扩展点格局分析方法在灌木种群空间分布格局研究中的应用

当研究对象个体差异很大或者研究尺度与植物大小属于一个数量级时,传统的以种群空间分布的坐标点图为基础的点格局分析方法存在局限性.本文引入一种在传统点格局分析方法基础上发展起来的以栅格数据为分析对象的新方法——扩展点格局分析方法,用以分析具有一定面积和形状对象的空间格局和生态过程,该方法适用于灌木研究对象.以狭域特有种四合木(Tetraena mongolica)种群的空间分布格局分析为例,采用摄影定位法,用图像处理软件及地理信息系统软件将样地信息数字化后,利用扩展点格局分析方法分析了群落中四合木单种的空间分布格局及其与群落中霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)种群的关系,四合木种群在69～ 99 cm尺度上表现为均匀分布,四合木与霸王在350 ～570cm尺度上表现出显著的负关联关系.结果揭示了灌木种群的空间结构特征.     

林分空间格局的研究方法

森林群落中的植物种群以其特有的生态学和形态学属性,在与环境因子的相互作用下,成为森林生态系统中基本结构与功能单元.研究森林群落的种群空间格局及其动态可以为森林群落演替趋势、森林生态系统可持续经营提供基础理论.格局分析的数量指标还可以为生物多样性保护、森林可持续经营评价等提供可靠依据.但采用何种方法进行种群分布格局的分析研究是一个争论性的问题.本文介绍了林分空间格局的分析方法,根据取样的不同分为样方法和距离法.而它们都有各自的优缺点,而本文认为空间点格局方法是一种研究空间格局的比较好的方法.     

甘肃臭草型退化草地优势种群空间格局及其关联性

空间格局和空间关联性是研究种群扩散和群落演替的重要方法。在石羊河上游高寒退化草地,运用点格局分析法,对不同演替阶段甘肃臭草和阿尔泰针茅的格局及关联性进行了研究。结果表明:甘肃臭草在没有形成斑块(CK)和斑块形成阶段(A),所有尺度上为聚集分布,在斑块扩散(B)、稳定(C)和衰退阶段(D)分别在0-90 cm、0-70 cm和0-40 cm上为聚集分布,90-100 cm、70-150 cm和40-150 cm为随机分布;阿尔泰针茅在CK阶段所有尺度上为随机分布,在A、B、C阶段分别在0-47 cm、0-75 cm、0-130 cm上为聚集分布,在47-50 cm、75-100 cm和130-150 cm上为随机分布,D阶段在所有尺度上为聚集分布;从CK-D阶段,甘肃臭草和阿尔泰针茅之间的关联性由显著负关联向关联性不显著转变,负关联显著程度先增强,后减弱;甘肃臭草种群从CK到D样地,种群领地密度先增大后减小,阿尔泰针茅种群领地密度逐渐减小。优势种替代过程中,种内竞争和种间竞争的相互转化影响格局的分布类型,竞争的不对称性影响关联性程度的强弱。     

应用空间点模式方法研究大兴安岭雷击火空间分布格局

林火空间分布格局的研究对于林火发生预测以及理解林火在森林景观变化过程中的作用具有重要的意义.运用空间点模式方法对大兴安岭地区1988～2005年间雷击火发生情况进行了统计分析进而确定雷击火空间分布情况,研究结果表明大兴安岭地区雷击火成聚集分布,并存在雷击火热点地区,其核心区地理坐标分别为123°06′E,52°20′N;123°41′E,51°34′N;124°08′E,50°48′N.     

Population structure and spatial pattern of Caragana tibetica communities in Nei Mongol shrub-encroached grassland

Aims The community structure and function of the shrub-encroached grassland, as well as its formation mechanism, is one of hot scientific problems in vegetation science. The spatial pattern analysis is an important means for studying plant population interactions and the relationships between plant population and environment. The shrub-encroached grassland is one major vegetation type in Nei Mongol. Knowledge on the spatial pattern of shrub can improve our understanding on adaptive characteristics of shrub to steppe environment.
Methods We chose Caragana tibetica encroached grassland distributed in Ordos City as research objects. The spatial position of each C. tibetica individual in 64 m × 64 m study plot was determined by a method of “three-distance location method”, and then the spatial pattern and intraspecific associations of C. tibetica individuals was analyzed with the point pattern analysis.
Important findings The results showed that C. tibetica population was at the rising stage. The mature individuals showed a uniform distribution at the scale of less than 3.7 m, subsequently exhibiting a random distribution with an increased scale. The juvenile individuals showed an aggregation distribution at the scale of 0.3-20.4 m, but a uniform distribution at other scales. The dead C. tibetica individuals were distributed aggregately at the scale from 0.7 to 1.4 m, but randomly at other scales. An indistinctive positive association was found for live C. tibetica individuals to dead individuals at the scale of less than 9.9 m, but no associations was found between them at other scales. The mature individuals negatively interacted with juveniles at the scale of larger than 2.2 m, but unassociated at the other scales.     

Negative relationship between interspecies spatial association and trait dissimilarity

Species’ response to environmental site conditions and neighborhood interactions are among the important drivers of species’ spatial distributions and the resultant interspecies spatial association. The importance of competition to interspecies spatial association can be inferred from a high degree of trait dissimilarity of the associated species, and vice versa for environmental filtering. However, because the importance of environmental filtering and competition in structuring plant communities often vary with spatial scale and with plant life stage, the species’ spatial association–trait dissimilarity relationship should vary accordingly. We tested these assumptions in a fully mapped 50‐ha subtropical evergreen forest of China, where we assessed the degrees of interspecies spatial associations between adult trees and between saplings at two different spatial scales (10 m versus 40 m) and measured the degrees of trait dissimilarity of the associated species using six traits (leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry‐matter content, wood density, wood dry‐matter content and maximum height). Consistent across spatial scales and plant life stages, the degree of interspecies spatial association and the degree of overall trait dissimilarity (i.e. all six traits together) were negatively correlated, suggesting that environmental filtering might help assemble functionally similar species in the forest under study. However, when we looked into the spatial association–trait dissimilarity relationship for individual traits, we found that the relationships between interspecies spatial associations and the dissimilarity of wood density and dry‐matter content were significant for adults but not for saplings, suggesting the importance of wood traits in species’ survival during ontogeny. We conclude that processes shaping interspecies spatial association are spatial scale and plant life stage dependent, and that the distributions of functional traits offer useful insights into the processes underlying community spatial structure.     

Statistical analysis of spatial patterns of the heliozoanActinophrys sol

Summary Cell-to-cell interaction and spatial distribution of the heliozoanActinophrys sol was analyzed with computer-aided video microscopy. By means of goodness-of-fit statistics (² analysis) and a quadrat-count analysis (I-curve analysis), the spatial point pattern of the cells was shown to be of regular distribution, which implies that a regulating mechanism is operating to encourage an even spatial distribution of the cell centers ofActinophrys. An attempt was further made to define a unified model which fitsActinophrys cell distribution observed at different cell densities. For this purpose, the fitting of a parameterized potential function (r)=(/r)¹² was carried out, wherer is the distance between cell centers of two neighboring cells. The scaling parameter a was estimated from the maximum likelihood procedure for obtaining the best fit for the data, which was found to be a decreasing function of the cell density; we obtained = 0.44 mm at a low cell density (0.5 cell/mm²) and =0.10 mm at the highest cell density (6.5 cells/mm²). These results suggest that (1) the possible nearest distance between two neighboring cells is primarily defined by the axopodial length, and (2) at lower cell densities,Actinophrys can recognize the presence of distant neighboring cells by some unknown means.     

水杉原生种群结构及空间分布格局

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)是我国特有濒危极小种群物种, 其种群的状态一直被国内外学者广泛关注。分析现存水杉原生种群结构和空间分布格局及其空间关联性, 可以从空间格局角度深入认识水杉原生种群结构和分布格局及可能的形成机理。本文基于湖北利川境内水杉原生种群的野外调查数据, 分析其径级和高度级结构, 同时运用点格局分析中的成对相关函数g(r)以及3个零模型(完全空间随机模型、异质泊松模型、先决条件模型)分析水杉原生种群空间分布格局、各龄级空间分布格局及空间关联性。结果表明: (1)分布于研究区域内的水杉原生种群个体数共5,663株, 已死亡33株, 现存活5,630株, 其中40株濒临死亡, 465株处于衰弱状态, 部分个体呈现不同的形态特征和生长状况, 断梢和蚁害最为常见, 雷击是最致命的危害。(2)水杉原生种群结构分析显示, 其径级结构和高度级结构均呈纺锤型, 自然更新不良。(3)基于完全空间随机模型, 水杉原生种群在各尺度下均呈现聚集分布, 中龄树在较小尺度(r < 3,300 m)上呈现聚集分布, 成年树和老龄树在较大尺度(r < 4,700 m)上呈现聚集分布; 排除生境异质性影响后, 聚集尺度均减小, 所以种群及不同龄级的聚集尺度分别为0-3,000 m、0-2,100 m、0-2,900 m和0-2,500 m, 随后呈现为微弱的随机分布和均匀分布。(4)基于完全空间随机模型, 3个龄级之间在所有尺度均为正关联; 在排除生境异质性影响后, 不同龄级的正关联尺度减小, 均在0-2,800 m呈正关联。综上, 水杉原生种群个体数量正呈现逐步减少的趋势, 种群主要呈聚集分布, 各个龄级间具有正向的关系, 从现有的空间格局来看, 生境异质性、扩散限制和种内竞争是导致该格局的主要原因。     

植物空间分布格局中邻体距离的概率分布模型及参数估计

最近邻体法是一类有效的植物空间分布格局分析方法,邻体距离的概率分布模型用于描述邻体距离的统计特征,属于常用的最近邻体法之一。然而,聚集分布格局中邻体距离(个体到个体)的概率分布模型表达式复杂,参数估计的计算量大。根据该模型期望和方差的特性,提出了一种简化的参数估计方法,并利用遗传算法来实现参数优化,结果表明遗传算法可以有效地估计的该模型的两个参数。同时,利用该模型拟合了加拿大南温哥华岛3个寒温带树种的空间分布数据,结果显示:该概率分布模型可以很好地拟合美国花旗松(P.menziesii)和西部铁杉(T.heterophylla)的邻体距离分布,但由于西北红柏(T.plicata)存在高度聚集的团簇分布,拟合结果不理想;美国花旗松在样地中近似随机分布,空间聚集参数对空间尺度的依赖性不强,但西北红柏和西部铁杉空间聚集参数具有尺度依赖性,随邻体距离阶数增加而变大。最后,讨论了该模型以及参数估计方法的优势和限制。     

鄂尔多斯高原油蒿种群分布格局对降水梯度的反应

应用方差均值比率法、聚块性指数及点格局方法,沿着鄂尔多斯高原从东至西的降水梯度(336～249 mm·a^-1),设置5个采样点,对油蒿种群分布格局及其对降水梯度的反应进行了研究.结果表明：随着降水梯度的递减,在小尺度上研究区油蒿种群分布格局表现为由均匀分布向随机分布转变;在大尺度上则表现为由随机分布向聚集分布转变.降雨的减少显著改变了油蒿种群的空间分布格局,在进行生态恢复时需对植物个体进行合理配置.     

喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林个体死亡对空间格局及种间关联性的影响

树木死亡作为森林生态系统中一个重要的生态学过程,研究其如何影响物种的空间分布格局及种间关联性,可以为揭示树木死亡机制及群落动态变化规律提供重要参考。本研究根据木论25 hm²喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林动态监测样地两次木本植物调查数据,采用点格局分析方法,分析了树木死亡前后空间格局和种间关系的变化。结果表明: 样地内个体死亡前后主要表现为聚集分布,但死亡后聚集分布的物种比例较死亡前略微下降,小尺度上呈现随机分布的物种比例有所增加,个体的死亡呈非随机性死亡。在物种水平上,13个优势种的死树和活树之间在0～30 m各尺度上呈显著正关联,表明样地内优势物种个体之间种内和种间竞争作用不激烈;树木死亡前后种间关联性主要为正关联,且大部分物种种间关系在死亡前后并未发生变化,表明群落已发展到相对稳定的阶段;死亡后,在1～30 m尺度上表现为正关联的物种对比例有所增加,负关联和无关联的物种对在大部分尺度上有所减少,说明个体死亡发生后,各个物种之间的竞争压力在一定程度上有所缓解。     

毛竹的异质性空间点格局分析

毛竹是一种重要的经济用材,研究其空间分布格局有益于对其空间发生进行预测。选取了一块空间肥量分布不均的毛竹样地,使用异质性空间点格局分析方法对毛竹的空间分布进行了研究,结果发现毛竹在给定的距离尺度下呈现出显著的泊松分布,而并不是聚集分布。同时选用二元二次方程拟合观察的数据,发现对毛竹强度的拟合优度较高。研究揭示出异质性空间环境中毛竹的分布特点,潜在地表明土壤肥量的空间分布对毛竹空间分布的影响,对毛竹的集约化经营具有重要的指导意义;同时,鉴于国内生态研究中较少采用异质性空间点格局分析方法,研究对于推动这种方法在国内生态学研究中的普及还具有一定的参考价值。     

采用Strauss-Hardcore模型研究不同导管构型被子植物的导管空间分布特征

被子植物木质部导管的分布格局非常多样, 并且与木质部的输水功能有密切的联系, 然而在木材解剖学中对导管分布格局往往采用定性描述, 不利于分析该特征与物种的水力功能、生态地理分布的关系。该文采用点格局分析方法, 依据木材孔型、导管空间排列和导管群集度三类木材宏观结构特征组合, 选取不同导管分布类型的17种代表性阔叶树种, 利用Strauss-Hardcore模型对其木质部横切面解剖影像进行定量分析。Strauss-Hardcore模型能够很好地拟合木质部中导管二维空间位点的分布特征, 该模型的3个参数: 硬核距离、局部聚集距离、点对交互作用强度(局部聚集指数)都有着明确的生物学意义。传统解剖学对导管构型的定性分类同模型相比不能准确表现被子植物的木质部导管空间分布特征, Strauss-Hardcore模型的局部聚集度指数主要受导管群集度影响, 尤其是复导管和导管团的存在都会增大导管小尺度聚集程度。对散孔材、半环孔材的生长轮及环孔材的晚材部分解剖图像分析表明, 导管以单导管为主且没有明显分布方向的散孔材树种, 其木质部导管点对交互作用强度为负值, 局部聚集指数一般小于0.4, 导管空间分布依次在3个局部尺度表现出排斥-排斥-随机格局; 而导管具有径向、弦向、锯齿形等明显目视识别特征的物种, 无论孔型和是否以单复导管为主, 其导管点对交互作用强度为正值, 局部聚集指数均大于0.4, 导管依次在3个局部尺度上表现出排斥-聚集-随机的分布格局。采用点过程模型有利于准确描述导管二维空间分布规律, 增强对导管空间格局形成机理的理解, 可有力地支撑木质部三维导管系统的理论研究和木质部结构-功能的实验研究。     

Host spatial structure and disperser activity determine mistletoe infection patterns

What processes and factors are responsible for species distribution are long-standing questions in ecology and a key element for conservation and management. Mistletoes provide the opportunity to study a forest species whose occurrence is expected to be constrained by multiple factors as a consequence of their life form. We studied the mistletoe Tristerix corymbosus (Loranthaceae) on its most common hosts species in northwest Patagonia. The seeds of this mistletoe are almost exclusively dispersed by the small arboreal and endemic marsupial Dromiciops gliroides (Microbiotheridae). We assessed the underlying causes of plant spatial patterns through point pattern analysis and we used different variables that characterize the neighborhood around each host to analyze the relative effect of host availability, potential for disperser movement and canopy light conditions. We found that potential hosts were strongly aggregated and that the three most common host species were distributed independent of each other. Considering all host species together, infected and non-infected host were individually aggregated but segregated from each other. The aggregated pattern of infected hosts could be explained in part by the template of potential hosts distribution, but was subsequently modulated by the activity of the mistletoe disperser. Potential for disperser movement, the proximity to reproductive mistletoes and habitat complexity, increased mistletoe infection probability. However, neighboring host availability decreased mistletoe infection probability, and tree DBH (used as surrogate for light conditions) had no detectable effect. Our results suggested that the distribution of mistletoe infection was determined by the structure of potential host populations and by the marsupial disperser activity. Compared to bird dispersed mistletoes, the scale of the infection was smaller and the proximity to reproductive mistletoes and habitat complexity were important for seed arrival and infection. The interplay between landscape structure and disperser activity determine the spatial structure of mistletoe future generations.     

庞泉沟自然保护区寒温性针叶林演替优势种格局动态分析

以华北落叶松和青杆为主的寒温性针叶林是庞泉沟自然保护区的重要林型,也是主要保护对象之一。通过空间代时间构建庞泉沟自然保护区寒温性针叶林演替的时间序列,序列1是华北落叶松单优群落稳定发展的过程,序列2是从华北落叶松单优群落演替至华北落叶松-青杆共优群落再到青杆单优群落的过程,采用点格局分析法和与Monte-Carlo拟合检验对演替过程中华北落叶松和青杆的分布格局及其相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)序列1在华北落叶松单优群落稳定发展过程中,华北落叶松的分布格局由集群分布趋向于随机分布,甚至在0—2.5 m上表现为均匀分布,驱动力是种内竞争引起的自疏现象。序列2从华北落叶松单优群落演替至青杆单优群落过程中,华北落叶松的分布格局同样是由集群分布趋向于随机分布,驱动力主要来自于由于青杄侵入扩散而形成的种间竞争;青杄集群的尺度逐步增大,驱动力主要是种群拓殖和种内竞争。(2)二者种间关系,在华北落叶松单优群落阶段无明显相关,共优阶段由于竞争在0—6.5 m尺度上呈显著正相关,在青杄单优群落,青杄竞争获胜,在0—2.5 m尺度上无明显相关,二者种间关系的变化主要来自于群落剩余资源驱动下的种内种间竞争。