人源性抗出血热单克隆抗体重链可变区基因克隆及其序列测定

单克隆抗体已广泛应用于医学生物学的各个领域。但目前使用的单克隆抗体多为鼠源性,在临床应用中常使患者产生抗异种蛋白的免疫反应。人源性单抗用于临床比鼠源性优越,但其制备尚有许多难题,其杂交瘤细胞不稳定、抗体产量低、多为IgM,难以达到临床的应用。我们前已报道了成功地获得能分泌人源性     

肝癌特异性鼠源及人源化单链抗体基因的克隆与表达

为探讨肝癌特异性鼠源及其人源化单链抗体基因的表达策略并比较二者的结合能力,在3种载体中分别以融合、分泌及胞内表达的方式进行了研究;对复性后的单链抗体以抗原捕获ELISA法进行检测。结果表明,在3种载体中表达的鼠源及人源化单链抗体都是包含体,诱导物浓度及培养温度不影响表达形式;抗原捕获细胞ELISA表明人源化的单链抗体和鼠源单链抗体有相近的抗原结合能力。结论是:在大肠杆菌中表达的基因工程单链抗体的可溶性可能主要由自身氨基酸一级序列决定;先前的设计所采取的人源化方案没有影响到鼠源抗体的CDRs的天然构象,表达的人源化单链抗体提供了免疫原性评价及临床应用的基础。     

抗乙型脑炎病毒人源化单链抗体的构建及其表达

单克隆抗体以其特异性强、均～性好的特点在疾病治疗中已显示了良好的应用前景,但由f目前所用单抗多为鼠源性抗体,进行治疗时,由f多次使用或多剂量使用,会刺激人体产生抗鼠抗体（HAMA）的排斥反应,这不仅减弱了单抗的治疗效果,而且还会使人体产生其它副反应,从而阻碍了单抗治疗的进程。抗体工程技术的发展,使人们可以利用分子生物学手段对抗体进行人源化改造,这不仅降低了抗体中的鼠源成份,可以使鼠源抗体的免疫原性减弱,有利于抗体的临床应用。本文利用表面重塑法对抗乙脑抗体可变区基因进行了人源化改造。1材料与方法工．三…     

治疗性单克隆抗体研究进展

杂交瘤技术使鼠源单克隆抗体（鼠单抗）被广泛用于人类疾病的诊断和研究,建立了治疗性抗体的第一个里程碑。但随后出现的人抗鼠抗体等副作用极大地限制了鼠单抗的临床应用。随着生物学技术的发展和抗体基因结构的阐明,应用DNA重组技术和抗体库技术对鼠单抗进行人源化改造,先后出现了嵌合抗体、改型抗体和全人抗体,同时也涌现了各种单抗衍生物,它们从不同角度克服了鼠单抗临床应用的不足,未人类疾病治疗带来新的曙光。我们就上述治疗性抗体人源化的研究进展做简要综述。     

抗体药物的发展与应用

早期抗体药物是鼠源单克隆抗体,存在免疫原性强、半衰期短等问题。历经数十年的发展,抗体药物从最初的鼠源单抗,逐步发展为人鼠嵌合抗体、人源化抗体及全人源化抗体。通过片段重组、位点修饰、药物偶联等方法,科研人员研发了包括抗体融合蛋白、抗体偶联药物、双特异性抗体、小分子抗体片段等形式多样的抗体药物。抗体药物在恶性肿瘤、自身免疫病、感染性疾病的治疗上发挥重要作用。通过对抗体药物人源化历程,不同类型的抗体结构和特点,以及抗体药物在新型冠状病毒肺炎治疗中的应用进行综述,并对抗体药物的发展前景进行展望,以期为我国抗体药物的研发提供参考。     

肝癌特异性鼠源及人源化单链抗体基因的构建及在大肠杆菌中的表达

为探讨一株肝细胞癌特异性鼠源及其人源化单链抗体基因在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达策略并比较二者对抗原的结合能力,在三种载体中分别以融合、分泌及胞内表达的方式进行了研究,表达产物均以包涵体形式存在;对复性后的单链抗体以细胞ELISA及竞争抑制流式细胞仪法进行检测,表明人源化单链抗体和鼠源单链抗体有相近的抗原结合能力。结论是：在大肠杆菌中表达的基因工程单链抗体的可溶性可能主要由自身氨基酸一级序列决定;先前的设计所采取的人源化方案没有影响到鼠源抗体的CDR的天然构象,表达的人源化单链抗体提供了免疫原性评价及临床应用的基础。     

单克隆抗体的研究进展

单克隆抗体是一种由骨髓瘤细胞和带有抗体的B淋巴细胞结合形成的杂交瘤细胞,简称单抗。首先,本文对单克隆抗体的研究发展历程进行了分析和探讨,指出单克隆抗体的发展历程包括鼠源性单抗、嵌合抗体、人源化抗体以及人源性抗体这四大阶段,分别对其优缺点进行了说明;接下来,又对单克隆抗体在临床上的应用进行了说明,从疾病诊断方面及疾病的治疗两方面进行探讨。     

抗人CD3改形单链抗体的构建、表达及活性测定

ＣＤ３单抗通过多种途径有效地同体的免疫状态,在临床应用中具有极大的潜力。为克服鼠源单抗用于临床的局限性,拟采用抗体工程技术研制抗人ＣＤ３改形单链抗体。首先,将鼠源ＣＤ３单抗ＯＫＴ３轻重链ＣＤＲｓ分别移植到人源抗体ＬＳ１轻链和Ｎｄ重链的框架中,经计算机模拟其空间构象,进行残基替换,确定ＣＤ３改形ＶＬ、ＶＨ氨基酸序列,化学合成改形ＶＬ、ＶＨ基因,将其分别插入至载体ｐＲＯＨ８０中,构建成抗人ＣＤ３改形单     

治疗性抗体的研究进展

作为一种具有靶向性的生物大分子,单克隆抗体始终是人们关注的热点之一,被广泛用于治疗肿瘤、病毒感染和抗移植排斥等。但鼠源单克隆抗体的临床应用受限于诱导产生人抗鼠抗体、肿瘤渗入量低、亲和力低和半衰期短等。随着分子生物学技术的发展及其向各学科的渗透,通过基因操作技术对抗体进行改造,可使其适用于多种疾病的治疗。抗体人源化已经成为治疗性抗体的发展趋势,同时各种抗体衍生物也不断涌现,它们从不同角度克服了抗体本身的应用局限,也为治疗人类疾病提供了利器。本文简要介绍上述技术的基本原理、特点和治疗性抗体的研究进展。     

重组抗体药物研究进展及应用

重组抗体药物的发展经历了鼠源单克隆抗体（McAb）、人 鼠嵌合抗体、人源化抗体和全人抗体等阶段,目前初步应用于抗肿瘤、抗自身免疫病、抗感染等领域。保持和提高抗体的亲和力、降低抗体的免疫原性是抗体药物基因工程改造的两大原则。在嵌合抗体成功的基础上,通过CDR移植、表面修饰、抗体库以及转基因鼠技术,逐步提高人源化程度至100%。然而,实验室水平的研究结果与实际应用仍然存在一定差距。就重组抗体药物的基本概况、现存的问题与可能的解决办法以及在肿瘤、病毒性疾病和阿尔茨海默病治疗上的应用情况等进行了综述。     

Development of new versions of anti-human CD34 monoclonal antibodies with potentially reduced immunogenicity

Despite the widespread clinical use of CD34 antibodies for the purification of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, all the current anti-human CD34 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are murine, which have the potential to elicit human antimouse antibody (HAMA) immune response. In the present study, we developed three new mouse anti-human CD34 mAbs which, respectively, belonged to class I, class II and class III CD34 epitope antibodies. In an attempt to reduce the immunogenicity of these three murine mAbs, their chimeric antibodies, which consisted of mouse antibody variable regions fused genetically to human antibody constant regions, were constructed and characterized. The anti-CD34 chimeric antibodies were shown to possess affinity and specificity similar to that of their respective parental murine antibodies. Due to the potentially better safety profiles, these chimeric antibodies might become alternatives to mouse anti-CD34 antibodies routinely used for clinical application.     

Bispecific antibodies retarget murine T cell cytotoxicity against syngeneic breast cancer in vitro and in vivo

Bispecific antibodies with specificity for CD3 and a tumor antigen can redirect cytolytic T cells to kill tumor targets, regardless of their natural specificity. To assess the clinical potential of bispecific antibodies for treatment of human cancers we have, in the present study, adapted a totally syngeneic mouse model to the targeting of mouse T cells against mouse tumors in immunocompetent mice. We show that gp52 of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MTV) can serve as a tumor-specific antigen for redirected cellular cytotoxicity. Chemically crosslinked and genetically engineered bispecific antibodies with specificities for gp52 and murine CD3 -chain induced activated mouse T cells to specifically lyse mouse mammary tumor cells from cultured lines and primary tumors from C3H-MTV⁺ mice. Retargeted T cells also blocked the growth of mammary tumors in vitro as well as their growth in syngeneic mice. These findings identify murine MTV-induced mammary adenocarcinomas as a solid-tumor, animal model for retargetin T cells with bispecific antibodies against syngeneic breast cancer.     

Generation of recombinant antibodies

Recombinant antibody technology is opening new perspectives for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In this review we focus on advances in the generation of both genetically engineered humanized and fully human monoclonal antibodies. Methods for their production in different expression systems are also discussed.     

Clinical chemistry of human FcRn transgenic mice

Mice genetically engineered to express human FcRn are valuable models for the evaluation of therapeutic antibodies in the context of human FcRn in vivo. However, only limited clinical chemistry information on these mouse strains is available. Thus, we have compared 30 clinical chemical parameters of C57BL/6J wild-type mice, murine FcRn-knockout mice, and two human FcRn transgenic mouse strains expressing human FcRn in the absence of murine FcRn. Since FcRn-mediated recycling prevents albumin and IgG from intracellular degradation, significant differences for both proteins were observed in the murine FcRn-knockout mice. Mice lacking FcRn show lower IgG and albumin levels compared to wild-type mice. The most prominent differences in clinical chemical parameters can be explained by secondary effects of the altered albumin levels of murine FcRn-knockout mice on liver metabolism, as similar tendencies have been observed in analbuminemic Nagase rats and hypoalbuminemic human patients, showing an overall increased liver metabolism. Both human FcRn transgenic strains show clinical chemical parameters similar to those found for wild-type mice, with the exception of endogenous IgG levels, which are greatly reduced in these mice.     

Construction, expression, and biologic activity of murine/human chimeric antibodies with specificity for the human alpha/beta T cell receptor.

Murine/human chimeric antibodies with specificity for the human TCR-alpha/beta have been produced by genetic engineering. The L and H chain V region exons encoding the murine mAb BMA 031 were isolated and inserted into mammalian expression vectors containing the human kappa and gamma 1 or gamma 4 C region exons. The chimeric genes were transfected into murine Sp2/O hybridoma cells by electroporation and transfectomas secreting chimeric antibody were isolated. Secretion levels ranged from 1 to 7 pg/cell/24 h. The chimeric antibodies bound specifically to T cells and competed effectively with the parental murine mAb for binding to these sites. The ability to promote antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis was significantly enhanced in the chimeric antibodies as compared with murine BMA 031. C-dependent cytolysis, however, was not detectable with any of the antibodies. Chimeric BMA 031 is a clinically relevant, genetically engineered antibody with potential uses in transplantation, graft-vs-host disease, autoimmune diseases and other T cell-related disorders.     

人源化抗体研究历程及发展趋势

单克隆抗体从问世到目前广泛应用于临床,经历了一段曲折的发展历程。其中人源化抗体是一个重要的里程碑,并伴随着一系列重大的技术革新,如PCR技术、抗体库技术、转基因动物等。人源化抗体的形式也从最初的嵌合抗体、改型抗体等逐步发展为今天的人抗体。抗体人源化已经成为治疗性抗体的发展趋势,同时各种抗体衍生物也不断涌现,它们从不同角度克服抗体本身的应用局限,也为治疗人类疾病提供了更多利器。对单克隆抗体进行改造使之应用于临床治疗,不仅需要对抗体效应机制进行更细致深入的研究,同时还有赖于对人类免疫系统调控机制的全面精确认识。     

SDR grafting--a new approach to antibody humanization

A major impediment to the clinical utility of the murine monoclonal antibodies is their potential to elicit human anti-murine antibody (HAMA) response in patients. To circumvent this problem, murine antibodies have been genetically manipulated to progressively replace their murine content with the amino acid residues present in their human counterparts. To that end, murine antibodies have been humanized by grafting their complementarity determining regions (CDRs) onto the variable light (V(L)) and variable heavy (V(H)) frameworks of human immunoglobulin molecules, while retaining those murine framework residues deemed essential for the integrity of the antigen-combining site. However, the xenogeneic CDRs of the humanized antibodies may evoke anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) response in patients. To minimize the anti-Id response, a procedure to humanize xenogeneic antibodies has been described that is based on grafting, onto the human frameworks, only the specificity determining residues (SDRs), the CDR residues that are most crucial in the antibody-ligand interaction. The SDRs are identified through the help of the database of the three-dimensional structures of the antigen-antibody complexes of known structures or by mutational analysis of the antibody-combining site. An alternative approach to humanization, which involves retention of more CDR residues, is based on grafting of the 'abbreviated' CDRs, the stretches of CDR residues that include all the SDRs. A procedure to assess the reactivity of the humanized antibody to sera from patients who had been administered the murine antibody has also been described.     

VL:VH domain rotations in engineered antibodies: Crystal structures of the Fab fragments from two murine antitumor antibodies and their engineered human constructs

The crystal structures of two pairs of Fab fragments have been determined. The pairs comprise both a murine and an engineered human form, each derived from the antitumor antibodies A5B7 and CTM01. Although antigen specificity is maintained within the pairs, antigen affinity varies. A comparison of the hypervariable loops for each pair of antibodies shows their structure has been well maintained in grafting, supporting the canonical loop model. Detailed structural analysis of the binding sites and domain arrangements for these antibodies suggests the differences in antigen affinity observed are likely to be due to inherent flexibility of the hypervariable loops and movements at the V_L:V_H domain interface. The four structures provide the first opportunity to study in detail the effects of protein engineering on specific antibodies. Proteins 29:161–171, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

重组抗体工程及其在肿瘤靶向及癌症治疗中的应用

在过去的十几年中,重组抗体工程在基础研究、医学和药物生产上已经成为最有希望的领域之一。重组抗体及其片段在正在进行诊断和治疗的临床试验中占所有生物蛋白的30％以上。研究集中在抗体作为理想的癌症靶向试剂方面,最近由于FDA批准使用第一个工程化治疗抗体而使热度达到极点。过去的几年中,在设计、筛选及生产新型工程化抗体方面已经取得了重大进展。改革的筛选方法已经能够分离出高亲和力的癌－靶向及抗病毒的抗体,后能够抑制病毒用于基因治疗。癌症诊断和治疗的另一个策略是将重组抗体片段与放射性同位素、药物、毒素、酶以及生物传感器表面进行融合。双特异性抗体及相关融合蛋白也已经生产出来用于癌症的免疫治疗,在抗癌疫苗以及T细胞补充策略上有效地增强了人免疫应答。     

Construction, expression and characterization of humanized antibodies directed against the human alpha/beta T cell receptor.

Completely humanized antibodies with specificity for the human alpha/beta TCR have been produced by genetic engineering. The L and H chain V region exons encoding the murine mAb BMA 031 CD regions and human EU framework regions were synthesized and replaced into previously isolated genomic fragments. These fragments were inserted into mammalian expression vectors containing the human kappa and gamma 1 C region exons. Two variants were constructed each containing selected BMA 031 amino acids within the human frameworks. The humanized genes were transfected into Sp2/0 hybridoma cells by electroporation and transfectomas secreting humanized antibody were isolated. Levels of antibody expression up to 7 pg/cell/24 h were obtained. The humanized antibody, BMA 031-EUCIV2, competed poorly with murine BMA 031 for binding to T cells. BMA 031-EUCIV3, however, bound specifically to T cells and competed effectively with both the murine BMA 031 antibody and a previously constructed chimeric BMA 031 antibody for binding to these cells. The relative affinity of BMA 031-EUCIV3 was about 2.5 times lower than BMA 031. The ability to promote antibody dependent cell-mediated cytolysis was significantly enhanced with the engineered antibodies as compared to murine BMA 031. Humanized BMA 031 is a clinically relevant, genetically engineered antibody with potential uses in transplantation, graft vs host disease, and autoimmunity.