小麦D^2型细胞质雄性不育系雄配子发育的细胞形态学特征和同工酶…

研究了小麦Ｄ＾２型ＣＭＳ系ｍｓＤ＾２－ＣＡ８０５７与保持系ＣＡ８０５７花粉发育的细胞形态学特征及花粉粒“单核－双核期”、“三核期”的花药、雌蕊、旗叶和授粉２０天左右的灌浆期种子胚乳的壶氧化物酶同工酶、酯酶同工酶,主要研究结果揭示：Ｄ＾２型不育系花粉败育起始于“单核－双核期”,表现为败育期长和败育方式多样化：“三核期”花药的同工酶有明显差异,主要是表现为不育系酯酶比保持系少３条酶带且酶带有且酶的活性     

四个普通小麦同核异质系的生化标记研究

以４上个普通小麦同核异质系－可育系Ｄ^2-CA8057(BC14),D^2型不育系msD^2－ＣＡ８０５７（ＢＣ１１）、ＹＡ型不育系msA-CA8057(BC12)、CA8057(核亲本）为材料,采用ＲＡＧＥ方法比较了４个系灌浆期种子胚乳和“花粉双核期”花药的过氧化物酶同工酶,采用梯度ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ方法比较了４个系不同发育时期（干种子胚乳、越冬前和越冬后苗期叶片、“花粉双核期”旗叶、“花粉双核期”花药）可溶性蛋白质的组份,发现可育系之间差异较小、不育系与可育系之间,D^2型不育系与ＹＡ型不育系之间的存在显著差异,表明细胞质（不育）基因的表达具有时空性和特异性,这些差异（表达）带作为细胞质（不育）基因对核基因的特异调控表达产物,可以作为４个系的生化标记,同时也表明msD^2-CA8057和msA-CA8057是２个不同的新不育类型。     

小麦胞质不育系花药中脂氧合酶及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性的…

在花粉单核期和二核期,Ｋ型不育系花药的脂氧合酶（ＬＯＸ）活性低于而Ｔ型不育系则高于保持系,两者的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ＡｓＡ－ＰＯＤ）活性均高于保持系。花粉三核期两种类型不育系的ＬＯＸ活性均明显于高于而ＡｓＡ－ＰＯＤ活性则明显低于保持系。不育系花药的丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量在各发育时期均高于保持系,三核期尤为明显。     

小麦胞质不育系花药中脂氧合酶及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性的变化(简报)

在花粉单核期和二核期,K型不育系花药的脂氧合酶（LOX）活性低于而T型不育系则高于保持系,两者的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（AsA-POD）活性均高于保持系。花粉三核期两种类型不育系的LOX活性均明显高于而ASA－POD活性则明显低于保持系。不育系花药的丙二醛（MDA）含量在各发育时期均高于保持系,三核期尤为明显。     

水稻不育花药中H_2O_2的积累与膜脂过氧化的加剧

水稻7017、二九矮细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系花药的POD,CAT和SOD活性研究的结果表明,单核早期时不育及可育花药的酶活性差异不明显,单核晚期、二核及三核期的不育花药显著低于可育花药。在不育花药中缺少两条Cu-Zn SOD同工酶带,而且O_2~ 产生效率为可育的4.1～5.5倍,并有H_2O_2和MDA的积累。不育花药中H_2O_2的积累和膜脂过氧化的加剧可能与花粉败育有关。     

红麻细胞质雄性不育系与保持系花药活性氧代谢差异比较

以红麻细胞质雄性不育系L23A及其保持系L23B为材料,比较其花药淀粉及可溶性糖含量变化并分析呼吸速率、活性氧产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及活性氧清除酶(POD、SOD)含量变化,来探讨活性氧伤害与红麻雄性不育的关系。结果表明:在小孢子发育的单核期,不育系呼吸速率与保持系差异不明显,但不育系花药O^-₂·含量高于保持系; 在双核期,不育系的呼吸速率明显低于其保持系,但不育系花药O^-₂·含量与保持系花药相近; 不育系在单核期和双核期的呼吸速率几乎没有变化,而保持系同一时期的呼吸速率呈明显增高趋势; 在不育系败育过程中,药隔维管组织中的大颗粒淀粉含量几乎不变,且不育系花药中的可溶性糖含量在单核期和双核期均低于保持系。推测是由于不育系花药中抗氰呼吸降低,一方面导致花药物质代谢和能量代谢的紊乱,不育系花药不能利用药隔组织中的淀粉粒,另一方面不能有效将细胞内过多电子通过抗氰呼吸传至O₂,引致不育花药中O^-₂·升高,从而导致MDA含量在单核期和双核期均高于保持系,同时POD的活性在单核期及双核期均低于保持系,而SOD活性在单核期高于保持系,在双核期则低于保持系。不育系花药在发育中,花药O^-₂·和MDA过量积累,以及SOD和POD酶活性降低,导致活性氧产生与清除失去平衡,花粉败育。     

4个普通小麦同核异质系的遗传特征研究

培育出具有Ｄ＾２型细胞质的普通小麦核质杂种可育系Ｄ＾２－ＣＡ８０５７,来源于Ｄ＾２型细胞质变的不育系ｍｓＤ＾２－ＣＡ８０５７和来源于普通小麦ＣＡ８０５７细胞质变异的不育系ｍｓＡ－ＣＡ８０５７。     

小麦粘类雄性不育系生化标记及小孢子细胞色素氧化酶同工酶研究

对4种同核异质小麦粘类非1BL/1RS雄性不育系、保持系和恢复系的幼苗叶片、乳熟期籽粒以及不育系、恢复系和F1小孢子发育四分体至三核期花药进行了细胞色素氧化酶（COD）同工酶聚丙烯酰胺凝腔电泳（PAGE）分析。结果表明：（1）幼苗叶片COD同工酶谱带可以标记4种不育系和保持系;乳熟期籽粒COD同工酶谱带可以将4种不育系、保持系及恢复系区别开。（2）COD在不育系小孢子败育时或败育之前（单核到二核期）酶量降低,面在三核期酶量升高。（3）相同胞质背景下引入不同核恢复基因或不同胞质背景下引入桢核恢复基因,F1小孢子COD同工酶谱带之间有差异。可以将不同发育时期COD同工酶谱带作为鉴别1种不育系以及不育系、保持系、恢复系（“三系”的可靠生化标记）。     

新型小麦胞质不育系花粉败育的细胞学观察

观察了１种新型小麦细胞质雄性不育素（ＣＭＳ）－（野生二粒小麦）中国春ＣＭＳ花药和花粉败育的细胞学过程,结果表明;（１）不育系在小孢子发育至单核晚期以前,除了雄蕊心皮化发生率（３７．２％）较高外,其花药和花粉发育绝大多数与同核保持系相似,是正常的,仅少量表现异常而导致败育,异常现象主要有：雄蕊心皮化。药室合并,药壁组织喙状突起,绒毡层异常,小孢子母细胞粘连,减数分裂异常,小孢子异常等。（２）不育系花     

萝卜雄性不育系花药发育组织化学的初步研究

对萝卜（ＲａｐｈａｎｕｓｓａｔｉｖｕｓＬ．）２种雄性不育系及相应保持系花药发育过程进行组织化学研究,研究结果表明,２种不育花药组织化学变化与小孢子败育变化皆类似,不育系４７５Ａ的花药发育受阻于孢原细胞分化之前,此时花药时含少量蛋白质,核酸的较多淀粉粒。随着花粉的长大,不再含有蛋白质,核酸和淀粉粒,不育系春红Ａ的花药在四分体以前与可育系类似,含丰富蛋白质,核酸和多糖。在单核期绒毡层异常引起小孢子败育     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism