刺五加提取物对早期断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化参数的影响

早期断奶会使仔猪产生心理、环境和营养应激反应,引起仔猪腹泻、营养不良和生长迟滞等。本试验通过在日粮中添加刺五加提取物,饲喂21日龄断奶仔猪,观察其生长性能、腹泻指数、器官指数和血清生化参数等指标的变化,为开发绿色防病促生长剂提供理论依据。结果表明,刺五加提取物能够显著提高早期断奶仔猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重(P<0.05),降低料肉比,显著防治早期断奶仔猪腹泻(P<0.05),其作用强于粘杆菌素;刺五加提取物组第1周的α-淀粉酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性均大于对照组(P>0.05),第2周的尿素氮含量极显著大于抗生素组和对照组(P<0.01),碱性磷酸酶活性显著小于对照组(P<0.05),第4周的α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性显著大于对照组(P<0.05)。上述结果提示,刺五加提取物能够缓解仔猪的早期断奶应激,增强机体抵抗力,促进生长。     

刺五加提取物对断奶仔猪血常规和抗氧化功能的影响

为研究日粮添加刺五加提取物对断奶仔猪血常规和抗氧化功能的影响,选择21日龄断奶仔猪60头,随机分为3个处理,每个处理20个重复,单栏饲养,分别饲喂基础日粮+0.1%刺五加提取物、基础日粮+0.02%粘杆菌素和基础日粮.于试验开始后第7、14和28 d每个处理随机选取5头试猪,前腔静脉采血,测定血常规和抗氧化指标.结果表明:刺五加提取物能显著改善断奶仔猪的抗病能力,减轻应激反应,机体抗氧化酶活性明显升高;第7 d时提取物组MID、PLT、MDA和NO含量显著小于基础日粮组(P＜0.05);第14 d时提取物组WBC显著小于、CAT活性显著大于基础日粮组(P＜0.05);第28 d时提取物组WBC、MID和GRA显著小于(P＜0.05),SOD活性大于基础日粮组(P＞0.05).     

刺五加提取物对早期断奶仔猪生长性能和抗氧化能力的影响(英文)

为了研究刺五加提取物(ASE)替代抗生素降低仔猪早期断奶应激的效果及其作用机制.刺五加提取物多糖、黄酮和有机酸含量分别为2.94,0.19和1.04%;试验选用96头体重相近的21日龄杜×长×大断奶仔猪,按体重和性别随机分为3个处理,每个处理4个重复,分别饲喂基础日粮、添加ASE日粮(1 g/kg)和添加抗生素日粮(0.04%杆菌肽锌+0.03%咔吧氧).试验期为14 d,观察仔猪生长性能,测定7和14 d血清抗氧化指标等的变化.与基础日粮组相比,ASE和抗生素分别提高了仔猪日增重(ADG)16.81(P＞0.05)和24.66%(P＜0.05),均显著降低了料肉比(F/G)(P＜0.05);与抗生素组差异不显著.ASE和抗生素均可提高血清SOD水平;但是,在抗生素组中,第14 d仔猪血清SOD有降低的趋势(从147.96±15.88 U/mL降低至125.68±14.26U/mL).ASE有提高断奶后第7和14 d血清GSH含量的趋势(P=0.235和0.211),并极显著降低了7和14 d血清MDA水平(P＜0.05).结果表明,ASE可促进仔猪生长,提高机体抗氧化能力,在一定程度上可以替代抗生素.     

日粮添加褐藻糖胶对断奶仔猪抗炎能力和肠道微生物多样性的影响

【目的】本试验旨在研究日粮添加海带提取物褐藻糖胶对断奶仔猪生长性能、营养物质消化率、机体免疫力和肠道微生物多样性的影响。【方法】试验选用36头初始体重为(7.43±0.12) kg的健康仔猪,按照随机区组设计分为3组,每组12头。日粮处理组分别为不含抗生素的基础日粮组、抗生素组和褐藻糖胶组;试验期为28d。评价褐藻糖胶对仔猪生长性能和营养物质消化率的影响;通过比色法和酶联免疫吸附法检测血清中与免疫相关的指标;通过16S rRNA扩增子高通量测序检测试验第0、14和28天肠道微生物多样性。【结果】日粮添加褐藻糖胶可降低试验0–14 d仔猪耗料增重比(P0.05),但对试验全期仔猪平均日增重和平均日采量无显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,饲喂褐藻糖胶日粮后,仔猪的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著提高(P0.05);仔猪饲喂抗生素和褐藻糖胶日粮后,血清IL-22含量显著降低。试验第14天,抗生素组和褐藻糖胶处理组中Bacteroidetes数量呈上升趋势(P=0.07);试验第28天,抗生素组和褐藻糖胶处理组Actinobacteria丰度显著高于对照组(P0.05),且褐藻糖胶处理组Bacteroides属的菌群丰度显著高于对照组和抗生素组。【结论】日粮添加褐藻糖胶提高了断奶仔猪纤维养分消化率和拟杆菌属的丰富度和多样性,并且降低了促炎性细胞因子IL-22含量,这有助于缓解仔猪的断奶应激反应,建立稳定健康肠道菌群。     

复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响

目的观察复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响。方法选择长白二元杂交断奶仔猪90头进行实验,断奶日龄为35 d。共分为5个组,每组设3个重复,每个重复随机选取健康仔猪6头。实验组一:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,罗伊乳杆菌),实验组二:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,干酪乳杆菌),实验组三:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,嗜酸乳杆菌),实验组四:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,罗伊乳杆菌,干酪乳杆菌,嗜酸乳杆菌),对照组:饲喂基础日粮。其中复合制剂中益生菌活菌数为109CFU/g。饲养30 d后观察复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响。结果在日增重、饲料效率及血清溶菌酶方面,实验组一和二显著高于对照组(P0.05);在腹泻率方面,实验组均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论在仔猪日粮中添加复合活菌制剂可提高每头断奶仔猪平均日增重及饲料效率,降低腹泻的发病率,且增高仔猪血清溶菌酶含量,提高仔猪的免疫机能,从而提高经济效益。     

饲粮中添加杜仲叶对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗氧化力和免疫功能的影响

在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加不同形式的杜仲叶,研究其对仔猪生长性能、腹泻率、抗氧化力及免疫功能的影响,以评估它们在养殖初期替代抗生素的能力。将断奶仔猪(杜×长×大)随机分成对照组、抗生素组(75 mg/kg金霉素)和三个杜仲叶组(杜仲叶提取物、发酵杜仲叶、杜仲叶干粉),每组10头,进行28天养殖试验。结果表明:与对照相比,杜仲叶提取物组仔猪平均日增重(ADG)显著提高并降低料重比(F/G)(P<0.05);与抗生素组相比,杜仲叶提取物组和杜仲叶发酵组ADG和F/G均无显著差异(P>0.05);各组之间平均日采食量(ADFI)差异不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,抗生素组和杜仲叶提取物组仔猪腹泻率显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,抗生素组和三种杜仲叶组均降低仔猪血液丙二醛含量和提高总抗氧化力(P<0.01),而抗生素组、杜仲叶提取物组和杜仲叶发酵组还显著提高血液免疫球蛋白IgM含量(P<0.01),且表现出提高血液IgG含量的趋势(P=0.06)。与其他各组相比,杜仲叶提取物组可显著提高肝脏指数(P<0.05);肝脏重量、脾脏重量和脾脏指数在各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲粮中添加杜仲叶提取物可改善断奶仔猪的生长性能,降低腹泻率,提高仔猪抗氧化力和免疫功能,其效果优于发酵杜仲叶和杜仲叶干粉,并具备一定的抗生素替代潜力。     

刺五加提取物对早期断奶仔猪肠道微生物多态性的影响

选用21日龄断奶的三元杂交仔猪60头,随机分为3个处理,处理1饲喂添加0.1%刺五加提取物日粮,处理2饲喂添加0.02%硫酸粘杆菌素日粮,处理3饲喂基础日粮。分别于添加后第7、14和28 d从各处理随机取5头试猪,处死后无菌采集空肠、回肠和盲肠内容物,采用体外培养计数法和PCR/DGGE技术,测定其中乳酸杆菌和大肠杆菌的数量及细菌菌群的变化。结果表明,第7 d时,提取物组回肠内容物大肠杆菌数量显著低于对照组;各肠段内容物乳酸杆菌数量均显著高于其它2组。第14 d时,提取物组各肠段内容物大肠杆菌数量均显著低于其它2组;空肠和回肠内容物乳酸杆菌数量显著高于其它2组,且盲肠内容物乳酸杆菌数量显著高于对照组。第28 d时,提取物组空肠和回肠内容物大肠杆菌数量显著低于其它2组,盲肠内容物大肠杆菌数量也显著低于对照组;回肠内容物乳酸杆菌数量显著高于其它2组。各时间点提取物组盲肠内容物细菌DGGE条带数较对照组多,第28 d时空肠内容物细菌DGGE条带数比对照组多;3个处理间各肠段内容物DGGE图谱间的相似性均达56.9%以上。提示刺五加提取物有助于提高肠道内容物乳酸杆菌的数量,抑制大肠杆菌增殖,显著增加肠道微生物的多样性,这可能是其防治断奶仔猪腹泻、促进生长的机理之一。     

两种植物提取物复合物对断奶仔猪免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加两种植物提取物对断奶仔猪免疫指标的影响。选取胎次相近(3~6胎次)、体重相近、25日龄断奶的"Y x L"仔猪120头,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头。其中,对照组饲喂基础日粮,3个试验组分别在基础日粮上添加20 mg/kg硫酸抗敌素+100 mg/kg杆菌肽锌、400 mg/kg植物提取物复合物I、400 mg/kg植物提取物复合物Ⅱ,试验期30天。结果表明:与对照组相比,45日龄时两组植物提取物复合物组IgA、IgM、IgG、C3、C4、IL-2、IFN-γ含量均显著提高(P 0. 05),RBC总数与IL-6含量升高; 60日龄时,三个试验组IL-2、IL-6、IFN-γ显著提高(P 0. 05),两组植物提取物复合物组IgM、IgG、C3、C4含量及RBC总数均极显著提高(P 0. 01),IgA含量显著提高(P 0. 05)。上述结果表明,两组植物提取物复合物能够改善断奶仔猪的免疫功能。     

N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对断奶环江香猪肠道微生物区系的影响

研究N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)对断奶仔猪肠道微生物区系的影响。试验选用体重为3.17±0.21 kg的21日龄断奶环江香猪12头,随机分为2组,每组6头,分别饲喂添加0.1%NCG日粮和基础日粮,试验期为14d。试验结束时,采集回肠和盲肠内容物,利用T-RFLP、PCR/DGGE和荧光定量PCR技术,测定其肠道微生物区系的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,NCG组回肠内容物中微生物的多样性增加,回肠和盲肠内容物中双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌的数量显著增加、大肠埃希菌的数量显著降低(P0.05),盲肠内容物中链球菌的数量也显著降低(P0.05)。可见,日粮中添加0.1%NCG有助于提高断奶环江香猪肠道内容物中有益菌的数量、抑制有害菌的繁殖,从而改善肠道微生物区系。     

低蛋白质日粮对断奶仔猪生长相关激素和肠道微生物区系的影响

【目的】在饲喂低蛋白质日粮条件下,探究断奶仔猪生长相关激素、回肠和盲肠微生物组成及其代谢产物的变化。【方法】选取体重相近杜长大断奶仔猪54头,随机平均分为3组,每组18头,分别饲喂含20%(NP组)、17%(MP组)和14%(LP组)粗蛋白日粮,平衡日粮中的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸,于试验第10、25和45天每组屠宰6头,采血测定血常规和生长相关激素;于第45天采集回肠和盲肠食糜,分析微生物及其代谢产物。【结果】与NP组相比,第25和45天时MP和LP组尿素氮水平显著降低(P0.05),第25天时LP组甘油三脂含量、第45天时LP组胆固醇含量显著增加(P0.05)。各时间点血液胰高血糖素、胰岛素、生长激素、T3和T4在3组之间差异均不显著。门水平上,回肠和盲肠中的微生物均以厚壁菌门占主导地位,但各组间差异不显著;随日粮蛋白质含量降低,乳酸杆菌属呈上升趋势,严格梭菌属呈下降趋势,但差异不显著。降低日粮蛋白质含量显著减少了回肠和盲肠中氨氮的产量(P0.05)。【结论】断奶仔猪日粮蛋白质降低3或6个百分点不影响机体生长相关激素的分泌,但能降低血液尿素氮和肠道内氨氮的浓度,对肠道有益菌乳酸杆菌属的相对丰度有一定的提高作用。这说明低蛋白质日粮能提高断奶仔猪对饲料氮源的利用率,且有利于肠道健康。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Low-frequency dynamics and Raman scattering of crystals, of B-, A-, and Z-DNA, and fibers of C-DNA

Normal modes of vibration of DNA in the low-frequency region (10-300 cm-1 interval) have been identified from Raman spectra of crystals of B-DNA [d(CGCAAATTTGCG)], A-DNA [r(GCG)d(CGC) and d(CCCCGGGG)], and Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG)]. The lowest vibrational frequencies detected in the canonical DNA structures--at 18 +/- 2 cm-1 in the B-DNA crystal, near 24 +/- 2 cm-1 in A-DNA crystals, and near 30 +/- 2 cm-1 in Z-DNA crystals--are shown to correlate well with the degree of DNA hydration in the crystal structures, as well as with the level of hydration in calf thymus DNA fibers. These findings support the assignment [H. Urabe et al. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 82, 531-535; C. Demarco et al. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 2035-2040] of the lowest frequency Raman band of each DNA to a helix mode, which is dependent primarily upon the degree of helix hydration, rather than upon the intrahelical conformation. The present results show also that B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their characteristic Raman intensity profiles in the region of 40-140 cm-1, even though all structures display two rather similar and complex bands centered within the intervals of 66-72 and 90-120 cm-1. The similarity of Raman frequencies for B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA suggests that these modes originate from concerted motions of the bases (librations), which are not strongly dependent upon helix backbone geometry or handedness. Correlation of the Raman frequencies and intensities with the DNA base compositions suggests that the complex band near 90-120 cm-1 in all double-helix structures is due to in-plane librational motions of the bases, which involve stretching of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bonds. This would explain the centering of the band at higher frequencies in structures containing G.C pairs (greater than 100 cm-1) than in structures containing A.T pairs (less than 100 cm-1), consistent with the strengths of G.C and A.T hydrogen bonding.     

Synthesis and properties of N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of amino acids, peptides, and proteins

The literature on chemical (i.e., nonenzymic) phosphorylation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins is reviewed through 1982. The review covers synthetic methods, chemical reactions, and physical properties, with emphasis on the techniques used for separation and characterization of the products. Synthetic methods are classified by reagent rather than product, and are illustrated by experimental procedures for the most important methods. Chemical reactions are classified into four groups depending on whether the reaction site is the phospho group, the amino group, the carboxyl group, or in the case of serine the hydroxyl group. Physical data are given for all of the known N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins, within certain limitations, and are discussed in detail in the section on physical properties. Emphasis is given to the techniques used for separation of the products, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, and for characterization of the products, particularly spectroscopy. Medical and other uses of the products are mentioned.     

Cultural, Biochemical, and Immunological Properties of Mima, Herellea, and Flavobacterium Species

From study of cultural and biochemical characteristics of 40 strains of Herellea, Mima, or Flavobacterium species, a proposed schema for identification was developed. The reactions observed by agglutination, gel diffusion, and immunofluorescence suggest antigenic heterogeneity of this group of organisms.     

Count data, detection probabilities, and the demography, dynamics, distribution, and decline of amphibians

The evidence for amphibian population declines is based on count data that were not adjusted for detection probabilities. Such data are not reliable even when collected using standard methods. The formula C = Np (where C is a count, N the true parameter value, and p is a detection probability) relates count data to demography, population size, or distributions. With unadjusted count data, one assumes a linear relationship between C and N and that p is constant. These assumptions are unlikely to be met in studies of amphibian populations. Amphibian population data should be based on methods that account for detection probabilities.