皮质酮对大鼠延髓头端腹外侧区神经元活动的影响

实验用多管微电极细胞外记录氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的SD大鼠延髓头端腹外侧区（RVLM）神经元的活动,用电刺激主动脉神经和静脉注射苯肾上腺素激活压力感受器反射等方法鉴定心血管神经元,在RVLM内共记录到145个自发放电的神经元,其中33个为心血管神经元,31个为伤害调制性神经元,81个为未知功能神经元。33个心血管神经元微电泳硫酸皮质酮（CORT）后,25个（76%）神经元放电迅速加快,8个（24%）自发放电没有变化。伤害刺激引起兴奋的31个伤害调制性神经元,微电泳CORT后19个（64%）神经元放电抑制,而2个（6%）兴奋,其余10个（30%）没有反应,功能不明的81个神经元在微电泳CORT后,32个（40%0兴奋,5个（6%）抑制,44个（54%）没有反应,以上结果证明CORT可能通过非基因组机制快速影响RVLM神经元的活动,提示在应激等情况下CORT的快速作用机制可能在心血管和抗伤害等活动整合中具有一定意义。     

Allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the second exon of the myoglobin gene among the Japanese

The difference in the allele frequencies of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the second exon of the myoglobin gene between Japanese and other populations is reported. These SNPs are the substitutions of (A79G) and (T109C), and they were investigated by a single polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis followed by direct sequencing. The substitutions were always linked and two alleles were found in the samples used: the A-T allele with no substitution at positions (79A) and (109T) and the G-C allele with substitutions of (79G) and (109C). The frequencies of these alleles were 0.755 and 0.245, respectively, and they were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The distribution of alleles in the Japanese population was significantly different from that reported among whites, blacks, and Hispanics (p < 0.0001).     

不同红梨果皮类黄酮合成基因表达模式分析

采用半定量和荧光定量PCR方法,分析10个类黄酮合成基因在梨品种‘红星’和‘满天红’成熟果皮中的转录特性以及光照对基因表达的影响.结果表明:‘满天红’花色苷合成上游基因(CHS、CHI)的表达量高于‘红星',而下游基因(F3H、DFR、ANS)以及黄酮醇(FLS)和原花色素(LAR、ANR)合成相关基因的表达量却正好相反.套袋去除光照可使所有被检测基因的转录水平降低,F3GT和FLS最明显,表达量差异达20～30倍以上,且套袋‘红星’中PAL、F3H、DFR、ANS、LAR、ANR基因的表达量仍高于不套袋‘满天红’.研究认为,花色苷合成下游基因转录水平的差异是2个红色梨品种间着色不同的主要原因,而F3GT是光照调控‘红星’着色的关键基因.     

Cholinergic innervation of the pancreas in the sheep

Antibodies raised against vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) were applied to study the cholinergic innervation pattern of the pancreas of the sheep. To determine whether the cholinergic pancreatic neuronal elements contain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or substance P (SP) double immunocytochemistry was used. A moderate number of VAChT-immunoreactive (IR) nerve terminals were distributed between the acini, whereas only single cholinergic nerve fibres innervated the interlobular connective tissue. VAChT-positive nerve fibres supplying the endocrine pancreas were found only occasionally. The pancreatic blood vessels and ducts system were devoid of VAChT-containing nerve endings. All intrapancreatic neurons studied showed immunoreactivity to VAChT, but intrapancreatic ganglia were not innervated with cholinergic nerve fibres. The colocalization of VAChT and TH or VAChT and SP was detected in distinct populations of nerve fibres localized amongst the acini, but not within the islet nor in the connective tissue. Single VAChT-IR nerve terminals co-expressing NPY were distributed around the acini, islets as well as in the connective tissue septa. A moderate number of VAChT-IR/VIP-IR nerve endings were located in the exocrine pancreas, whereas the islets and connective tissue were innervated with VAChT/VIP-containing nerve fibres only occasionally. In the vast majority of VAChT-positive intrapancreatic perikarya the presence of TH was additionally found. A moderate number of VAChT-IR intrapancreatic perikarya co-expressed NPY, SP or VIP. The results of the present study demonstrate species-dependent cholinergic innervation pattern of the pancreas of the sheep. The co-localization of VAChT with the neuropeptides suggests the existence of functional interactions influencing the ovine pancreas (mainly exocrine) activity.     

藏药翁布的黄酮类化学成分研究

从藏药翁布(Myricaria germanica)的60%丙酮提取物中分离得到了11个黄酮类化合物,利用光谱、波谱分析法鉴定其结构分别为:35,,4’-三羟基-73,’-二甲氧基黄酮(1),3,5,4’-三羟基-7-甲氧基黄酮(2),3,5,3’,4’-四羟基-7-甲氧基黄酮(3),35,7,-三羟基-4’-甲氧基黄酮(4),柽柳素(5),山柰酚(6),槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)5,,7,4’-三羟基-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸(8),5,7,3’4,’-四羟基-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸(9),槲皮苷(10)和阿福豆苷(11)。上述化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到,其中化合物4、5、7～11为首次从水柏枝属植物中分离得到。     

Studies on the Constltuents of the Flavonoids from the Leaves of Typha angustifolia L.

Six flavonoids were isolated from the leaves of Typha angustifolia L. On the basis of spectroscopic (IR, UV, MS, 1HNMR and 13CNMR) analysis, they were identified as quercetin-3,3'-dimethyl ether (TF-Ⅰ), isorhamnetin (TF-Ⅱ), quercetin (TF-Ⅲ), quercetin-3,3' dimethyl ether-4'-O-β-D-glucoside (TF-Ⅳ), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-galactoside (TF-Ⅴ), and isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside (TF-Ⅵ). Compounds TF-Ⅰ and TF-Ⅴ were found in the genus of Typha for the first time.     

Effect of zinc on the lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defense systems of the alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits

The effects of oral zinc supplementation on lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defense system of alloxan (80-90 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rabbits were examined. Forty-five New Zealand male rabbits, 1 year old, weighing approximately 2.5 kg, were allocated randomly and equally as control, diabetic, and zinc-supplemented diabetic groups. After diabetes was induced, zinc-supplemented diabetic rabbits had 150 mg/L of zinc as zinc sulfate (ZnSO(4)) in their drinking tap water for 3 months. The feed and water consumption was higher in diabetic groups than (P<0.01) healthy rabbits. The body weight was lower in diabetic rabbits compared to control. The blood glucose levels were higher in diabetic groups than controls. The elevated plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined in the diabetic group (P<0.01). The glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and ceruloplasmin levels in the diabetic group were decreased by the effect of diabetes but there was no difference between zinc-supplemented diabetic and control rabbits. Serum zinc concentrations were lower in diabetic rabbits but iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) levels in sera were not different among the groups. As a result, it was concluded that daily zinc supplementation could reduce the harmful effects of oxidative stress in diabetics.     

Conservation Hotspots for the Turtles on the High Seas of the Atlantic Ocean

Understanding the distribution of bycaught sea turtles could inform conservation strategies and priorities. This research analyses the distribution of turtles caught as longline fisheries bycatch on the high seas of the Atlantic Ocean. This research collected 18,142 bycatch observations and 47.1 million hooks from large-scale Taiwanese longline vessels in the Atlantic Ocean from June 2002 to December 2013. The coverage rates were ranged from 0.48% to 17.54% by year. Seven hundred and sixty-seven turtles were caught, and the major species were leatherback (59.8%), olive ridley (27.1%) and loggerhead turtles (8.7%). Most olive ridley (81.7%) and loggerhead (82.1%) turtles were hooked, while the leatherbacks were both hooked (44.0%) and entangled (31.8%). Depending on the species, 21.4% to 57.7% were dead when brought onboard. Most of the turtles were caught in tropical areas, especially in the Gulf of Guinea (15°N-10°S, 30°W-10°E), but loggerheads were caught in the south Atlantic Ocean (25°S-35°S, 40°W-10°E and 30°S-40°S, 55°W-45°W). The bycatch rate was the highest at 0.030 per 1000 hooks for leatherbacks in the tropical area. The bycatch rates of olive ridley ranged from 0 to 0.010 per thousand hooks. The loggerhead bycatch rates were higher in the northern and southern Atlantic Ocean and ranged from 0.0128 to 0.0239 per thousand hooks. Due to the characteristics of the Taiwanese deep-set longline fleet, bycatch rates were lower than those of coastal longline fisheries, but mortality rates were higher because of the long hours of operation. Gear and bait modification should be considered to reduce sea turtle bycatch and increase survival rates while reducing the use of shallow hooks would also be helpful.     

土木香化学成分的研究

采用硅胶柱色谱、制备薄层色谱、制备高效液相、葡聚糖凝胶SephadexLH-20等方法进行分离纯化,根据光谱数据进行结构鉴定。从乙醇提取物中分离得到了8个化合物,分别鉴定为：异土木香内酯（1）,11,13-二氢异土木香内酯（2）,土木香内酯（3）,β-谷甾醇（4）,3-hydroxy-11,13-dihydroisoalantolactone（5）,macrophyllilae-toneE（6）,HIS-12-en-18-H-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（7）,caffeic acid anhydride（8）。化合物7和8系首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

A Contribution to the Study of the Social Behavior of the Wolf

Three wolf cubs ( and ) taken blind from their den were studiedin captivity. When the cubs were 20–22 weeks old, theirbehavior was studied in the presence of individuals of two breedsof dogs (German Shepherd and Samoyed). The wolf cubs had seenno canine individuals before the experiments and vice versa.The sexes and ages of the German Shepherds (they resemble Europeanforest wolves in appearance) tested were as follows: female(3 years), male (17 months), female (21 weeks; the same heightas the wolf cubs) and female (12 weeks). The two female Samoyedswere 2 years old. All the tests were performed in the pen ofthe wolf cubs and filmed. The main results are as follows: (1).Investigative behavior was observed during all the tests carriedout. (2). No aggressiveness was observed between the wolf cubsand those German Shepherds which were as tall as the wolf cubsor taller. By contrast, the wolf cubs tried to kill the smallestGerman Shepherd (12 weeks old). (3). Great aggressiveness wasobserved between the wolf cubs and the Samoyeds from the momentof confrontation. (4). No difference was observed in the movementsand behavior patterns of these two species. (5). The resultsare discussed.     

Synthesis of the four components of the female sex pheromone of the painted apple moth,Teia anartoides

Four pheromone components of the female painted apple moth (Teia anartoides), an Australian insect pest, were synthesized. These were (Z)-6-henicosen-11-one (1), (6Z, 8E)-6,8-henicosadien-11-one (2), (Z)-cis-9,10-epoxy-6-henicosene (3), and (Z)-cis-9,10-epoxy-6-icosene (4). 2-Dodecanone was converted to 1 and 2, and both the enantiomers of 3 and 4 were synthesized from the enantiomers of 4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy-cis-2,3-epoxy-1-butanol.     

蓝狐消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组化研究

蓝狐又名北极狐(Alopex lagopus),属于食肉目(Carnivora),犬科(Canidae),北极狐属(Alopex).     

Origin of the met-enkephalinergic innervation of the lateral septum in the rat

Summary The location of the cells giving rise to the methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk)-ergic innervation of the lateral septal nucleus has been investigated in the rat by combining immunohistochemistry and retrograde axonal tracing. Small volumes (0.06 l) of apo-horseradish peroxidase (Apo-HRP) conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) and coupled with colloidal gold particles (WGA-ApoHRP-gold) were injected into the lateral septum. The retrogradely labeled cell bodies were visualized by silver intensification of the gold particles on Vibratome sections that were subsequently processed for immunohistochemistry for Met-Enk. Cells labeled with WGA-ApoHRP-gold were observed in the septal area, throughout the hypothalamus (mainly in the perifornical and lateral nuclei) and in the mesencephalon. The localization of Met-Enk-immunoreactive cells was as previously described. With the exception of a few septal cells close to the injection site, doubly labeled cells were found only in the perifornical nucleus of the hypothalamus. Almost all perifornical magnocellular cells were doubly labeled ipsilateral to the injection site, whereas on the opposite side, only about 25% of the Met-Enk-immunoreactive cells contained WGA-ApoHRP-gold. Other brain regions containing retrogradely labeled or Met-Enk-immunoreactive cells (particularly the raphe nuclei) did not show double-labeled neurons. This study demonstrates, using a new and sensitive technique for specific neurochemical tracing of tracts, that the origin of the Met-Enk-ergic innervation of the rat lateral septal nuclei lies in the magnocellular perifornical nuclei of the hypothalamus. The precise involvement of this pathway in limbic functions remains to be determined.     

Effect of undernutrition on the distribution of progesterone in the uterus of ewes during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle

The effect of undernutrition on ovarian and uterine venous progesterone concentrations and endometrial progesterone content on Days 5 and 10 of the estrous cycle were studied. Forty ewes were synchronized using progestagen pessaries. At pessary withdrawal, the ewes were fed diets to provide either 1.5 or 0.5 times the daily maintenance requirement (Group H, n = 20 and Group L, n = 20, respectively). Ewes fed the low nutrition diet (Group L) had higher mean peripheral progesterone concentrations than those fed the high plane diet (Group H; P < 0.05) but lower endometrial progesterone content on Day 5 (P < 0.05). Neither ovarian nor uterine venous levels were affected by nutrition on either Day 5 or 10. Progesterone concentrations in blood samples collected ipsilateral to ovaries bearing a corpus luteum (CL) were higher than in the contralateral samples (P < 0.001). It is concluded that undernutrition can produce a reduction of endometrial content of progesterone the first week after mating. Since no differences in ovarian venous concentrations were observed, it remains to be shown whether this variation is due to other variables, such as the population of endometrial progesterone receptors or other nonhormonal factors.     

Morphometric data on the lymph capillaries of the ventricles of the rabbit heart

A morphometric analysis was done on the lymph capillaries of both left and right ventricles from the rabbit heart. The measurements were made on the lymphatics identified in the subepicardium, myocardium and subendocardium of the ventricular walls. Quantitative evaluations were carried out on light and electron microscopic sections by a computerized image analysis system. The following parameters were selected and measured: (1) the diameter (of area-equivalent circle) of lymph capillaries, (2) the diameter of the uncoated micropinocytotic vesicles (located on the abluminal and adluminal side and in the cytoplasm of the endothelial cell) and the area occupied by the vesicles per unit area of cytoplasm. Differences in the size of the lymph capillaries were found in the three layers (subepicardium, myocardium and subendocardium) of the ventricular walls. The largest vessels were present in the subepicardium both in the left ventricle and in the right one. No significant variations were found in the lymphatics of corresponding regions on both ventricles. Little variations on the mean diameter of the uncoated micropinocytotic vesicles are present in the three regions of the endothelial wall. In the left ventricle only, the subendocardial vesicles are significantly larger than the subepicardial and the myocardial ones (p less than 0.05). The areal density occupied by vesicular system in the three layers of the ventricular wall showed significant differences in both ventricles (p less than 0.05). The vesicles present in the subepicardial vessels occupied the smallest areal density. No significant variations existed in the vesicular areal density between the two ventricles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

CT 与X线诊断肠梗阻的临床价值探讨

目的：探讨腹部X 线与CT 扫描鉴别急性肠梗阻的准确性,为临床诊断提供参考。方法：选取2011年8 月-2013 年8 月我院 收治的66 例急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。所有患者均经手术活检或病理诊断证实为急性肠梗阻。术后患者均行腹 部X 线及CT扫描检查,对两种方法判断肠梗阻的发生、梗阻部位、类型及病因与手术病理结果进行比较,评价并分析两种检查 方法的准确率。结果：66 例肠梗阻患者中,X线检出率为89.39%,CT 检出率为95.45%。X 线诊断小肠梗阻准确率为72.10%,CT 为86.05%;X线诊断结肠梗阻准确率为69.57%,CT 为86.96%。X线诊断肿瘤准确率为69.57%,CT 为86.96%;X线诊断肠粘连 准确率为67.86%,CT 为82.14%;X 线诊断肠套叠准确率为60.00%,CT 为80.00%;X线诊断单纯性机械性肠梗阻准确率为78.72%,CT为82.98%;X线诊断绞窄性肠梗准确率为73.68%,CT 为78.95 %。CT 对肠梗阻部位、病因及类型的诊断准确率高于腹部X 线片,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：腹部X 线与CT 用于诊断急性肠梗阻具有较高的准确率,但CT 对于肠梗阻部位、梗阻类型及梗阻病因的诊断优于X线片。     

The effects of subnutrition on the components of the gravid uterus in the doe

The effects of subnutrition on the caprine fetus and the other products of pregnancy were investigated in does. Two groups of does were fed on rations calculated to provide 100 and 25% of their energy and protein requirements for maintenance from 19 days before mating until 60 days after mating. Estrus was synchronized in does using PGF(2x). Approximately 60 days after natural mating, pregnant does were slaughtered, and the products of pregnancy were measured. Fetuses from the feed-restricted group were significantly lighter (P<0.05), had shorter crown-rump length (P<0.05), and the uterus contained a smaller volume of fetal fluids (P<0.02). Curved crown-rump length tended to be shorter and fetal placental membranes and cotyledons tended to be lighter (P<0.1) in the feed-restricted group. No significant difference was found between the 2 groups in the head length, number of placentomes, and weight of empty uterus. The number of fetuses affected the number of placentomes (P<0.001), weight of empty uterus (P<0.001), mass of total fetal fluids (P<0.001) and weight of ovaries (P<0.05), but not fetal measurements. Gestation length was found to significantly (P<0.001) affect all the fetal measurements but none of the placental measurements except for the total weight of cotyledons (p<0.001). The results of the study demonstrated detrimental effects of underfeeding on the caprine fetus and placenta.     

Bacterial composition of the biofilm on the surface of course sediment of the Danube: with special reference to the clinically important bacteria

On monthly intervals and over a period of 14 months (November, 1993-December, 1994) biofilm samples from sediments taken at the Szentendre Island on the Danube were culturel and the isolated organisms were examined macromorphologically and micromorphogically and tested for oxidase and catalase production and their ability to oxidise and ferment glucose. The majority (85%) of the strains isolated were catalase positive. 43% were oxidase positive, 38% were glucose oxidisers and only 19% fermented glucose. In the sediment upmost biofilm layers Gram-negatives dominate (10 samples out of 14). A representative set strains has been subjected to complete identification using the Biolog automated identification system. The coryneform bacteria (e.g. Arthrobacter spp.) and members of the genus Rhodococcus dominated the Gram-positive bacteria while the dominant Gram-negative bacteria were facultative H2 autotrophs, methylotrophs (e.g. Xanthobacter flavus, Hydrogenophaga spp.) and different Aeromonas, Enterobacter and Pseudomonas species. Because the water supply of Budapest (the capital of Hungary) comes from bankwall filtred Danube water resources, the presence of clinically important microorganisms (i.e. Aeromonas, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus spp) in the Danube-sediments may pose a public health problem to the users (in particular the immunocompromised) of such water supplies.     

Impact of ACTH during oestrus on the ultrastructure of the spermatozoa and their environment in the tubal reservoir of the postovulatory sow

This study investigated whether injections of synthetic ACTH (simulating short-term stress) in sows during standing oestrus have a negative effect on spermatozoa and the local intraluminal environment in the utero-tubal junction (UTJ) and isthmus. Seven of the 14 sows were given ACTH through a jugular catheter every 2 h from the onset of standing oestrus until the sow ovulated (ACTH-group), while the other seven sows were given NaCl solution (C-group). All sows were artificially inseminated before ovulation. Six hours after ovulation (detected with transrectal ultrasonography) the sows were anaesthetised, the right oviduct was fixed in toto by vascular perfusion with glutaraldehyde, and the UTJ and specimens from the isthmus were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM revealed that a seemingly viable population of spermatozoa remained in the UTJ 6 h after ovulation. A majority of sows in the ACTH-group had moderately to exaggerated amounts of mucus in the intraluminal environment of the sperm reservoir. In conclusion, stress simulated by exogenous ACTH in sows may alter the intraluminal environment of the sperm reservoir.     

Peptide-containing pathways from the parabrachial complex to the central nucleus of the amygdala

The present investigation was undertaken to examine the organization of peptidergic projections that exist between the parabrachial nuclear complex (PB) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA). The retrograde tracer True Blue was injected into the CNA of adult rats. The brain tissue was then reacted immunocytochemically to localize neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), methionine enkephalin (ENK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SS), and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK). Following microinjection of True Blue in the CNA, retrogradely-labeled neurons were located primarily in the external lateral subnucleus, abutting the brachium conjunctivum. In animals that received colchicine pretreatment, two populations of neurons, containing either SP or NT, were found to project to the CNA. In addition, cells containing CCK, ENK, VIP, or SS were not found to be a part of this projection system. These data suggest that neurons in the PB project to the CNA and are, in part peptide-containing.