小麦D^2型细胞质雄性不育系雄配子发育的细胞形态学特征和同工酶…

研究了小麦Ｄ＾２型ＣＭＳ系ｍｓＤ＾２－ＣＡ８０５７与保持系ＣＡ８０５７花粉发育的细胞形态学特征及花粉粒“单核－双核期”、“三核期”的花药、雌蕊、旗叶和授粉２０天左右的灌浆期种子胚乳的壶氧化物酶同工酶、酯酶同工酶,主要研究结果揭示：Ｄ＾２型不育系花粉败育起始于“单核－双核期”,表现为败育期长和败育方式多样化：“三核期”花药的同工酶有明显差异,主要是表现为不育系酯酶比保持系少３条酶带且酶带有且酶的活性     

二角型小麦雄性不育系花粉败育的细胞学研究

应用石蜡切片和醋酸洋红压片法,从细胞学角度对4个同质异核二角型小麦雄性不育系ms(bicor)-8222、ms(bicor)-80(6)、ms(bicor)-5-4及ms(bicor)-5-8的花粉败育过程进行了比较研究。结果表明：(1)4种不育系败育特点总趋势基本雷同,但也因特定核型亦存在一些差异;(2)二角型雄性不育系小孢子发生与其保持系相似,花粉败育就花药而言,中层有延迟退化、解体的趋势,就花粉粒而言,败育主要发生在二细胞花粉粒后期至三细胞花粉粒期;(3)4个不育系花粉败育异常,主要表现为二分体细胞内有微核出现,内缘壁周缘细胞均呈次生纤维状增生;维管束鞘细咆排列不规则,花粉大小不一;(4)花粉败育与营养供应无直接关系,细胞核对花粉育性及育性相关性状相对细胞质影响较小。     

F型小麦雄性不育系花粉败育和恢保关系研究

F型小麦雄性不育系是一种新型"三系"小麦雄性不育系。为研究F型不育系的花粉败育特点并筛选其恢复源和保持源,采用I2-KI染色法观察F、BNS、T、K和V型不育系扬花期的花粉败育类型,并以F型不育系为母本与98个优良小麦品种(系)进行杂交,检测F1代自交结实率。结果显示:(1)F型不育系的花粉败育率高达95.63%。其中,染败型花粉比例最高,达到67.66%;圆败率为19.32%;典败率最少,仅为8.73%。(2)5种不育系中,F型与K型不育系的花粉育性特征最接近,其次是V型不育系。(3)98个组合F1的自交结实率(国际法)在100%以上11个,0%~10%有18个。(4)‘周麦16’、M510、‘西农815’、‘西农585’对F型不育系的恢复力极强,是其优良恢复系;‘天麦989’、‘存麦4号’、CY 5475、M460、‘12漯-1’和11GB02可通过回交培育成F型不育系的保持系。研究认为,F型不育系花粉败育彻底、稳定,在常规小麦品系中较易找到其保持源和强恢复力品系,是一种良好的新型不育系。     

化学杂交剂GENESIS诱导小麦雄性不育的细胞形态学观察

在小麦幼穗发育期的药隔期至四分体期,用5．0kg／hm^2剂量的GENESIS进行处理,结果表明,GENESIS可诱导小麦产生100％的雄性不育率,且不育株率超过99％以上,具有良好的诱导雄性不育的效果。小麦经GENESIS处理后,小孢子发育出现异常,败育型小孢子有单核花粉、二核花粉和不正常的三核花粉,同时还发现有四核和五核花粉以及在花粉发育过程中原生质体解体,仅留下花粉壁的空壳花粉。不育花药不开裂,花粉囊除了表皮及纤维层外,还可观察到延迟解体的绒毡层,绒毡层的延迟解体可能影响了小孢子的发育。     

小麦T型细胞质雄性不育系、保持系蛋白质双向电泳比较研究

以小麦T型细胞质雄性不育系为材料,利用双向电泳技术,对苗期、分蘖期、拔节期和孕穗期叶片和花粉母细胞减数分裂期、单核小孢子期、二—三核小孢子期蛋白质变化作了分析。在细胞质雄性不育系小麦拔节期、孕穗期叶片中,有一个33KD／P16．3蛋白组分存在,保持系中没有发现这个蛋白组分。在花粉败育的关键时期二—三核小孢子期,小麦细胞质雄性不育系有53KD／P15．5、50KD／P15．7、48KD／P15．6和20KD／P17．5四种蛋白组分存在,而保持系中也没有存在。小麦细胞质雄性不育系叶片和小孢子发育过程中存在的这五种特异蛋白可能参与育性调控,与细胞质雄性不育特性的形成有关。     

化学杂交剂GENESIS诱导小麦雄性不育的细胞形态学观察

在小麦幼穗发育期的药隔期至四分体期 ,用 5 .0 kg/ hm2剂量的 GENESIS进行处理 ,结果表明 ,GENESIS可诱导小麦产生 10 0 %的雄性不育率 ,且不育株率超过 99%以上 ,具有良好的诱导雄性不育的效果 .小麦经 GENE-SIS处理后 ,小孢子发育出现异常 ,败育型小孢子有单核花粉、二核花粉和不正常的三核花粉 ,同时还发现有四核和五核花粉以及在花粉发育过程中原生质体解体 ,仅留下花粉壁的空壳花粉 .不育花药不开裂 ,花粉囊除了表皮及纤维层外 ,还可观察到延迟解体的绒毡层 ,绒毡层的延迟解体可能影响了小孢子的发育     

普通小麦D2型CMS系的育性基因及其遗传特性

通过研究普通小麦D^2型CMS－育性恢复体系中育性基因的种类及其遗传特性。结果表明：（1）D^2型不育系具有较好的不育性保持与恢复特征,在一般的普通小麦品种（系）中具有广泛的恢复（基因）源、可恢复度高（恢复度超过50％的品种或品质占到33．61％）,也能较容易地转育出新的不育系（完全保持不育性的品种或品系占到25．21％）,这一特征明显优于现有T、K、V型等不育系。（2）D^2型不育系的不育性受核内不育基因和抑制基因控制,相应的核基因型分为Al（不育基因）、A2（不育基因＋抑制基因）两类;恢复纱的恢复性受核内主效恢复基因、微效恢复基因和抑制基因控制,相应的核基因型分为C1（主效恢复基因）、C2(驻效恢复基因＋微效恢复基因）、C3（微效恢复基因）、C4（主效恢复基因＋抑制基因）、C5（主效恢复基因＋微效恢复基因＋抑制基因）、C6（微效恢复基因＋抑制基因）6种。环境条件的变化对育性基因、尤其是微效恢复基因和抑制基因的遗传效应有不同程度的影响。D^2型不育有效杂交组合的模型为：A1＋C1`A1 C2、A2＋C2。（3）D^2型不育系等位恢复基因的遗传表现为不完全显性,非等位恢复基因的遗传表现出积效应,这正是强恢复系德育的理论依据之一。     

普通小麦D2型CMS系恢复基因的遗传分析

在育性基因遗传特征研究的基础上,通过测交筛选出遗4060,M8003,6D／6R,GR1,960789,保769－22－6等几个高恢复系,F2代,F1BC1代的遗传分析结果和等位性测验,F1代自交可育株的连续选择结果证明这些恢复系的育性恢复受两对独立遗传的主效基因控制,同时存在剂量不等的微效基因,建议将这两对主效恢复基因定名为D^2Rf1,D^2Rf1,D^2Rf2,D^2Rf2。恢复系的选育应以模式C2（主效恢复基因＋微效恢复基因）为首选。     

枫泾猪、香猪和长白猪的DNA指纹图分析

本文用M13和3个人源小卫星探针(33.6、 33.15、α-珠蛋白-3’HVR)获得了枫泾猪、香猪及长白猪的DNA指纹图,分析了各品种内和品种间的遗传变异性。结果表明,各品种的平均DNA指纹图相似系数在0.440-0.532的范围内,极显著地高于品种间的相似系数(0.223-0.307)。各品种的DNA指纹图还存在着一些品种特异性图带,这些图带在以后的基因定位中值得重视。 Abstract:This paper demonstrated DNA fingerprints of Fengjing,Xiang and Large White breeds of swine generated by M13 and three human minisatellite probes(33.6,33.15 andα-globin-3’HVR),and determined the intrabreed and interbreed variabilities of swine DNA fingerprints.It was shown that the mean band sharing probability within breeds was 0.440-0.532,significantly higher than that between breeds(0.223-0.307).Some breed-specific bands were noted in each breed,which should draw our attention in the course of gene mapping.     

The Stages of Gametophyte and Sporoderm Development in Pollen Grains

Paleontological Journal - Based on several modern plant species (Aristolochia clematitis, A. manshuriensis, Alliaria petiolata, Chloranthus japonicus, Symphytum officinale, Ambrosia trifida,...     

油菜和玉米花粉粒中元素分布的研究

以油菜和玉米花粉为材料 ,应用扫描电镜及能谱仪技术对花粉中内外元素分布进行了初步研究。结果表明 :花粉粒萌发沟区与非萌发沟区 ,花粉壁与原生质内外的不同部位 ,Fe、Zn、Si、Al、Ca、P、S、Mg、K、Cl、Cu、Mn、Co及Ni1 4种元素组成有很大差异 ;两种花粉的萌发沟区都未检测出Fe元素 ,而非萌发沟区的Fe元素相对含量为 1 .1 2 %～ 3 68% ;花粉壁中比花粉原生质中更富含Si,Ca,K ,Cl等元素。本项研究为蜜源植物花粉的开发和利用提供了有价值的资料。     

Studies on the Initial Biochemical Reactions in the Germination of Pollen Grains

Tritiated water (³HHO) has been used as the medium for the germinationof pollen grains of Pinus radiata D.Don (a gymnosperm), Ulexeuropaeus L., Salix caprea L. (dicotyledonous angiosperms),and Phormium tenax Forst. (a monocotyledonous angiosperm). ³H-labelledcompounds formed during the initial germination (egersis) periodhave been separated and identified to give information on themetabolism taking place.Since the earliest labelled compoundswere -aminobutyric acid, alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamicacid, it is concluded that these amino acids play an importantpart in the biochemical reactions during the early stages ofgermination. Citric acid, malic acid, and glutamine do not becomelabelled until later while carbohydrates, phosphate esters,and lipids do not appear to incorporate tritium within the firsthour of germination.The gross labelling pattern and the natureof the individually labelled metabolites, their intensity andsequence of labelling are similar for all the species investigatedexcept gorse, which showed a decrease in the intensity and thenumber of labelled metabolites with time.P. radiata pollen storedfor 3 years under vacuum or carbon dioxide has a labelling patternsimilar to freshly collected P. radiata pollen, except for aconsiderable increase in the amount of an unknown metabolite(Compound X).     

Fluorescence Microscopy in the Study of Pollen Grains and Pollen Tubes

Fresh pollen gains were either crushed directly in a 0.01% solution of acridine orange (0.1 M phosphate-citrate buffer, pH 5.2-5.4) or they were germinated previously in 5-25% sucrose solution (glass-distilled water of pH 5.0-6.0 with 100 ppm H₃BO₃) inside moist incubating chambers at 24-30° C. Observations and records were made by using ultraviolet or blue-violet light with suitably coupled exciter and barrier filters. When the pollen grains, tube walls or cytoplasm interfered with observation of a particular cell content, the same was either pressed or dissected out of the gain or the tube. The vegetative, generative or sperm cells as well as other protoplasmic contents, such as plastid-like bodies, lipid granules and mitochondria could be differentiated.     

辣椒细胞质雄性不育系的3种同工酶分析

以辣椒细胞质雄性不育系21A及其同核异质保持系21B为试验材料,比较分析两系雄配子发育过程中酯酶（EST）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）同工酶的表达特征。结果表明：幼叶和花蕾的EST同工酶酶谱在谱带数目和酶带强弱上存在时空表达差异,并且随着雄配子发育的进行,保持系21B从中花蕾至特大花蕾比不育系21A多1条清晰的谱带（EST3e）,其差异表达发生在细胞学上观察到的败育时期之前;在GDH同工酶中,保持系21B从大花蕾至特大花蕾比不育系多6条谱带（GDH,和GDH1／2）,酶谱差异表达时期与细胞学上观察到的败育时期一致;而在MDH同工酶中,不育系21A和保持系21B的幼叶和各级花蕾的酶谱在谱带数目和谱带强弱上均没有明显差异。     

特种稻不育系巨胚813A的选育与研究

用350 Gy剂量的Co60-γ射线照射水稻三系保持系813B种子,获得巨胚突变体,命名为巨胚813B（简称813geB）。用巨胚813B回交813A育成特种稻不育系-巨胚813A（简称813geA）。对巨胚813B及巨胚813A的生物学特性进行研究,结果表明：巨胚813A与813A的主要农艺性状、雄性不育性及产量构成因素均无明显差异。巨胚813B与813B具有相似的农艺性状,但绝对胚重由0.61mg提高到1.36mg,相对胚重由2.70%提高到6.96%。巨胚813B糙米的蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维及必需氨基酸含量均比813B高。其中蛋白质含量9.77%,比813B提高了8.80%;粗脂肪含量5.28%,比813B提高了87.23%;8种必需氨基酸含量均有提高。利用巨胚恢复系与巨胚813A可组配成巨胚杂交稻。     

特种稻不育系巨胚813A的选育与研究

用350Gy剂量的Co^60-γ射线照射水稻三系保持系813B种子,获得巨胚突变体,命名为巨胚813B（简称813geB）。用巨胚813B回交813A育成特种稻不育系——巨胚813A（简称813geA）。对巨胚813B及巨胚813A的生物学特性进行研究,结果表明：巨胚813A与813A的主要农艺性状、雄性不育性及产量构成因素均无明显差异。巨胚813B与813B具有相似的农艺性状,但绝对胚重由0．61mg提高到1．36mg,相对胚重由2．70％提高到6．96％。巨胚813B糙米的蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维及必需氨基酸含量均比813B高。其中蛋白质含量9．77％,比813B提高了8．80％;粗脂肪含量5．28％,比813B提高了87．23％;8种必需氨基酸含量均有提高。利用巨胚恢复系与巨胚813A可纽配成巨胚杂交稻。     

Embryoid Formation in Pollen Grains of Nicotiana tabacum

Anthers of Nicotiana tabacum (n = 24) were cultured on nutrientagar and examined at intervals for pollen embryoids. Embryoidswere formed in anthers of varying developmental stage, the youngestof which coincided with the liberation of free microspores fromtetrads, and the oldest with the formation of bicellular grains.This period in the development of the anther occupied 4–5days. Older anthers within this range were more successful thanyounger anthers. The first mitosis of the pollen was typicallyasymmetric and resulted in the formation of unequal generativeand vegetative cells. Some of the grains then went into a lagphase for at least 5–6 days, after which the mitotic conditionwas restored. Embryoids were formed by repeated division ofthe vegetative cell. If the generative cell divided, it didso only once or twice. Occasionally the first mitosis was symmetricand gave rise to equal cells, and in these instances both cellsprobably participated in embryoid formation. The youngest anthersexamined were probably less successful because fewer grainssurvived to enter mitosis. The number of embryoids produced varied considerably from oneanther to another both within the same bud and between differentbuds: values ranging from less than 400 to 10 000 per antherwere encountered. Most of these degenerated after the firstfew divisions, partly because they burst prematurely from thepollen grain wall. Embryoids which continued to develop formedplantlets and/or callus. The largest number of plantlets obtainedfrom one anther was 32. Haploid plantlets were also regeneratedfrom callus by transferring it to a low-sugar medium withoutauxin. The behaviour of grains not forming embryoids was also noted.     

Character States of Development and Initiation of Cohesion between Compound Pollen Grains of Acacia paradoxa

Cytoplasmic channels link Acacia paradoxa micropores until callosespecial wall dissolution, and do not provided templates forwall bridge formation in the future polyad. Wall bridges formby a unique mechanism. Endexine bridges on radial walls betweenadjacent microspores form from wrist-like bosses of endexineflanking the germinal apertures. Acacia microspores are alsounique in lacking a growth and vacuolation period prior to mitosis,with the surface area of the cytoplasm only increasing by 28%during development. The character states of polyad developmenthave been defined, and confirm the unusual states of pollendevelopment and provided a basis for future phylogenetic analysis.Copyright1993, 1999 Academic Press Microspore growth, polyad, Mimosaceae, exine, wall bridges