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1.
Rosichon UBAIDILLAH John LASALLE Donald L. J. QUICKE Jun-ichi KOJIMA 《Entomological Science》2003,6(4):259-279
A total of 56 morphological characters were analyzed for 53 cirrospiline species that represent all of the 17 described genera of the tribe. The other taxa of the Eulophinae included in the analysis were six species of six representative genera in the tribe Eulophini, a species of Elasmus (the only genus comprising the tribe Elasmini), and a species of Trichospilus (unplaced). Trichospilus and two of the six genera of Eulophini examined were placed within Cirrospilini. Monophyly of Cirrospilini (when these two genera of Eulophini and Trichospilus are included) and of the cirrospiline genera for which more than one species were examined was supported, but the relationships between the genera were poorly resolved. An exception was Cirrospilus, the largest genus in the Cirrospilini, monophyly of which was not supported to any extent. 相似文献
2.
Spatial distribution and fixed-precision sampling plans for the ladybird Harmonia axyridis in sweet corn 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
To improve the utilization of the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), as a natural enemy in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for sweet corn, Zea mays L., fixed-precision enumerative sequential sampling plans for this coccinellid were developed and validated. Data were collected from sweet corn plots during 2000 to 2004, with means ranging from 0.02 to 11.83 H. axyridis (larvae and adults combined) per plant. Taylor’s power law parameters from the regression of log variance versus log mean suggested an aggregated distribution for larvae and the combined count of larvae and adults in sweet corn. For IPM purposes, a plan was developed for H. axyridis larvae and adults to provide a desired precision level of 0.25 (SEM/mean), resulting in an average sample number of 65 whole plants. However, for the purposes of ecological or applied research (with desired precision = 0.10), an average sample number of 205 plants was necessary. 相似文献
3.
林木蛀干类害虫具有高度的隐蔽性,是林业上的一类重要害虫,也是目前世界上最难防治的害虫类群之一.寄生蜂在与寄主长期的协同进化过程中,形成了搜索、发现和攻击寄主害虫的独特机制,能够有效地找到并寄生它们.总结了寄生性天敌寻找、发现并成功定位隐蔽性寄主害虫的行为学机制.寄生蜂可以利用来自嗅觉的化学信息物质(如寄主、寄主粪便、虫道共生菌的挥发性气味)、寄主成虫的化学通讯物质、来自视觉的植物表面色差信息、来自触觉的寄主保护物性状特征、来自寄主取食和运动所产生的介质振动信号以及来自寄主活动和代谢的红外辐射等多种途径有效地发现隐蔽性害虫的位置,从而完成寄生行为.有些寄生蜂还能综合利用来源不同的多种信息,从而提高寄主定位的可靠性和准确性.本文还对寄生蜂寻找寄主的这些线索在生物防治上可能的利用途径和前景进行了讨论.这对促进我国在该领域的研究,充分利用天敌昆虫,提高生物防治效率具有参考价值. 相似文献
4.
Wood borers are important forest insect pests and difficult to be controlled owing to their concealed behavior. However, parasitic wasps can effectively ascertain and parasitize wood borers as well as other concealed pests by using special searching, finding and attacking mechanisms, which have been developed during the course of long-term coevolution with their hosts. The present paper summarizes the behavioral mechanisms of parasitic wasps involved in searching and locating their concealed hosts. Parasitic wasps can accurately find the location of their hidden hosts and then parasitize them, usually by using olfactory semiochemicals from hosts (lavare and adults), host frass and symbiotic microorganisms in host galleries; visual signals from color contrast of plant surface; contact stimuli from characters of host physical defense; substrate vibrations produced by host feeding and movement; infrared radiation from host activities and metabolizability. Some parasitic wasps may integrate the information of several stimuli from different sources to enhance the reliability and accuracy of host locations. In addition, the potentials for utilizing the host location signals of parasitoids in biological control are discussed. 相似文献
5.
为探究取食不同品种的玉米对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda生长发育、繁殖,以及对淡足侧沟茧蜂Microplitis pallidipes寄生草地贪夜蛾的影响,本研究测定了取食3个鲜食玉米品种（申科甜糯99、申科糯602、申科甜811）、1个普通玉米品种（郑单958）和人工饲料对草地贪夜蛾发育历期、卵粒数、卵孵化率、成虫寿命等生理指标的影响,统计了淡足侧沟茧蜂对取食不同品种玉米的草地贪夜蛾的寄生率、出茧率、出蜂率等指标。结果显示：取食不同品种玉米和饲料能够显著影响草地贪夜蛾成虫的产卵粒数、成虫寿命,以及幼虫的存活率和发育历期（P<0.05）。取食3个鲜食玉米品种的草地贪夜蛾产卵更多,幼虫存活率更高,发育历期更短。其中取食申科糯602的草地贪夜蛾成虫产卵粒数最多（1 420.78粒）,幼虫存活率最高（82.33%）,幼虫发育历期也最短（15.77 d）。淡足侧沟茧蜂对取食不同品种玉米和饲料的草地贪夜蛾幼虫的寄生率和出茧率均存在显著差异（P<0.05）。其中,对取食普通玉米的草地贪夜蛾幼虫的寄生率（64.18%）高于3个鲜食玉米品种的寄生率（48.78~54.75%）,而取食人工饲料的草地贪夜蛾幼虫的寄生率最低（39.41%）。出茧率较高的为取食人工饲料和普通玉米的草地贪夜蛾幼虫（分别为74.80%和72.53%）,取食鲜食玉米的较低（48.39~55.49%）。以上结果表明了草地贪夜蛾在鲜食玉米上生长发育相对更好、繁殖能力也更强。淡足侧沟茧蜂对取食普通玉米的草地贪夜蛾的寄生效果比取食鲜食玉米的夜蛾幼虫效果好,因此在鲜食玉米种植区利用淡足侧沟茧蜂防控草地贪夜蛾时,应适当提高该寄生蜂的释放量或者释放次数,以保证其防治效果。 相似文献
6.
The control of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais in brown rice was estimated by using a reduviid bug, Amphibolus venator, and a pteromalid wasp, Theocolax elegans. Results showed that the simultaneous release of both species of natural enemies could enhance biological control compared with the release of either species alone. 相似文献
7.
The ovipositors of two whitefly parasitoids, Encarsia transvena and Eretmocerus mundus were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. That of Encarsia is straight, has an apparently hard and sharply pointed upper valve, and appears well-suited to penetrating a hard substrate. That of Eretmocerus is curved, thick-walled, but has a blunt and apparently flexible tip. These features correlate well with what is known of the mode of oviposition and host feeding in the two taxa, with Encarsia and Eretmocerus ovipositing internally and externally respectively. 相似文献
8.
M.R. Shaw 《Journal of invertebrate pathology》1981,37(3):215-221
The nonparalyzing venoms of two unrelated parasitic wasps, Eulophus larvarum and Clinocentrus gracilipes, in separate ways cause delayed yet well-defined arrests in their hosts' development, apparently by disrupting events normally under endocrine control. The venom of E. larvarum (for which species host acceptance and oviposition behavior is described) prevents apolysis in its host after a depressed feeding period. The venom employed by C. gracilipes switches the host to a pharate pupal stage irrespective of its larval instar. 相似文献
9.
Mazen A. Ateyyat 《BioControl》2002,47(1):33-43
From March 1997 to June 1999, samples of lemonleaves infested with citrus leafminer (CLM),Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton(Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), were collectedfrom the Al-Masalha Citrus Orchard in theCentral Jordan Valley in order to rear CLMparasitoids and to study their populationtrends. Nine species of eulophid parasitoidswere reared from CLM larvae; these were Cirrospilus ingenuus Gahan, C. pictusNees, Pnigalio agraules, Pnigalio sp. B,Pnigalio sp. C, Citrostichusphyllocnistoides Narayanan, Ratzeburgiolaincompleata Boucek, Semielacherpetiolatus Girault, and Zagrammosoma sp.Cirrospilus ingenuus was the most commonparasitoid of CLM from March 1997 to June 1999and could be a good potential biologicalcontrol agent after rearing and releasing it incitrus orchards in the Jordan Valley. Onehyperparasitoid species was reared fromimmatures of parasitoids of CLM larvae, andidentified as Tyndrichus sp. An increasein the activity of parasitoids was observed inautumn 1999 when the temperature was between 15–20 °C and the relative humidity was between 55–65%. 相似文献
10.
We reviewed the literature on aphid parasitoids to determine the occurrence, nature and outcome of intraguild interactions. Intraguild interactions were described for larval, pupal and adult aphid parasitoids and by the type of natural enemy (fungus, predator, or parasitoid). They appear to be prevalent in most aphid parasitoid systems and, except for parasitoid-parasitoid interactions, they are mostly asymmetric, with aphidophagous predators and pathogens killing parasitoids. The limited experimental evidence from field studies is insufficient to provide a comprehensive pattern of the consequences of intraguild interactions for aphid parasitoid populations in general and, more specifically, for the efficacy of biological control. However, because intraguild interactions are widespread in aphid-natural enemy communities and mostly detrimental to aphid parasitoids, we conclude that intraguild interactions have a primary effect in driving fluctuations in aphid parasitoid populations. Drawing on case studies, we further argue that intraguild interactions can substantially alter the effectiveness of aphid parasitoids as biological-control agents. 相似文献
11.
1. Generalist predators are important contributors to reliable conservation biological control. Indirect interactions between prey species that share a common generalist predator can influence both community dynamics and the efficacy of biological control. 2. Laboratory cage experiments investigated the impact of the combined consumptive and non-consumptive effects of predation by adult Hippodamia convergens as a shared predator on the population growth and relative abundance of Acyrthosiphon pisum and Aphis gossypii as prey species. Predation pressure and prey density were varied. 3. At low predation pressure the indirect interaction between aphid species was asymmetrical with a proportionally greater negative impact of predation on A. gossypii than on A. pisum. At intermediate predation pressure, the indirect interaction became symmetrical. At high predation pressure and higher levels of prey density, it was asymmetrical with greater negative impact on A. pisum, often driven to local extinction while A. gossypii populations persisted. 4. A linear mixed-effects model including early population growth of both aphid species and predation pressure explained 96% and 92% of the variation in the population growth of A. pisum and A. gossypii, respectively, over an 8-day period. The overall effect of shared predation on the indirect interaction between the two aphid species is best described as apparent commensalism, where A. pisum benefited from early population growth of A. gossypii, while A. gossypii was unaffected by early population growth of A. pisum. Considering these indirect interactions is important for conservation biological control efforts to be successful. 相似文献
12.
Eurytoma brunniventris is a parasitic wasp with a wide range of host species. We have developed primers for nine polymorphic microsatellite loci to allow examination of intraspecific population subdivision associated with two aspects of the biology of their hosts: host species (oak gallwasps) and the tree on which the gallwasp develops (different oak species). All nine loci amplified well across individuals collected from a range of gallwasp species and across two oak taxa. These microsatellite loci are potentially of value in the study of closely related economic pests such as seed predators of almonds (E. amygdali) and pistachios (E. plotnikovi). 相似文献
13.
Cottony-cushion scale ( Icerya purchasi ) infestation on red berried mistletoe ( Viscum cruciatum ) is reported for the first time. Mistletoe is a hemiparasitic plant that was parasitizing stems of olive trees; however, I. purchasi infested only the mistletoe and not the olive. Economic implications are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Among many stabilizing factors for community dynamics, spatial and temporal heterogeneities have been widely considered in recent years as two of the most important properties. However, the difference between the two types of heterogeneities have not been studied, except for Clark and Yoshimura (1993). We evaluated experimentally the effect of temporal and spatial heterogeneities on the persistence of a biological community. The experimental communities consisted of one parasitic wasp species, one bean weevil species, and two kinds of bean. Temporal and spatial heterogeneities of experimental communities were generated by kinds and timing of bean supply. Of all the experimental communities, the most persistent community was a temporally and spatially homogeneous community with Red Kidney bean as primary resource. Compared to spatially heterogeneous communities, temporally heterogeneous communities were more persistent. These results were easily explained by considering the attack rate of parasitic wasps and the difference between arithmetic and geometric means. In order to discuss the relative importance of environmental heterogeneity and the mode of biological interaction on community persistence, we have to measure the degree of environmental heterogeneity as the rate of change of the strength of interspecific interactions. 相似文献
15.
Janine Griffiths-Lee Balin Davenport Bradley Foster Elizabeth Nicholls Dave Goulson 《Agricultural and Forest Entomology》2023,25(1):139-151
- Traditional vineyards are generally intensive monocultures with high pesticide usage. Viticulture is one of the fastest-growing sectors of English agriculture, although there is currently limited research on habitat management practices.
- In a vineyard in East Sussex, England, we tested five inter-row ground cover treatments on their potential in supporting beneficial insects: two commercially available seed mixes (meadow mix and pollen and nectar mix), a wild bee seed mix (formulated based on pollinator foraging preferences), natural regeneration, and regularly mowed grass.
- Over two years, from May to August, we conducted monthly floral surveys and insect surveys using transect walks and pan traps.
- The abundance and richness of flowers in the natural regeneration treatment were twice that of the regularly mown inter-row treatment. By year 2, the abundance of “total insects” sampled was significantly higher in the wild bee mix compared to mown. Likewise, there was a significant effect of treatment type on pollinator richness, with a higher mean richness found in wild bee mix. Solitary wasp family richness was highest in the natural regeneration treatment and lowest in the mown treatment.
- Given the rapid growth and lack of specific environmental recommendations for British viticulture, we demonstrate a simple and effective approach for supporting beneficial insects and ecosystem services. Promotion of perennial wildflowers through sowing or allowing natural regeneration in inter-row ground cover in vineyards has the potential to boost biodiversity in vineyards on a large scale if widely adopted.
16.
K. NISHIMURA 《Functional ecology》1997,11(3):336-341
1. Fitness is related to reproduction and survival. There apparently exists a negative correlation between the numbers of male and female offspring. There also exists a trade-off between survival and reproduction. This paper investigates optimal decisions with the reproduction and survival trade-off in host selection by wasps.
2. Whereas inseminated female wasps could manipulate the sex of their offspring, virgin females produced only male offspring. I surveyed behavioural differences and the consequences of oviposition by inseminated and virgin females of a solitary parasitic wasp in host choice situations.
3. Two host types were available at the same time to both inseminated and virgin female wasps: one (a 17-day-old host in one bean) presenting difficulties for the laying of eggs, but more benefits for the offspring and the other (five 12- or 13-day-old hosts in one bean) easier for the female wasp for laying of eggs but less beneficial for the offspring.
4. Inseminated female wasps chose more 17-day-old hosts than 12-day-old hosts, but more 13-day-old hosts than 17-day-old hosts in each pair-wise choice. Virgin females chose the smaller hosts in both situations.
5. Virgin females, having greater longevity than inseminated females, laid larger numbers of eggs than the inseminated females during their lifetime by adopting an energy-saving host choice that had little effect on male offspring fitness. 相似文献
2. Whereas inseminated female wasps could manipulate the sex of their offspring, virgin females produced only male offspring. I surveyed behavioural differences and the consequences of oviposition by inseminated and virgin females of a solitary parasitic wasp in host choice situations.
3. Two host types were available at the same time to both inseminated and virgin female wasps: one (a 17-day-old host in one bean) presenting difficulties for the laying of eggs, but more benefits for the offspring and the other (five 12- or 13-day-old hosts in one bean) easier for the female wasp for laying of eggs but less beneficial for the offspring.
4. Inseminated female wasps chose more 17-day-old hosts than 12-day-old hosts, but more 13-day-old hosts than 17-day-old hosts in each pair-wise choice. Virgin females chose the smaller hosts in both situations.
5. Virgin females, having greater longevity than inseminated females, laid larger numbers of eggs than the inseminated females during their lifetime by adopting an energy-saving host choice that had little effect on male offspring fitness. 相似文献
17.
Dimitrios N. Avtzis Nikoleta Eleftheriadou Dinka Matošević Chiara Ferracini Massimo Faccoli 《Agricultural and Forest Entomology》2023,25(3):494-501
- Arrival, establishment, and further dispersal of non-native natural enemies are considered essential for a successful biological control programme, while among the factors that may determine the success of such a programme, genetic diversity of the introduced population plays an important role in the establishment of a non-native species.
- The Chinese parasitoid wasp Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) was initially released in Europe in Italy to control biologically the Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), and reduce the damage induced on sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller). In the following years, T. sinensis was then released in numerous other European countries as a biological control agent of D. kuriphilus. Its presence has also been reported beyond the countries of release due to rapid natural dispersal.
- To assess the post-release genetic diversity of D. kuriphilus, we screened T. sinensis populations from six European countries and tested the possibility of these populations suffering from frequently observed genetic effects that could threaten its successful establishment in Europe.
- Our results exhibit that T. sinensis populations have suffered neither from the Allee effect nor from genetic bottleneck after their release and establishment in Europe, something that increases the possibility to effectively control D. kuriphilus in Europe.
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19.
Hayat Badshah Farman Ullah Hayat Zada Qamar Zeb Ruidar A. Shah Paul-André Calatayud 《法国昆虫学会纪事》2013,49(6):374-378
Because correct identification of insects is crucial for pest management involving chemical or biological control agents, we have used a molecular approach to identify and characterize specimens of the cotton pest Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) present in different regions of Pakistan. The specimens were analyzed through DNA sequence analysis of their mitochondrial COI (mtCOI) gene using an improved procedure that could distinguish between the pest and its associated parasitoid. Our analysis showed no variation among the mealybug specimens from different geographical locations of Pakistan and confirmed that this is the same species and haplotype that is infesting cotton plants in other parts of Asia. This information will assist in the development of biological control programs against P. solenopsis in Pakistan and other Asian countries. 相似文献
20.
The moth Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg), the poster child of weed biological control in Australia, has recently invaded the United States and threatens native cacti. Concern is greatest for the endangered semaphore cactus, Opuntia corallicola, of which only two known populations exist in the wild. We made three separate outplantings of O. corallicola, designed to bolster the number of extant cacti and to test the effectiveness of three different treatments to protect the cacti from Cactoblastis. In one outplanting, we tested the associational susceptibility hypothesis and found that cacti planted more than 20 m away from the common prickly pear cactus, Opuntia stricta, which act as a reservoir of Cactoblastis, were just as frequently attacked and killed by Cactoblastis as cacti planted within 5 m. In addition, Cactoblastis attack was greater in the shade than in the sun. In the second outplanting, we minimized the attack from Cactoblastis by using protective cages planted at least 500 m from O. stricta in areas not inhabited by cacti. Cages attracted the attention of local animals, which destroyed the cages and trampled the cacti inside to death. Crown rot caused high mortality in this outplanting. In the third outplanting, again conducted at least 500 m away from O. stricta, fertilization did not reduce crown rot mortality. We suggest that increasing populations of O. corallicola in Florida, by means of outplantings, will remain a challenge because of death from Cactoblastis when planted in areas where cacti normally grow and because of death from crown rot in areas where they do not. Because Cactoblastis is moving rapidly northward and westward and has already reached Charleston, South Carolina, rare cacti in the rest of the U.S. Southeast may be in danger. Eventually, many cactus species in the U.S. South, Southwest, and Mexico will likely be threatened by this moth. 相似文献