药用民族植物学及其研究进展

药用民族植物学是研究传统医药或民间医药中植物药及其相关内容的一门由多学科组成的交叉学科。随着科学界对传统医药知识认识的不断加深 ,药用民族植物学已经受到了世界范围内的普遍关注。本文从传统医药的概念、引起科学界对传统医药知识产生兴趣的原因、民族传统药物的特点、药用民族植物学在发达国家和发展中国家的研究状况等方面对药用民族植物学的研究进展作了综合评述。     

药用民族植物学及其研究进展

药用民族植物学是研究传统医药或民间医药中植物药及其相关内容的一门由多学科组成的交叉学科。随着科学界对传统医药知识认识的不断加深,药用民族植物学已经受到了世界范围内的普遍关注。本文从传统医药的概念、引起科学界对传统医药知识产生兴趣的原因、民族传统药物的特点、药用民族植物学在发达国家和发展中国家的研究状况等方面对药用民族植物学的研究进展作了综合评述。     

非木材林产品的民族植物学研究进展

非木材林产品（NTFPs）是指从森林植被中采集的药材、食物（如野菜、野果等）、树脂树胶、纤维或其他非木材类产品,它们不仅为当地群众提供了食物、药材等日常生活必需品,而且也是许多地区原住民的重要经济收入来源。在收集整理相关国内外研究资料的基础上,从非木材林产品的集市民族植物学、非木材林产品的经济价值和对原住民经济收入的贡献、影响非木材林产品采集和利用的因素、非木材林产品采集对当地生物多样性的影响、原住民对非木材林产品的传统管理与保护等方面对近年来有关非木材林产品的民族植物学研究进展进行了综合评述,并对非木材林产品的民族植物学重点研究内容和方向提出了一些建议。     

广西恭城瑶族集市药用植物的民族植物学调查

采用民族植物学的研究方法和手段,对恭城瑶族境内周期性集市药用植物及相关的传统知识进行了调查。主要研究结果如下：恭城瑶族民众与野生药用植物的关系极为密切,研究地区集市中常见药用植物71种,均为野生植物,常用于治疗肠胃、呼吸道、感染、风湿和外伤等疾病。在调查地区的野生药用植物资源及相关的传统知识面临着新的威胁,亟待采取必要的措施予以保护。     

黔东南侗族利用植物资源的传统知识研究

用民族植物学观点和方法,分析聚居于贵州省黔东南的侗族民间在饮食习惯、常用医药、传统民居、生活用具、生产方式、民间信仰和自然崇拜等方面利用植物资源的传统知识。结果表明：该地区侗族日常生活涉及的植物约122种,在侗族人物质和精神生活中发挥着重要作用,包括食用植物、药用植物、染料植物、信仰植物、民居建筑及生活用具植物等。黔东南侗族在保护和利用植物资源方面积累了丰富的知识和经验,形成了具有特异性的民族文化,这些传统知识对植物资源的保育和开发利用具有重要的研究和参考价值。     

用民族植物学观点分析黎族与植物资源的关系

用民族植物学观点,探讨黎族人在适应环境、生产方式、传统民居、生活用具、民间工艺、民族医药、布料制作、宗教信仰和自然崇拜等方面与当地植物资源的关系,分析了黎族人民对植物资源的认识、利用和保护方式。分析认为,黎族人一直居住在热带森林地区,植物资源在他们的物质和精神生活中发挥着重要作用;他们在利用植物方面积累了丰富的知识和经验,创造了丰富多彩的民族文化;黎族人的许多传统知识和经验对当今植物资源的开发利用仍具有重要的研究和参考价值。     

云南普洱可食用棠梨花的民族植物学初步研究

云南拥有独特的食花文化,蕴藏着丰富的食花资源与传统知识。棠梨花是云南分布最广、最为常见的食用花资源之一,是民间对可食用蔷薇科梨属(Pyrus)植物花的统称,其具体涉及的物种以及民间利用知识与现状尚待研究阐明。该研究在文献研究基础上,初步选择云南省普洱市的思茅区和墨江县,在棠梨花采集旺季,开展了民族植物学调查,包括标本采集与鉴定、集市调查与半结构式访谈。结果表明:(1)该地区食用棠梨花来自三种野生梨属植物,即川梨(P. pashia)、杜梨(P. betulifolia)和无毛川梨(P. pashia var. kumaoni),其中川梨利用频率最高。(2)棠梨花在集市上早春野生蔬菜中比重高,在当地和外地同时显示了很大的市场潜力。(3)当地民族在棠梨花的采后处理与加工方式上,具有高度的一致性。(4)食用理由主要包括清热、应季和无污染。该研究阐明了可食用棠梨花的物种、相关传统知识与利用现状,为棠梨花的资源价值与影响力评估提供了参考,为进一步探讨食花的文化因素与生理学意义提供了基础。     

中国南部和西南部地区大野芋应用的民族植物学调查

民族植物学以人类传统植物学知识为主要研究内容,这些知识或经验是在长期的生活和生产过程中不断产生和积累的,而且绝大多数经过了长期的实践检验. 近年来,对各地蔬菜,尤其是野生蔬菜的民族植物学调查研究日渐兴起,不仅从集市调查着手进行野生蔬菜的调查编目和社会经济价值的研究,而且逐步深入到蔬菜在食物结构中的地位、对当地居民健康状况的影响及人工驯化培育等方面[1-7].     

民族植物学研究现状(2017-2022)

《生物多样性公约》《名古屋议定书》《植物科学深圳宣言》等指导性文件都强调要认识到生物多样性相关传统知识的重要作用。生物多样性相关传统知识在生物文化多样性保护和可持续发展方面的作用也越来越受到人们的关注。民族植物学研究人与植物的相互作用关系, 是研究生物多样性相关传统知识的最主要学科领域, 近些年来取得了一系列的研究进展, 研究成果对于《植物科学深圳宣言》第六个优先领域目标的完成具有重要的推动作用。本文回顾了近年来特别是《植物科学深圳宣言》发布后的民族植物学研究状况, 主要从认知、利用、保护、管理植物等方面进行概述, 以便全面了解近期民族植物学研究的发展状况, 保护传统知识和植物文化, 为生物文化多样性的保护与发展做出重要贡献。近期获得的民族植物学成果, 说明民族植物学研究可以解决当下的一些热点问题。民族植物学的研究发现, 该学科能极大地促进传统知识、植物文化、生物文化多样性的保护, 尤其在农家品种以及濒危语言的保护方面有着巨大优势。     

民族植物学认识的几个误区

民族植物学是研究一定地区的人群与植物界(包括所有在经济上、文化上和其他方面有重要价值的植物)之间的全面关系,同时也研究社会结构、行为和植物之间的相互作用.民族植物学在寻找新资源、探索植物资源可持续利用和保护途径中已经发挥了非常重要的作用.但民族植物学在我国的发展还相对滞后,其中对民族植物学在理解上存在的误区是导致民族植物学不为更多人所了解的主要因素之一.本文对容易导致对民族植物学产生误解的6个方面(包括"民族植物学就是研究少数民族利用植物的科学"、"民族植物学仅仅是文献考证的一门学科"、"民族植物学无定量方法"等)进行了初步分析,以期让更多的人了解民族植物学,参与到民族植物学研究中来.     

Effect of cadmium on growth and micronutrient distribution in wild garlic (Tulbaghia violacea)

Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) is one of the few medicinal plants that is also frequently used as a leafy vegetable. Application of cadmium (Cd) at 2 and 5 mg/L to T. violacea plants of various sizes (small 8–10 g, medium 16–20 g, large 80–95 g) elicited a difference in growth response, Cd accumulation and micronutrient distribution. Application of Cd up to 5 mg/L had no significant effect on growth parameters of large-sized plants while leaf length and fresh weight of leaves of the medium-sized plants decreased with application of Cd at 2 mg/L, and 5 mg/L. Cadmium significantly decreased the number of leaves in small-sized plants. Small plants accumulated more Cd in the leaves than medium or large-sized plants. Application of Cd at 2 and 5 mg/L lowered the leaf Cu, Fe, Mo and Zn contents in small and medium-sized plants but had no effect on the micronutrients in large-sized plants. This study indicates that T. violacea has the ability to accumulate Cd. In addition, plant size plays an important role with regards to Cd accumulation and elemental distribution. The results presented in this study include the first report on the nutritional status of T. violacea leaves.     

Traditional Beverage Plants Used by Dai Villagers in Xishuangbanna

One hundred and fourteen plant species which belonging to 43 families and 93 genera were recorded in this study. All these species were used as traditional beverage plants by Dai people in two Dai villages (Man’an and Mansan)of xishuangbanna and 65 . 8% of the plants may hold medicinal functions. The results indicated that the species and the number of species were quite different between the two villages , and the difference between genders was not significant. However, the results of ANOVA showed that there was not significant difference between the average number of plant species mentioned in the villages and among genders, and the mean number of plant species mentioned in young group was significantly lower than that in old group, especially inMan’an village where transportation is much convenient. The study suggested that the indigenous knowledge was on the way of loss with the influence of exotic culture.     

Ethnobotanical and antibacterial study of Primula plants traditionally used in the indigenous communities of Western Himalaya,Pakistan

BackgroundThe upper belt of Azad Kashmir is a hilly, mountainous, and remote area where the indigenous communities mainly believe in traditional medicines for the treatment of different ailments. This study aimed to conserve scientifically and culturally important medicinal knowledge of Primula species in Azad Kashmir, Western Himalaya, Pakistan. The additional objective was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of these plants against pathogenic bacteria.MethodsThe ethnomedicinal data of Primula species was explored by conducting structured interviews with 40 informants of the study area, especially asking about the medicinal uses of Primula species. The indigenously used Primula species were further analyzed for their antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by using disc diffusion assay supplemented with a more robust minimum inhibitory concentration assay.ResultsEthnomedicinal data revealed that indigenous communities living in upper regions of Azad Kashmir use 5 Primula species for the treatment of various disorders. The highly cited disease category was ophthalmic disorders. P. denticulata and P. macrophylla were the most cited plant species with higher use reports such as 104 and 93, respectively. One or more extracts of different parts of Primula species showed a noteworthy antibacterial activity against one or more tested bacteria.ConclusionThis study provides novel information regarding several categories of traditional uses and antibacterial activity of Primula species in Azad Kashmir, Western Himalaya. The need for novel and more effective drugs derived from natural products is more important than ever, making future studies on herbal remedies both justified and urgently required.     

Chemical investigation of an antimalarial Chinese medicinal herb Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora

An antimalarial medicinal plant Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora was chemically investigated as part of our ongoing research in traditional chinese medicines (TCM). Mass directed fractionation of the active part of the crude extract led to the isolation of ten main components, three new compounds (1–3) and seven known compounds (4–10). Compound 10 inhibited the growth of the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 malarial parasite line, with an IC₅₀ value of 8.3 μM. This compound accounted for ～95% of P. falciparum growth inhibitory activity in the crude extract confirming, for this TCM, that a single compound was responsible for the antimalarial activity.     

黄柏,黄连中药合剂对抗生素所致家兔阴道菌群失调的调整作用

本实验应用阴道细菌学检查与光镜,电镜观察相结合方法,初步研究了黄柏,黄连中药合剂对抗生素所致家兔阴道菌群人调的调整作用。结果表明,盐酸林可霉素可造成家兔阴道菌群失调,乳杆菌比正常对照组明显减少,类杆菌,肠杆菌显示增加、同时家兔阴道粘膜充血,炎性细胞浸润。     

对中药指纹图谱研究现状及应用的思考

从中药指纹图谱的分析测试方法、标准指纹图谱的建立、指纹图谱的分析和应用几个方面对中药指纹图谱的研究现状及其应用进行了综述。提出了目前存在的问题与改进方向。     

Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants at Periodic Markets of Autonomous County of Gongcheng Yao in Guangxi

Gongcheng is the second largest county in Guangxi with about 163000 Yao population. Periodic Markets are important places for trading of medicinal plants harvested by Gongcheng Yao villagers. The study aimed to look into the marked traded medicinal plants that are used by local people for curing various ailments. Ethnobotanical market survey methods, interviews, Participatory Action Research (PAR) and field visits were planned to elicit information on the uses of various medicinal plants. It was found that 71 plant species in the market which belong to 41 families are commonly used by local people for curing various diseases, all species are wild plants. A total of 133 records of medical uses in 52 herbal recipes for the treatment some common diseases. In most of the recipes recorded, digestion diseases, respiratory system diseases, infectious diseases,rheumatological diseases and surgery are used. The traditional knowledge about the number of medicinal plants available in that area and used by interviewees was positively correlated with the threats on medicinal plants in the wild habitats of the research area, which indicating that the diversity of wild medicinal plants and the associated traditional knowledge trends to disappear in the area.     

贵州雷公山地区苗族的酒曲植物

贵州省雷公山地区的苗族至今保持着传统的酿酒工艺,以及传统酒曲的制作技术。为了保护和传承苗族酒文化,采用民族植物学和植物分类学方法,调查当地群众酿造土酒的工艺,记录传统酒曲的制作技术以及酒曲植物的种类。研究发现,雷公山地区的苗族土酒和我国其他小曲酒的酿造工艺相似;整理、鉴定、编目酒曲植物19科28属35种,其中兔耳一支箭（Piloselloideshirsuta）和河北木蓝（indigofera bungeana）是使用频度最高的植物;通常采集植物鲜嫩的茎、叶、芽来制作酒曲,较少使用全草。传统的酒曲制作技术正面临失传,应深入开展酒曲植物及相关传统知识的调查和研究,保存和记录苗族酒文化的物质基础,有利于促进苗族酒文化的传承和相关生物资源的保护。     

传统中国医药与现代系统生物学研究理论的殊途同归

系统生物学是研究一个生物系统中所有组成成分(基因、mRNA、蛋白质等)的构成与组分之间相互关系的学科,近年来,系统生物学作为后基因组学时代研究的一个重要内容,已广泛深入到生命科学和医药学的各个领域。而作为中国传统医学而言,似乎与之相去甚远,然而当我们对这两个新老学科基础理论进行比较时,我们发现:传统中国医药与现代系统生物学研究理论的殊途同归。有鉴于此,本文论述了系统生物学和中医学的思想起源、相互联系,基于系统生物学的发展、研究思路和方法,阐述了生物学由还原论的研究方法过渡到系统论的研究方法,强调对生命现象从系统和整体的层次进行研究和把握,对传统中医学研究方法的变革起到了推动作用,最后对系统生物学在中医药学未来发展进行了评价。