The genetic structure of domestic rabbits

Understanding the genetic structure of domestic species provides a window into the process of domestication and motivates the design of studies aimed at making links between genotype and phenotype. Rabbits exhibit exceptional phenotypic diversity, are of great commercial value, and serve as important animal models in biomedical research. Here, we provide the first comprehensive survey of nucleotide polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium (LD) within and among rabbit breeds. We resequenced 16 genomic regions in population samples of both wild and domestic rabbits and additional 35 fragments in 150 rabbits representing six commonly used breeds. Patterns of genetic variation suggest a single origin of domestication in wild populations from France, supporting historical records that place rabbit domestication in French monasteries. Levels of nucleotide diversity both within and among breeds were ~0.2%, but only 60% of the diversity present in wild populations from France was captured by domestic rabbits. Despite the recent origin of most breeds, levels of population differentiation were high (F(ST) = 17.9%), but the majority of polymorphisms were shared and thus transferable among breeds. Coalescent simulations suggest that domestication began with a small founding population of less than 1,200 individuals. Taking into account the complex demographic history of domestication with two successive bottlenecks, two loci showed deviations that were consistent with artificial selection, including GPC4, which is known to be associated with growth rates in humans. Levels of diversity were not significantly different between autosomal and X-linked loci, providing no evidence for differential contributions of males and females to the domesticated gene pool. The structure of LD differed substantially within and among breeds. Within breeds, LD extends over large genomic distances. Markers separated by 400 kb typically showed r(2) higher than 0.2, and some LD extended up to 3,200 kb. Much less LD was found among breeds. This advantageous LD structure holds great promise for reducing the interval of association in future mapping studies.     

Effects of genetic selection on growth rate and intestinal structure in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)

1. Pieces of small intestine taken from chickens subjected previously to continuous selection, relaxed selection or no selection for rapid growth were used to estimate villus surface area and microvillus development to determine what effects genetic selection might have on factors controlling intestinal function. 2. Crypt size and the rates at which enterocytes migrated out of crypts were also measured, after injection of tritiated thymidine, to determine the time course of microvillus elongation. 3. Differences in growth rates measured between highly selected, relaxed selected or unselected birds were found to be correlated with parallel changes in villus surface area. Selection for growth did not change the density, dimensions or pattern of development of enterocyte microvilli. Microvilli did, however, produce a maximal 20-fold increase in villus surface area under all conditions. 4. Crypt size and enterocyte migration rates did not vary significantly between tissue taken from unselected and relaxed selected chickens. Tissue taken from highly selected birds had a crypt size and enterocyte migration rate 40% higher than values found for the other two groups of chickens. 5. The possibility that early genetic selection increased growth potential by uncoupling diet-induced changes on crypt hyperplasia from secondary effects on villus structure, and that later selection increased growth potential by increasing appetite, is discussed.     

Specific genetic modifications of domestic animals by gene targeting and animal cloning

The technology of gene targeting through homologous recombination has been extremely useful for elucidating gene functions in mice. The application of this technology was thought impossible in the large livestock species until the successful creation of the first mammalian clone "Dolly" the sheep. The combination of the technologies for gene targeting of somatic cells with those of animal cloning made it possible to introduce specific genetic mutations into domestic animals. In this review, the principles of gene targeting in somatic cells and the challenges of nuclear transfer using gene-targeted cells are discussed. The relevance of gene targeting in domestic animals for applications in bio-medicine and agriculture are also examined.     

Epidemiological and genetic data supporting the transmission of Ancylostoma ceylanicum among human and domestic animals

Background

Currently, information on species-specific hookworm infection is unavailable in Malaysia and is restricted worldwide due to limited application of molecular diagnostic tools. Given the importance of accurate identification of hookworms, this study was conducted as part of an ongoing molecular epidemiological investigation aimed at providing the first documented data on species-specific hookworm infection, associated risk factors and the role of domestic animals as reservoirs for hookworm infections in endemic communities of Malaysia.

Methods/Findings

A total of 634 human and 105 domestic canine and feline fecal samples were randomly collected. The overall prevalence of hookworm in humans and animals determined via microscopy was 9.1% (95% CI = 7.0–11.7%) and 61.9% (95% CI = 51.2–71.2%), respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that participants without the provision of proper latrine systems (OR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.53–8.00; p = 0.003), walking barefooted (OR = 5.6; 95% CI = 2.91–10.73; p<0.001) and in close contact with pets or livestock (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.19–7.15; p = 0.009) were more likely to be infected with hookworms. Molecular analysis revealed that while most hookworm-positive individuals were infected with Necator americanus, Ancylostoma ceylanicum constituted 12.8% of single infections and 10.6% mixed infections with N. americanus. As for cats and dogs, 52.0% were positive for A. ceylanicum, 46.0% for Ancylostoma caninum and 2.0% for Ancylostoma braziliense and all were single infections.

Conclusion

This present study provided evidence based on the combination of epidemiological, conventional diagnostic and molecular tools that A. ceylanicum infection is common and that its transmission dynamic in endemic areas in Malaysia is heightened by the close contact of human and domestic animal (i.e., dogs and cats) populations.     

Standardizing selection and its consequences for genetic population structure

Type of selection for total fitness, specific for domestic animals and termed by us standardizing selection, is discussed. Consequences of such selection for the population structure genetic are considered taking a population of domestic pigs as an example. Examples of effective and ineffective standardizing selection are presented. Specific features of genetic determination of ten quantitative traits detected in analysis of standardizing selection are discussed.     

The gastric mucus of domestic animals

The gastric mucus of different domestic mammals shows a certain pattern of reactions which is typical for the species but not for the respective gland. There is no "mucoid" as an uniform specific mucus substance and a greater plurality in the composition of the secretions as it is reflected by the classification in acid and neutral mucins. A classification of the glands as to the secretion is problematical and further consideration is necessary.     

Manipulation of fertility in domestic animals

For many years artificial insemination has been widely used for the manipulation of fertility in farm animals and more recently methods for the synchronization of oestrous cycles, superovulation and embryo transplantation have been increasingly applied. These techniques now provide new opportunities for the manipulation of gametes and embryos which might further enhance reproductive potential through the production of embryos in vitro, their preservation by deep freezing, cloning from embryonic cells or genetic manipulation to increase fecundity.     

Mating practices and the dissemination of genetic disorders in domestic animals,based on the example of dog breeding

On the basis of simulations and genealogical data of ten dog breeds, three popular mating practices (popular sire effect, line breeding, close breeding) were investigated along with their effects on the dissemination of genetic disorders. Our results showed that the use of sires in these ten breeds is clearly unbalanced. Depending on the breed, the effective number of sires represented between 33% and 70% of the total number of sires. Mating between close relatives was also found to be quite common, and the percentage of dogs inbred after two generations ranged from 1% to about 8%. A more or less long‐term genetic differentiation, linked to line breeding practices, was also emphasized in most breeds. F_IT index based on gene dropping proved to be efficient in differentiating the effects of the different mating practices, and it ranged from ?1.3% to 3.2% when real founders were used to begin a gene dropping process. Simulation results confirmed that the popular sire practice leads to a dissemination of genetic disorders. Under a realistic scenario, regarding the imbalance in the use of sires, the dissemination risk was indeed 4.4 times higher than under random mating conditions. In contrast, line breeding and close breeding practices tend to decrease the risk of the dissemination of genetic disorders.     

Climatic stress indices for domestic animals

Past attempts to devise an index of climatic stress are briefly reviewed, and a new Relative Strain Index (RSI) is proposed. RSI is the ratio between the evaporative cooling required to compensate for the heat stress, and the maximum evaporative cooling that the animal can provide by physiological means. RSI takes into account the air temperature, vapor pressure, air movement,and radiant heat exchange,as well as the metabolic rate and insulation provided by the animal's coat. Thè index can be used to predict the probable tolerance of animals of types that have been sufficiently well studied. It can also be used to estimate the relative tolerances of animals having different physiological capacities or metabolic rates, but otherwise comparable; and it can be used to predict the relative effectiveness of proposed environmental controls.

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Zusammenfassung Die früheren Versuche, einen Index für den Klima-Sbress auszuarbeiten,werden kurz beschrieben und ein neuer Relativer Belastungsindex (relative strain index — RSI) wird vorgeschlagen. RSI ist das Verhältnis zwischen der Verdunstungskälte, die zur Kompensation der Hitzebelastung benötigt wird, und der maximalen Verdunstungskälte des Tieres, die physiologisch möglich ist. RSI berücksichtigt die Lufttemperatur, den Dampfdruck, die Luftbewegung und den Strahlungswärmeaustausch, fernèr die Höhe des Stoffwechsels und die Wärmeisolation durch das Fell. Der Index kann benutzt werden, um die wahrscheinliche Toleranz der Typen von Tieren vorherzusagen, die in ausreichender Weise erforscht worden sind. Er kann ebenfalls dazu verwendet werden, die relativen Toleranzen von Tieren abzuschätzen,die verschiedene physiologische Fähigkeiten oder Stoffwechselraten haben,aber im übrigen vergleichbar sind. Schliesslich kann er bei der Vorhersage der relativen Wirksamkeit der beabsichtigten Kontrollen des Umweltmilieus benutzt werden.

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Resume Les essais antérieurs d'élaboration d'un Indice de Contrainte Thermique sont brièvement décrits et un indice nouveau, appelé Indice de Charge Relative (relative strain index = RSI) est proposé. Cet indice est le quotient de la déperdition calorique par évaporation nécessaire en vue de compenser la charge thermique,sur la déperdition calorique maxima par évaporation physiologiquement réalisable par un animal. Cet indice tient compte de la température de l'air,de la pression partielle de vapeur d'eau, de la vitesse de l'air et des échanges par rayonnement thermique,ainsi que de la production de chaleur métabolique et de l'isolement calorique par le pelage. L'index peut être utilisé pour prédire la tolérance probable à la chaleur, d'espèces animales dont les modalités de thermorégulation sont déjà suffisamment bien connues. Il peut être utilisé en outre pour évaluer la tolérance relative d'animaux différant par leurs niveaux métaboliques ou par leurs capacités physiologiques; il peut enfin être utilisé pour prédire l'efficacité relative de divers moyens d'agir sur les conditions thermiques ambiantes.

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Parts of this paper were presented during the Third International Biometeorological Congress,Pau,France, 1–7 September 1963.     

Mycotoxicoses of domestic animals and their diagnosis

Mycotoxins have been named "agents in search of a disease," and the considerable progress in analytical methodology over the last 10 years has not changed this very much. The following are factors that contribute to the difficulty of making a diagnosis: (1) nonspecificity of lesions; (2) masking of mycotoxic effects by secondary effects, e.g., through immunosuppression; (3) late appearance of a lesion, e.g., bone marrow damage or neoplasia; (4) interaction of several mycotoxins or presence of other toxicants or deficiency states; (5) species variation in the response to the mycotoxin(s); (6) difficulty of linking a late appearing effect with a demonstrable cause; (7) low doses of mycotoxins may cause stimulating effects; and (8) not being aware of the potential of a mycotoxin as a causative factor in disease. The mycotoxins of major importance in Canada are trichothecenes, ochratoxin, zearalenone, and ergot. It is concluded that the significance of mycotoxins for animals in Canada is likely generally underestimated.