 +/- 3.43 micrograms/ml; Ca, 181.0 +/- 17.8 micrograms/ml; InP, 44.6 +/- 6.1 micrograms/ml. Ca: P ratio was 3.25 +/- 0.34. 5. Some seasonal differences in investigated parameters were observed. Ht values, WBC and neutrophils number as well as Ca, and Mg concentrations were higher during winter, whereas RBC and Na and InP concentrations were lower in winter.     

Age-related changes in hematological and serum biochemical values in cats]

Nineteen hematological and serum biochemical values were analyzed for 91 healthy cats of both sexes (aged 1 to 48 months) that were bred and reared in our laboratory. Age-related changes were found for many parameters. Red blood cell counts (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), Mean corpuscular constants, GPT, total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) initially were low but increased then stabilized. White blood cell counts (WBC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), inorganic phosphorus (Pi), total bilirubin (TBil), total cholesterol (TC), glucose (GLU), and triglyceride (TG) initially were high, but decreased then stabilized. No age-related changes were found for GOT, blood urea nitrogen, or calcium. Of the parameters that changed with age, the mean corpuscular constants, GPT, GLU, and TG became stabilized during the first 3 to 4 months of life, but others (RBC, Hb, Ht, TP, ALB) became stabilized after 9 to 11 months, during which period body weight reached a plateau. Some parameters (WBC, ALP, TG, Pi) showed change up to 18 months of age. These results suggest that cats 9 to 11 months old can be regarded as adults; but for some parameters, cats aged 18 months, or older, are better regarded as adults. Sex-related differences in the values for mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and WBC that were found after 11 months of age were higher in females. ALB was higher in males.     

Haematological and serum biochemical reference values of snow trout,Schizothorax labiatus habiting in river Sindh of Indian Himalayan region

Haematological and serum biochemical parameters are a valuable tool in determining the wellbeing status of different fish species and response in close association to various biological and environmental factors, therefore the aim of the present study was to establish sex-wise reference values of haemato-biochemical parameters of S. labiatus. The haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, total erythrocyte count (RBC), total leucocyte count (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and serum biochemical parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, urea, total protein, albumin and globulin were analysed. The results revealed that the haematological parameters, i.e., Hb, RBC, WBC and PCV showed significant (P < 0.05) differences with respect to sex. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher values of Hb content (11.18 g dl⁻¹), RBC count (1.88 × 10⁶ mm⁻³) and PCV (36.15%) were noted in male fish than females throughout the study period, while significantly (P < 0.05) higher WBC count was noted in females (20.38 × 10³ mm⁻³) compared to males. However, no significant (P > 0.05) difference was observed in erythrocyte indices like MCH, MCHC and MCV between sexes. The serum biochemical parameters, i.e., glucose, cholesterol and urea, also showed significant (P < 0.05) difference between the sexes, but no significant (P > 0.05) difference was noticed in total protein, albumin and globulin. Significantly (P < 0.05) highest values of glucose (116.76 mg dl⁻¹) and urea (9.01 mg dl⁻¹) were recorded in male S. labiatus, while highest value of cholesterol (223.53 mg dl⁻¹) was noted in females. The information generated in the present study gives the basic reference values of haematological and serum biochemical parameters of S. labiatus which will be useful in monitoring the wellbeing status of fish populations. Moreover, the data will also be helpful to ascertain the occurrence of different clinical and subclinical diseases, which may in turn help to boost the overall production of this species.     

The effect of temperature on non-specific defence parameters of three strains of juvenile Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)

The effect of temperature (8, 12, 15 and 18 degrees C) on a variety of non-specific defence and haematological parameters was examined in three geographically distinct reared strains (Canadian, Icelandic, Norwegian) of Atlantic halibut. The results indicate that temperature exerts a considerable influence on some blood parameters (packed cell volume and the percentage population of leucocytes in peripheral blood) and on some humoral parameters (serum lysozyme activity and serum protein levels) of halibut. A high temperature of 18 degrees C caused a decrease in the number of circulating blood cells and an increase in serum lysozyme levels; effects consistent with those reported within the literature for stress. The different strains of halibut exhibited differing responses with respect to differential counts of peripheral blood lymphocytes and thrombocytes, and to serum protein concentrations, serum lysozyme activity, serum iron content, unsaturated iron binding capacity of serum and O2- production by kidney macrophages.     

Depression,changes in peripheral blood cell count,and changes in selected biochemical parameters related to lead concentration in whole blood (Pb-B) of women in the menopausal period

The aimThe aim of this study was to assess the severity of depression, vasomotor symptoms, changes in peripheral blood cell count, and selected biochemical parameters in relation to the concentration of lead in whole blood of women in the perimenopausal period.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 233 women from the general population of the West Pomeranian Province (Poland) in age between 44–65 years. The intensity of menopausal symptoms was examined using the Blatt-Kupperman Index, and the severity of depression using the Beck Depression Inventory. The following biochemical data were evaluated: concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, HDL, C-reactive protein, glycated haemoglobin, cortisol, insulin, blood cell count, and lead concentration in whole blood (Pb-B).ResultsA whole blood Pb concentration below 5 μg/dl was found in 55 subjects (23.61 %), in 142 women (60.94 %) it ranged from 5 to 10 μg/dl, while in 36 women (15.45 %) was higher than 10 μg/dl. There was a strong positive correlation between Pb concentration in the blood of the examined women and the severity of depressive symptoms (Rs=+0.60, p = 0.001). The lowest mean values for total leukocytes (5.07 ± 1.22 thousand/μl) and neutrophils (2.76 ± 0.86 thousand/μl) were found in women with Pb concentration above 10 μg/dl (p < 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between the number of total leukocytes (r=-0.45, p = 0.002) and neutrophils (r=-0.50, p = 0.001) and blood Pb concentration. Analysis showed statistically significant differences in glucose concentration (p < 0.05) between groups. Blood glucose was higher in women with Pb-B <5 and between 5−10 μg/dl than in women with Pb-B >10 μg/dl.ConclusionExposure to Pb may be a factor playing a significant role in the development of depressive symptoms in menopausal women. It may also be associated with glucose metabolism disorders and immunosuppression in women during this period of life.     

Normal hematological indices, blood chemistry and histology and ultrastructure of pancreatic islets in the wild Indian bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata radiata)

The present study is aimed at determining some haematological and biochemical parameters in the wild Indian bonnet monkeys as also the microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of their pancreatic islets. Adult wild Indian bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata radiata) of both sexes weighing between 2.5 and 4 kg were used in these experiments. Their platelet, reticulocyte and total leukocyte counts and the blood concentrations of hemoglobin and plasma proteins and the serum concentrations of aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase and calcium are similar to the values reported for M. mulatta. Plasma glucose is lower when compared with reported values of M. mulatta and M. fascicularis. Insulin levels are comparable with those of M. mulatta and M. nigra. Histology of islets is similar to that of humans. Ovoid cell collections of islet cells are scattered throughout the pancreas. Ultrastructure of A, B and D cells is similar to humans. These findings suggest that this relatively underutilized macaques may be a suitable model for biomedical research.