头细蛾专性授粉体系中区域性共生多样化研究

头细蛾属昆虫与叶下珠科植物互利共生体系中头细蛾复合体的区域性物种组成的具体情况是互利共生多样性研究模型选取的重要参考指标。本研究通过对全世界头细蛾属昆虫与叶下珠科植物协同进化体系中非一对一互利共生关系进行系统的整理,并对小果叶下珠Phyllanthus microcarpus、黑面神Breynia fruticosa、圆果算盘子Glochidion sphaerogynum、革叶算盘子Glochidion daltonii 4种植物相关的互利共生模式在不同分布区头细蛾物种成分以及种群动态进行研究。结果显示:在广西小果叶下珠居群上共生3种头细蛾,这3种头细蛾在同年的第一个世代只出现2种,在云南和海南小果叶下珠上全年只发现2种,而在广州目前饲养的头细蛾成虫更是仅有叔头细蛾1种;革叶算盘子在云南和四川有2种共生头细蛾,而在广西和海南均仅有1种;在海南和厦门黑面神与喙果黑面神共享2种头细蛾,而在广西和广东黑面神上仅发现1种头细蛾;圆果算盘子是目前发现共生头细蛾物种最复杂的寄主植物,在海南记载有4种头细蛾,但在云南圆果算盘子上仅发现优头细蛾1种。4种寄主植物相关的互利共生体系中头细蛾物种组成在不同的分布地均发生了不同程度的区域性共生多样化,甚至在同一地区的不同世代之间也存在着头细蛾物种数量的变化,这对于深入理解具有互利共生关系的物种间协同进化多样性形成机制具有重要的意义。     

中国头细蛾属昆虫(鳞翅目,细蛾科)与大戟科植物互利共生关系研究进展

细蛾科头细蛾属昆虫与大戟科算盘子属、叶下珠属和黑面神属植物互利共生关系的发现为研究昆虫与植物协同演化过程提供了一个全新的模式。目前,国内对头细蛾与大戟科植物的互利共生关系了解和研究都很少。本文介绍了头细蛾的分类、生物学和形态适应;大戟科相关5属植物(算盘子属、叶下珠属、黑面神属、白饭树属和守宫木属)的生物地理学,开花生物学,花的结构与传粉系统的关系;寄主植物与传粉者的对应关系;互利共生关系的维持机制等。研究表明中国有丰富的头细蛾与大戟科植物资源,开展其互利共生关系的研究有重要科学意义。很多新的、复杂的头细蛾与大戟科植物的生态关系和大量的头细蛾种类有待我们去发现和研究。     

叶下珠头细蛾与小果叶下珠互利共生的研究--生物学及系统稳定性

【目的】为了确定小果叶下珠 Phyllanthus microcarpus 与叶下珠头细蛾 Epicephala sp.之间专性互利共生系统稳定性的增强是否主要通过彼此之间相互遏制对方对自身进行过度开采。【方法】通过对小果叶下珠上共生的叶下珠头细蛾形态及生物学的研究,记述了叶下珠头细蛾专性寄生寄主植物时的行为特性及共生双方利益得失。【结果】叶下珠头细蛾在广西一年两代,成虫的羽化数量与寄主植物雌雄花总数峰值变化同步;幼虫对小果叶下珠果实的寄生率为96%,单个果实内幼虫寄生数量＞1,但平均每个果实内被取食的种子为56.9%,叶下珠头细蛾低龄幼虫相对较高的死亡率限制了其对寄主种子的过度取食;果实内种子的适度保留和低龄幼虫的高死亡率是小果叶下珠-叶下珠头细蛾互利共生体系维持稳定的关键因素。【结论】小果叶下珠的表型性状出现了趋异性进化,叶下珠头细蛾与不同表型的小果叶下珠均有互利共生关系。因此,对叶下珠头细蛾形态及生物学进行详细研究有助于深入了解小果叶下珠与头细蛾共生体系物种组成多样性及进化生物学,并为探讨大戟科植物同头细蛾属昆虫协同互利共生多样性形成原因提供依据。     

叶下珠头细蛾与小果叶下珠互利共生的研究——生物学及系统稳定性

【目的】为了确定小果叶下珠Phyllanthus microcarpus与叶下珠头细蛾Epicephala sp.之间专性互利共生系统稳定性的增强是否主要通过彼此之间相互遏制对方对自身进行过度开采。【方法】通过对小果叶下珠上共生的叶下珠头细蛾形态及生物学的研究,记述了叶下珠头细蛾专性寄生寄主植物时的行为特性及共生双方利益得失。【结果】叶下珠头细蛾在广西一年两代,成虫的羽化数量与寄主植物雌雄花总数峰值变化同步;幼虫对小果叶下珠果实的寄生率为96%,单个果实内幼虫寄生数量1,但平均每个果实内被取食的种子为56.9%,叶下珠头细蛾低龄幼虫相对较高的死亡率限制了其对寄主种子的过度取食;果实内种子的适度保留和低龄幼虫的高死亡率是小果叶下珠-叶下珠头细蛾互利共生体系维持稳定的关键因素。【结论】小果叶下珠的表型性状出现了趋异性进化,叶下珠头细蛾与不同表型的小果叶下珠均有互利共生关系。因此,对叶下珠头细蛾形态及生物学进行详细研究有助于深入了解小果叶下珠与头细蛾共生体系物种组成多样性及进化生物学,并为探讨大戟科植物同头细蛾属昆虫协同互利共生多样性形成原因提供依据。     

细蛾科中国新记录属——翼细蛾属及其三新记录种记述

首次报道了翼细蛾属Micrurapteryx Spuler在中国的分布,同时记述了该属3新记录种:翘须翼细蛾M.fumosella Kuznetzov＆Tristan、白头翼细蛾M.gradatella(HerrichSch(a)ffer)和短须翼细蛾M.sophorivora Kuznetzov＆Tristan.文中...     

异瓣细蛾属在中国首次报道及一新种记述(鳞翅目,细蛾科,细蛾亚科)(英文)

异瓣细蛾属Dextellia Triberti建立于1986年,已知1种,即模式种.本文首次报道该属在中国的分布,并记述1新种和1新纪录种.模式标本保存在南开大学生命科学学院昆虫标本室.     

中国细蛾科一新记录属及新记录种记述(鳞翅目:细蛾科)

记述中国细蛾科Gmcillariidae 1新记录属及新记录种:基及细蛾Dialectica geometra(Meyrick,1916);并提供了成虫及雌雄的外生殖器图片和DNA条形码序列.所有标本均由潜叶危害基及树Carmona microphylla的幼虫饲养所得.研究标本保存于湖南农业大学和珠海出入境检验检疫局植物检疫实验室.     

细蛾科中国三新纪录属及四新纪录种记述(昆虫纲,鳞翅目)

首次报道栉细蛾属Artifodina Kumata、圆细蛾属Borboryctis Kumata&Kuroko及毛冠细蛾属Liocrobyla Meyrick在中国的分布,并记述4新纪录种:细纹栉细蛾Artifodina strigulata Kumata、圆细蛾Borboryctis euryae Kumata&Kuroko、黑点圆细蛾B.triplaca(Meyrick)及瓶瓣毛冠细蛾Liocrobyla desmodiella Kuroko;首次报道了黑点圆细蛾的雌性个体。文中提供了各新纪录种的成虫和外生殖器特征图。     

小叶黑面神与小叶头细蛾互惠共生系统的种群调控机制(英文)

【目的】探索小叶黑面神Breynia vitis-idaea对小叶头细蛾Epicephala vitisidaea种群数量的调控机制。【方法】跟踪记录小叶黑面神物候及头细蛾的生物学。解剖在小叶黑面神上访花头细蛾的外生殖器,鉴定头细蛾种类。对不同时期小叶黑面神有梗和无梗的果实进行解剖,统计果实内幼虫数量、果实表面孔的数量以及果实表面产卵疤数量,计算头细蛾幼虫存活率。统计不同时期小叶黑面神有梗和无梗的果实的比例。【结果】在福建厦门小叶黑面神每年有5个花果期,相应地,为小叶黑面神传粉的头细蛾每年有5个生活世代。通过解剖,该种头细蛾被鉴定为小叶头细蛾。一头小叶头细蛾幼虫需要消耗2~4粒种子才能发育成熟。小叶黑面神有两种不同形态的果实:有梗和无梗。头细蛾幼虫在无梗果实内的存活率明显高于有梗果实,并且晚秋时期头细蛾幼虫的存活率要高于夏季。小叶黑面神无梗果实的比例在晚秋(82.04%)要高于夏季(31.53%)。【结论】本研究揭示了维持互利共生体系稳定的机制。小叶黑面神能够通过果实基部果梗的有无来调节小叶头细蛾幼虫的存活率。小叶黑面神通过季节性的调节有梗果实的比率,既有效避免了夏季种子被过度消耗的风险,又提高了头细蛾在冬季的存活率。小叶黑面神这种自身调控机制对维持小叶黑面神与小叶头细蛾互惠共生系统的稳定性起到了至关重要的作用。     

三室算盘子寄主上弯头细蛾的生物学特性及花气味成分分析

【目的】为了从生物学和化学生态学角度探讨弯头细蛾Epicephala ancylopa和寄主三室算盘子Glochidion sp.间专性传粉的互利共生关系稳定性。【方法】本研究在野外观察和室内实验的基础上,对专性传粉育幼互利共生体系中三室算盘子、弯头细蛾生物学特性进行详细研究,探究互利共生双方利益得失;用动态顶空吸附法分别收集三室算盘子雄花和雌花气味物质,运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析并鉴定其有效成分,用峰面积归一化与内标法定性定量;最后通过主成分分析法比较雄花和雌花之间气味化学成分的差异性。【结果】弯头细蛾在云南省普洱太阳河国家森林公园每年有1个世代,成虫和幼虫的活动时间分别在3-4月和8-10月。三室算盘子结实率为44.20%,被蛀食率为69.94%,平均每头幼虫消耗2.55枚种子来满足自身生长发育,寄主植物留有83.06%完好的种子,以维持互利共生关系的稳定。三室算盘子雌雄花气味中共鉴定出24种挥发物,主要以单萜类和倍半萜类物质为主,其中(Z)-罗勒烯和β-榄香烯两种萜类物质含量最高(分别为47.11%和22.72%),推测其是吸引弯头细蛾传粉的主要气味成分;雄花和雌花之间气味化学成分存在明显的差异,具有两性异型性。【结论】弯头细蛾通过以卵越夏和以蛹越冬对策,实现成虫发生期与三室算盘子花期的精准匹配。弯头细蛾成虫白天静伏,傍晚开始活动,三室算盘子花的气味物质也只在晚上才明显释放,且雌雄花气味化学成分的两性异型性有利于弯头细蛾辨别雌雄花,以完成采集花粉与传粉行为。该研究结果为头细蛾属昆虫与算盘子属植物专性传粉互利共生关系稳定性的维持机制提供了新的依据,也为深入开展通过触角电生理检测和生物行为实验来筛选吸引传粉头细蛾的活性物质提供了理论依据。     

Assessment of the diversity and species specificity of the mutualistic association between Epicephala moths and Glochidion trees

The obligate mutualisms between flowering plants and their seed-parasitic pollinators constitute fascinating examples of interspecific mutualisms, which are often characterized by high levels of species diversity and reciprocal species specificity. The diversification in these mutualisms has been thought to occur through simultaneous speciation of the partners, mediated by tight reciprocal adaptation; however, recent studies cast doubt over this general view. In this study, we examine the diversity and species specificity of Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae) that pollinate Glochidion trees (Phyllanthaceae), using analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of Epicephala moths associated with five Glochidion species in Japan and Taiwan reveal six genetically isolated species that are also distinguishable by male genital morphology: (i) two species specific to single host species (G. acuminatum and G. zeylanicum, respectively); (ii) two species that coexist on G. lanceolatum; and (iii) two species that share two, closely-related parapatric hosts (G. obovatum and G. rubrum). Statistical analysis shows that the two species associated with G. lanceolatum are not sister species, indicating the colonization of novel Glochidion host in at least one lineage. Behavioural observations suggest that all six species possess the actively-pollinating habit, thus none of the studied species has become a nonmutualistic 'cheater' that exploits the benefit resulting from pollination by other species. Our results parallel recent findings in ecologically similar associations, namely the fig-fig wasp and yucca-yucca moth mutualisms, and contribute to a more general understanding of the factors that determine ecological and evolutionary outcomes in these mutualisms.     

Distinguishing coevolution from covicariance in an obligate pollination mutualism: asynchronous divergence in Joshua tree and its pollinators

Obligate pollination mutualisms--in which both plants and their pollinators are reliant upon one another for reproduction--represent some of the most remarkable coevolutionary interactions in the natural world. The intimacy and specificity of these interactions have led to the prediction that the plants and their pollinators may be prone to cospeciation driven by coevolution. Several studies have identified patterns of phylogenetic congruence that are consistent with this prediction, but it is difficult to determine the evolutionary process that underlies these patterns. Phylogenetic congruence might also be produced by extrinsic factors, such as a shared biogeographic history. We examine the biogeographic history of a putative case of codivergence in the obligate pollination mutualism between Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia) and two sister species of pollinating yucca moths (Tegeticula spp.) We employ molecular phylogenetic methods and coalescent-based approaches, in combination with relaxed-clock estimates of absolute rates of molecular evolution, to analyze multi-locus sequence data from more than 30 populations of Y. brevifolia and its pollinators. The results indicate that the moth species diverged significantly (p < 0.01) more recently than their corresponding host populations, suggesting that the apparent codivergence is not an artifact of a shared biogeographic history.     

Absence of population-level phenotype matching in an obligate pollination mutualism

Coevolution is thought to promote evolutionary change between demes that ultimately results in speciation. If this is the case, then we should expect to see similar patterns of trait matching and phenotypic divergence between populations and between species in model systems for coevolution. As measures of divergence are frequently only available at one scale (population level or taxon level), this contention is rarely tested directly. Here, we use the case of co-divergence between different varieties of Joshua tree Yucca brevifolia (Agavaceae) and their obligate pollinators, two yucca moths (Tegeticula spp. Prodoxidae), to test for trait matching between taxa and among populations. Using model selection, we show that there is trait matching between mutualists at the taxon level, but once we account for differences between taxa, there is no indication of trait matching in local populations. This result differs from similar studies in other coevolving systems. We hypothesize that this discrepancy arises because coevolution in obligate mutualisms favours divergence less strongly than coevolution in other systems, such as host–parasite interactions.     

Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae)

The landmark discovery of obligate pollination mutualism between Glochidion plants and Epicephala moths has sparked increased interest in the pollination systems of Phyllantheae plants. In this paper I review current information on the natural history and evolutionary history of obligate pollination mutualism in Phyllantheae. Currently, an estimated >500 species are mutualistic with Epicephala moths that actively pollinate flowers and whose progeny feed on the resulting seeds. The Phyllantheae also includes species that are not mutualistic with Epicephala moths and are instead pollinated by bees and/or flies or ants. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the mutualism evolved independently five times within Phyllantheae, whereas active pollination behavior, a key innovation in this mutualism, evolved once in Epicephala . Reversal of mutualism has occurred at least once in both partner lineages, involving a Breynia species that evolved an alternative pollination system and a derived clade of Epicephala that colonized ant-pollinated Phyllantheae hosts and thereby lost the pollinating habit. The plant–moth association is highly species specific, although a strict one-to-one assumption is not perfectly met. A comparison of plant and moth phylogenies suggests signs of parallel speciation, but partner switches have occurred repeatedly at a range of taxonomic levels. Overall, the remarkable species diversity and multiple originations of the mutualism provide excellent opportunities to address many important questions on mutualism and the coevolutionary process. Although research on the biology of the mutualism is still in its infancy, the Phyllantheae– Epicephala association holds promise as a new model system in ecology and evolutionary biology.     

Diversity and species-specificity of brood pollination of leafflower trees (Phyllanthaceae: Glochidion) by leafflower moths (Lepidoptera: Epicephala) in tropical Southeast Asia (Cambodia)

Glochidion (Phyllanthaceae; leafflower trees) is a genus of trees which is widely reported to be pollinated by leafflower moths (Gracillariidae: Epicephala) in temperate and subtropical Asia, Australia, and the Pacific islands. However, the pollination ecology of Glochidion is not well described from tropical Asia, the region where it is most species-rich at both local (≤9 spp.) and regional (~200 spp.) scales. Here we report investigations of pollination biology and species-specificity of five Glochidion species in tropical Southeast Asia (Cambodia). Through nocturnal observations and fruit dissections, we find that at least three and likely five Glochidion species in Cambodia are pollinated by seed-parasitic leafflower moths. We find no evidence that any of these leafflower moths are non-mutualistic parasites, despite known examples of such parasites of this mutualism elsewhere in Asia. While the presence of a single larva in a fruit results in only a fraction of seeds being consumed, the presence of more than one larva per fruit—a frequent occurrence in some species—can result in almost all seeds within the fruit being infested. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis indicates that there are five different minimally monophyletic leafflower moth clades, each of which pollinates a unique Glochidion host species. Our results indicate that in its center of diversity in tropical Asia this system is an obligate pollination mutualism as previously described at the global margins of its distribution. These findings provide insights into the processes that generate and maintain biodiversity and maintain mutualism stability in plant–insect interactions in this biodiversity hotspot.     

Obligate pollination mutualism in Breynia (Phyllanthaceae): further documentation of pollination mutualism involving Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae)

This paper reports obligate seed-parasitic pollination mutualisms in Breynia vitis-idea and B. fruticosa (Phyllanthaceae). The genus Breynia is closely related to Glochidion and Gomphidium (a subgenus of Phyllanthus), in which pollination by species-specific, seed-parasitic Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae) have been previously reported. At night, female Epicephala moths carrying numerous pollen grains on their proboscises visited female flowers of B. vitis-idea, actively pollinated flowers, and each subsequently laid an egg. Examination of field-collected flowers indicated that pollinated flowers of B. vitis-idea and B. fruticosa almost invariably had Epicephala eggs, suggesting that these moths are the primary pollinators of the two species. Single Epicephala larvae consumed a fraction of seeds within developing fruit in B. vitis-idea and all seeds in B. fruticosa. However, some of the fruits were left untouched, and many of these had indication of moth oviposition, suggesting that egg/larval mortality of Epicephala moths is an important factor assuring seed set in these plants. The overall similarity of the specialized floral structure among Breynia species may indicate that this pollination system is fairly widespread within the genus.     

Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in New Caledonian Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae)

About half a dozen obligate pollination mutualisms between plants and their seed-consuming pollinators are currently recognized, including fig-fig wasp, yucca-yucca moth, and the recently discovered Glochidion tree-Epicephala moth mutualisms. A common principle among these interactions is that the pollinators consume only a limited amount of the seed crop within a developing fruit (or fig in the case of fig-fig wasp mutualism), thereby ensuring a net benefit to plant reproduction. A novel obligate, seed-parasitic pollination mutualism between two species of New Caledonian Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae), a close relative of Glochidion, and Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae) is an exception to this principle. The highly specialized flowers of Phyllanthus are actively and exclusively pollinated by species-specific Epicephala moths, whose larvae consume all six ovules of the developing fruit. Some flowers pollinated by the moths remain untouched, and thus a fraction of the fruits is left intact. Additional evidence for a similar association of Epicephala moths in other Phyllanthus species suggests that this interaction is a coevolved, species-specific pollination mutualism. Implications for the evolutionary stability of the system, as well as differences in mode of interaction with respect to the Glochidion-Epicephala mutualism, are discussed.     

Pedilanthus diazlunanus (Euphorbiaceae): pollination by hymenopterans in a bird-pollinated genus

Pollination in the genus Pedilanthus is commonly effected by hummingbirds. Pollination by vespid wasps in Pedilanthus is documented for the first time based on observations of Pachodynerus nasidens and Eumenes americanus pollinating Pedilanthus diazlunanus. An hypothesis concerning the mechanism by which hummingbird pollination was replaced by insect pollination in Pedilanthus is advanced based on observations of insects on P. bracteatus.