红曲霉原生质体的制备、再生及其遗传转化系统

原生质体是研究和建立真菌遗传转化系统的重要工具。为了建立原生质体介导的红曲霉遗传转化系统,考察了各种细胞壁裂解酶和渗透压稳定剂等对红曲霉原生质体形成和再生的影响。将红曲霉分生孢子在铺有玻璃纸的平板上30℃培养30~40 h收获的菌丝体最有利于原生质体的形成和释放。红曲霉菌丝体形成和释放原生质体最适裂解酶和酶解时间分别为：0.3 % lysing enzyme、0.1 % cellulase和1 % snailase的酶组合,30℃作用2.5 h;最适渗透压稳定剂是：1mol /L MgSO4。最适合原生质体再生的培养基为含0.6 mol/L蔗糖的CM培养基。原生质体液涂布单层再生培养基的方法,再生率最高,菌株M34和N18分别为8.5 %和36.4 %。在PEG和CaCl2存在下,以潮霉素B为抗生素选择标记,用质粒pBC-Hygro和pNL1共转化菌株M34原生质体,每微克DNA克获得100个稳定转化子。     

纤维素酶高产菌株Trichoderma atroviride HP35-3原生质体制备及转化

旨在优化深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)菌株HP35-3原生质体制备和转化条件,便于对该菌株进行遗传操作以提高其纤维素酶产量。分别对制备深绿木霉原生质体的菌龄、酶解时间、酶组分及比例和转化条件进行优化。结果显示,利用3mg/m L蜗牛酶、3 mg/m L溶菌酶和3 mg/m L裂解酶酶组分酶解菌龄10 h的菌丝2 h,获得的原生质浓度达到3.5×107个/m L以上,原生质体再生率为61%。利用原生质体进行PEG介导转化,当原生质体浓度为1×108个/m L、外源DNA为5μg时,转化率达到35个转化子/μg DNA。建立的高效原生质体制备及转化体系可用于深绿木霉的遗传转化及菌株改造。     

PEG法介导蛹虫草遗传转化体系的建立

由于真菌的遗传转化体系中一般以原生质体作为受体细胞,因而对蛹虫草原生质体制备的各种因素进行比较研究。结果表明,蛹虫草原生质体制备的最佳体系为:液体培养4天的蛹虫草菌球,以0.8 mol/L甘露醇作为稳渗剂,加入含1.5%蜗牛酶+1.5%溶壁酶复合酶,在34℃酶解蛹虫草菌球4 h时,原生质体得率达到1.0×10~7个/ml。潮霉素筛选压实验表明,蛹虫草原生质体在PDA固体培养基上的潮霉素最低筛选浓度为650 mg/L。采用正交试验的方法,设计PEG介导蛹虫草原生质体转化,将质粒p SB130-GFP转化蛹虫草原生质体,在荧光倒置显微镜下观察比较,得到最佳的转化体系为:PEG浓度为25%,冰浴时间为10 min,室温时间为20 min,质粒质量为30μg,原生质体个数为10~7个/ml。最终得到PEG法介导蛹虫草遗传转化的转化频率约为100~200个/μg(抗性转化子/质粒+10~7个原生质体)。转化子在含潮霉素的培养基上经4代以上的继代培养后仍可以表达潮霉素抗性并稳定遗传。为通过基因工程手段定向、快速改良蛹虫草药用品质,利用蛹虫草发酵方法生产一些具有重大经济价值的外源蛋白等奠定基础,并且有助于进一步了解蛹虫草这一大型真菌中基因的表达调控机制。     

PEG介导的黑附球菌遗传转化体系的建立

以生防真菌黑附球菌原生质体为受体、潮霉素抗性基因（ hph）为筛选标记,应用PEG介导法进行了遗传转化体系的研究。潮霉素敏感性测试结果表明,黑附球菌对潮霉素的耐受浓度为50mg/L。PEG介导的黑附球菌原生质体最佳遗传转化体系为：30℃下用2%裂解酶酶解黑附球菌菌丝2h,过滤收集原生质体,经MTC清洗重悬后将质粒pYF11-hph转化黑附球菌原生质体,在RM培养基中混匀再生;经潮霉素药剂筛选和PCR验证,表明外源基因 hph已转入到黑附球菌中并获得稳定表达。本实验成功地建立了稳定的PEG介导的黑附球菌遗传转化体系,为研究其代谢途径、生防机制及构建工程菌株提供了技术保障。     

地衣芽孢杆菌原生质体的制备、再生及转化研究

目的：提高地衣芽孢杆菌原生质体的产量和形成率,为进一步提高原生质体转化率打下基础。方法：通过酶解法对地衣芽孢杆菌工业生产菌株Bacillus licheniformis303原生质体的制备及再生条件进行了研究。考察了菌体生长状态、溶菌酶浓度、处理时间、渗透压稳定剂和再生培养基等因素对地衣芽孢杆菌原生质体的制备及再生的影响。结果：对数生长后期的菌体,以SMMP作渗透压稳定剂,溶菌酶浓度为100mg/mL,37℃下酶解30min,原生质体生成量可达8×109个/mL;再生培养基选用含1mol/L琥珀酸钠的DM3时,再生率最高可达17%。在此条件下,采用PEG法将游离型质粒pHY-P43-secQ转化宿主菌B.lichenifor-mis303,转化率可达10~15 CFU/μg DNA。     

原生质体介导马尔尼菲青霉基因转化体系的优化

目的优化原生质体介导的马尔尼菲青霉转化体系,为其基因功能研究提供良好的平台。方法通过原生质体介导将构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)pyrG基因插入马尔尼菲青霉尿嘧啶缺陷株ligD(pyrG-,ligD-)中,在不含尿嘧啶的培养基中筛选阳性转化子,运用PCR验证重组子,通过改变影响转化效率的酶解时间、培养基浓度、质粒浓度、不同配方的原生质体洗涤液STC和不同配方的原生质体助融剂PTC 5个条件对体系进行优化。结果 PCR验证A.nidulans pyrG基因成功的插入ligD中,转化子可稳定传代。最适合ligD原生质体转化效率的条件为:酶解时间6h,PTC(60%PEG-4000,100mmol/L Tris-HCl pH8.0,100mmol/L CaCl2),每100μL原生质体(106~107/mL)加入2.5μg质粒,0.6 mol/L蔗糖SD/SDU筛选/再生培养基,每1μg质粒转化子可达68个左右。结论成功优化了原生质体介导马尔尼菲青霉转化体系的条件,优化后该方法转化效率高,为基因功能研究提供良好平台。     

杨树腐烂病菌(Cytospora chrysosperma)原生质体遗传转化体系的构建

【目的】通过分析不同酶解条件对金黄壳囊孢菌[Cytospora chrysosperma(Pers.)Fr.]原生质体释放的影响,建立高效制备原生质体及其遗传转化体系的方法,为开展杨树腐烂病菌的致病分子机制研究奠定基础。【方法】以杨树腐烂病菌菌株CFCC 89981为受体,在细胞壁降解酶作用下产生用于转化所需的原生质体,通过PEG(Polyethylene glycol)介导将g GFP DNA导入杨树腐烂病菌的原生质体中获得转化子。经PCR扩增、Southern blot和荧光观察验证g GFP DNA插入到杨树腐烂病菌基因组中并表达出GFP(Green fluorescent protein)蛋白。【结果】以p H 5.5的1.2 mol/L KCl为稳渗剂,杨树腐烂病菌菌丝经Driselase和Lysing enzymes共同酶解4 h可获得1.2×108个/m L原生质体,再生率可达63.74%±9.73%,FDA(Fluorescein diacetate)溶液染色结果显示98%左右的原生质体具有较高的活力。利用PEG介导的遗传转化方法,转化效率可达76个/μg DNA。PCR检测和Southern blot均可在转化子基因组中检测到GFP基因片段,且荧光检测转化子的菌丝均呈绿色荧光,表明GFP基因在杨树腐烂病菌中表达。此外,GFP转化子在无潮霉素抗性的PDA培养基中多代转接后仍稳定遗传并表达GFP蛋白。【结论】通过筛选酶解条件,获得高质量、高活性的杨树腐烂病菌原生质体,并利用PEG介导的转化方法建立了高效稳定的原生质体遗传转化体系。该体系的建立为杨树腐烂病菌的后续研究奠定了技术基础。     

PEG介导的猴头菌遗传转化体系的建立

对猴头菌Hericium erinaceus原生质体制备的各种因素进行比较研究,结果表明,猴头菌原生质体制备的最佳体系为：液体培养5d的猴头菌丝,以0.6mol/L KCl作为稳渗剂,加入含1.0%纤维素酶+1.0%蜗牛酶+1.0%溶壁酶的复合酶,在30℃酶解猴头菌丝3h时,原生质体得率达到3.0×106个/mL。潮霉素敏感性测试表明,猴头菌在PDSA固体培养基上的潮霉素最低筛选浓度为60μg/mL。采用PEG介导的原生质体法,将质粒pBgGI-hph（含有灵芝gpd1-Gl启动子和潮霉素抗性基因hph）转化猴头菌原生质体,经潮霉素初步筛选以及PCR鉴定,表明有4株猴头菌拟转化子的基因组扩增出hph基因;转化子经过多次转接后进行Southern杂交验证,结果表明4个转化子的基因组中均稳定整合了hph抗性基因。     

PEG介导的柱状田头菇遗传转化体系建立

柱状田头菇（茶树菇）Agrocybe aegerita是一种美味的食用菌,具有极高的经济价值。随着其全基因组测序的完成,功能基因组学研究也逐渐展开,其中,高效的遗传转化体系作为技术基础成为研究重点。本研究以柱状田头菇原生质体为受体、潮霉素抗性基因（hph）作为筛选标记,以增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因（egfp）为报告基因,应用PEG介导法进行柱状田头菇遗传转化体系研究。结果表明,150μg/mL潮霉素可以完全抑制柱状田头菇的生长。30℃下用2%裂解酶液酶解菌丝3h,能够获得最大得率的原生质体。通过PEG介导将构建好的DNA片段转化入柱状田头菇原生质体,通过潮霉素抗性筛选获得转化子,转化得率达到7个/μg DNA。PCR验证和荧光显微镜观察,外源片段成功转入柱状田头菇中并稳定表达。本研究建立的PEG介导转化体系,为柱状田头菇基因功能研究提供了技术基础。     

高效除藻真菌云芝F21a遗传转化体系的建立

以蓝藻高效降解菌云芝F21a (Trametes versicolor)为出发菌株,对其原生质体的制备、再生条件及限制性内切酶介导的遗传转化进行研究。结果表明：在PDA培养基上,28 ℃培养4 d的菌丝最适于原生质体制备; 0.6 mol/L KCl为最适等渗条件;30 ℃混合酶液（2% cellulase+2% snailase+2% lywallzyme）酶解4 h,原生质体产量达到2.375×10⁷个/mL,此时再生率达0.74%。采用限制性内切酶介导技术可将质粒pAN7-1导入云芝F21a的原生质体,在含有150 μg/mL 潮霉素的RM培养基中能够获得再生菌株,PCR验证初步表明该质粒已经转入云芝F21a原生质体。连续传代转接显示,阳性转基因菌株外源基因可以稳定表达,本结果为研究真菌高效消除蓝藻的分子机制奠定基础。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418