黄鼠与大鼠离体心脏预缺血处理对缺血再灌损伤的保护作用

本文用黄鼠和大鼠离体心脏比较了两种预缺血处理方案对随后缺血再灌损伤的作用。用Ｌａｎｇｅｎｄｏｒｆｆ方法灌流秋季未入眠的达乌尔黄鼠和Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠离体心脏,以冠脉流出液中肌酸激酶（ＣＫ）释放活性、心律失常发生率、心功能恢复等为指标,检验不同预缺血处理时间对随后缺血再灌损伤的影响。标本平衡１０ｍｉｎ后对照组的两种动物经受缺灌１５ｍｉｎ再灌１５ｍｉｎ预缺血处理,接着进行两次缺灌１０ｍｉｎ再灌１０ｍｉｎ     

酸枣仁总皂甙对缺氧－再给氧心肌细胞的保护作用

按Laarse＇s方法建立培养心肌细胞缺氧-再给氧(A-R)模型,缺糖缺氧60min,再给氧30min.结果发现,缺氧组心肌细胞MDA含量增加,SOD活性降低,细胞膜脂质流动性下降,再给氧组上述改变加剧.酸枣仁总皂忒(ZS)能剂量依赖性地显著降低心肌细胞MDA含量,提高SOD活性,增加细胞膜脂质流动性,证明ZS有明显抗心肌细胞缺氧-再给氧损伤作用.     

S-烯丙基-L-半胱氨酸对抗离体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌损伤作用的研究

目的：探讨S-烯丙基-L-半胱氨酸（SAC）预处理对心肌缺血/再灌（I/R）损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法：采用离体大鼠心脏Langendorff灌流模型,全心停灌30 min,再灌120 min建立I/R模型。测定血流动力学指标和再灌各时间点冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）含量。实验结束测心肌组织中甲月赞（formazan）,超氧歧化酶（SOD）及活性氧（ROS）量的变化。结果：与对照组比,SAC明显改善左室血流动力学指标,提高心肌组织的formazan含量,降低再灌期间冠脉流出液中LDH含量,提高心肌组织中SOD的活性,降低心肌组织中ROS的水平。苏氨酸明显减弱SAC的保护作用。结论：SAC对离体大鼠I/R心肌损伤有保护作用,其机制可能与SAC通过心肌细胞膜上的氨基酸转运体ASCT-1进入心肌细胞,增加心肌SOD活性,减少活性氧的损伤有关。     

肝脏不存在钙反常现象

无钙灌流一定时间后复钙灌流的组织发生严重的功能和结构损伤的现象称之为钙反常(calcium paradox)。尽管这种现象存在一定的普遍性(在心肌、肾、骨骼肌、血管平滑肌中均存在),但迄今为止对肝脏在缺Ca~(2+)复Ca~(2+)过程中的变化及肝脏组织中Ca~(2+)和氧应激之间的关系还所知甚少。最近,Okuda等采用离体肝脏     

内源性CO在大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注中的保护作用

本文旨在观察研究内源性CO在大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注中的作用。大鼠经内源性CO激动剂原卟啉氯化钴(CoPP)和内源性CO抑制剂锌原卟啉(ZnPP)处理后,采用Langendorff离体心脏灌流系统完成心脏缺血再灌注模型,停灌(缺血)时间设定为30 min,分别采集离体心脏稳定期和再灌注后30 min心功能指标参数,ELISA方法检测心肌组织cGMP含量,比色法测定血浆中内源性CO的含量以及再灌注10 min时灌流液中肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactic dehydrogenase,LDH)等心肌酶的指标。结果显示,停灌前离体心脏跳动平稳,CoPP组、ZnPP组和对照组心脏各项功能指标均保持稳定,三组间心功能指标无明显差异;再灌注后,三组间心功能指标出现显著性差异(P0.05),与停灌前相比,对照组和ZnPP组心功能均明显下降(P0.05),且ZnPP组下降较为显著,而CoPP组仍能保持停灌前水平。与此同时,三组大鼠体内CO含量、离体心肌酶学指标和再灌注后恢复稳定时间也有明显的差异(P0.05),和对照组相比,CoPP组复灌稳定恢复时间减少,灌流液中CK和LDH含量显著减少,血浆内源性CO含量和心肌cGMP含量显著增加,而ZnPP组则呈现截然相反的结果。以上结果提示,内源性CO可维持一定的心脏舒缩能力、缩短心脏复跳时间,在心脏缺血再灌注中起到了保护作用。     

大鼠心脏缺血-再灌注损伤对心肌L-Arg/NO途径的影响

为探讨大鼠心脏缺血-再灌注损伤(IRI)期间一氧化氮(NO)生成增加的环节和过程。本实验用离体灌流大鼠心脏,预灌流15 min,停灌45 min,取30 ml KH 液循环灌流15 min,观察冠脉流出液中细胞胞浆酶(LDH)、蛋白质、肌红蛋白漏出量和NO     

δ-阿片受体在缺血后处理心肌保护中的作用

目的：探讨δ-阿片受体是否参与缺血后处理对抗心肌缺血/复灌（I/R）损伤和心肌细胞低氧/复氧（H/R）损伤作用及其机制。方法：采用离体大鼠心脏Langendorff灌流模型,全心停灌30 min、复灌120 min复制I/R模型。测定心室力学指标和复灌时冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase,LDH）活性,实验结束测定心肌组织formazan含量。酶解分离的心肌细胞采用低氧60min、复氧60min复制H/R模型,测定心肌细胞存活率。结果：在离体心脏模型上,与I/R组相比,缺血后处理组（停灌后复灌即刻立即给予6次全心停灌/复灌循环）心肌组织的formazan含量明显增高,复灌期间冠脉流出液中LDH明显降低,同时缺血后处理明显改善心室力学指标,缓解冠脉流量的减少 在分离心肌细胞模型上,低氧后处理明显提高心肌细胞存活率。δ-阿片受体阻断剂naltrindole（NTI）和线粒体钙激活钾通道（KCa）阻断剂paxilline（Pax）在离体大鼠心脏模型和分离心肌细胞模型上均能明显减弱缺血后处理的作用。在心肌细胞模型上,与H/R组相比,δ-阿片受体激动剂DADLE明显提高心肌细胞存活率,其作用可被paxilline所阻断。结论：缺血后处理具有抗心肌缺血/复灌损伤的作用,这种保护作用可能与其激活δ-阿片受体和开放KCa有关。     

缺血-再灌注过程中心肌肌浆网钙摄取和Ca~(2 )-ATPase活性的变化

本实验用离体大鼠心脏Langendorff灌流模型,观察缺血及缺血——再灌注对大鼠心肌肌浆网[SR]钙转运功能的影响。结果表明:缺血25min引起SR钙摄取初速率下降,摄取量降低;缺血40min,使其进一步加重。缺血25min后再灌注15min,SR的钙转运功能进一步降低,与缺血40min后果类似;同时SR上的Ca~(2 )-ATPase活性也显著降低。用不同pH的灌流液进行再灌注,对SR钙转运功能的障碍无显著影响。这提示:心肌缺血可引起SR的钙转运功能障碍,并随缺血时间的延长而加重;再灌注加重缺血造成的SR功能的损伤。偏酸或偏碱的K-H液再灌注均不能改善SR钙转运功能的抑制,表明pH变化不是缺血-再灌注时引起SR功能障碍的重要因素。     

异丙酚和氯胺酮对大鼠离体缺血再灌注损伤心肌脂质过氧化的影响

目的：比较异丙酚和氯胺酮对大鼠离体缺血再灌注损伤心肌脂质过氧化的影响。方法：成年Wistar大鼠18只,雌雄不拘。体重240-300g,随机分为3组（T1=6）：心肌缺血再灌注损伤组（I／R组）,异丙酚组（P组）,氯胺酮组（K组）。采用Langendorff灌装置建立离体心脏缺血再灌注模型,将心脏连接至Langendorff逆灌装置,3组均以K-H液平衡灌注10min后,再分别以K．H液、含30μmol/L。异丙酚的K-H液、含10μmol-L-1氯胺酮的K-H液灌注10min,然后全心停灌25min,再分别以停灌前相同的灌注液恢复灌注30min。留取冠脉流出液测定总LDH活性;灌注末取左室心肌组织置于2．5％的戊二醛固定,观察心肌的超微结构;心尖部心肌组织留待检测8-异前列腺素和SOD活性。结果：与I／R组比较,P组8-异前列腺素含量降低,SOD活性升高,LDH活性降低（P〈0．05）;K组8-异前列腺素含量,SOD及LDH活性均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;与P组比较,K组8-异前列腺素含量升高,SOD及LDH活性降低（P〈0．05）;P组心肌超微结构损伤较m组和K组也明显改善。结论：异丙酚可显著减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的脂质过氧化和心肌缺血再灌注损伤,而氯胺酮没有抗心肌缺血再灌注损伤心肌脂质过氧化的作用。     

线粒体钙单向转运体参予肿瘤坏死因子α抗心肌缺血/复灌损伤的研究

目的：探讨肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）诱导的抗心肌缺血／复灌损伤的保护作用是否与线粒体钙单向转运体以及相关成分有关。方法：采用离体大鼠心脏灌流方法,结扎冠状动脉左前降支30min和复灌120min复制局部缺血／复灌损伤模型,测定心肌梗死面积、冠脉流量和冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）含量。提取大鼠心肌线粒体,分光光度法测啶,520nm吸光度。结果：与单纯缺血／复灌组相比,10U／ml TNFα预处理明显降低心脏缺血／复灌后的梗死面积和复灌期冠脉流出液中LDH含量,促进冠脉流量的恢复;复灌开始用线粒体钙单向转运体激动剂精胺（20μmol／L）灌流10min减弱了TNFα降低梗死面积和LDH含量的作用。10u／ml TNFα预处理离体大鼠心脏后分离线粒体,520nm处吸光度的下降明显低于对照组;精胺（50μmol／L）减弱了TNFα对520nm处吸光度的影响。结论：TNFα诱导的抗心肌缺血／复灌损伤的保护作用可能与其抑制线粒体钙单向转运体的开放和抑制线粒体通透性转变孔道开放有关。     

cAMP和cGMP对棉铃虫神经细胞高电压激活钙通道的调节作用

用全细胞膜片钳法研究了cAMP和cGMP对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 3龄幼虫胸腹神经节细胞高电压激活钙通道的调节作用。细胞外液中加入腺苷酸环化酶（AC）激活剂福斯克林（forskolin） 0.1 mmol/L,对于Ba²⁺介导的钙通道电流激活电压、峰电压、峰电流变化以及通道激活和电流达到峰值的时间无影响。电极内液中加入1 mmol/L的cGMP则明显抑制峰电流,且抑制作用呈时间依赖性和浓度依赖性,而对激活电压、峰电压无影响。结果提示,棉铃虫神经细胞高电压激活钙通道的活动可能不受细胞内cAMP水平提高的影响,但被cGMP抑制。     

钙对吸胀的绿豆种子脱水耐性的影响

以绿豆种子为材料,研究了预吸胀种子脱水耐性的变化,以及Ca^2 处理对种子脱水耐性的影响。结果表明：绿豆种子的脱水耐性随预吸胀时间的延长而下降;Ca^2 预吸胀处理能提高种子的脱水耐性,适宜的Ca^2 浓度为20mmol／L;Ca^2 能修复预吸胀种子的脱水伤害,适宜的Ca^2 浓度为2．5～5mmol／L。     

竹叶提取物对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

本文通过两种不同的模型来探讨竹叶提取物对心肌缺血再灌注(缺氧/复氧)损伤的保护作用。在体内模型中不同剂量的竹叶提取物均提高了模型组室内压最大上升和下降速率,降低了左室末期舒张期压力,提高了心输出量。同时降低了模型组肌酸磷酸激酶及乳酸脱氢酶的活性,减少了丙二醛的含量,增加了超氧化物歧化酶的活性,通过电压依赖性钙通道及受体依赖性钙通道降低了钙的含量。说明竹叶提取物对心肌缺血再灌注(缺氧复氧)损伤具有保护作用,其作用是通过电压依赖性钙通道及受体依赖性钙通道降低了钙的含量而对心肌缺血再灌注(缺氧复氧)损伤产生保护作用。     

Restricted feeding improves postischemic recovery of Langendorff-perfused rat hearts

The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of a restricted feeding schedule (RFS) on postischemic contractile recovery in relation to triacylglycerol (TAG), glycogen, and ATP content. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity, reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were also determined. Isolated rat hearts entrained to daily RFS (2 h food access starting at 1200) or fed ad libitum (FED) for 3 weeks were Langendorff-perfused (25 min ischemia, 30 min reperfusion) with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution (10?mmol/L glucose). RFS improved the recovery of contractility and reduced creatine kinase (CK) release upon reperfusion. Further, at the end of reperfusion, RFS hearts exhibited increased G6PDH activity and repletion of tissue glycogen, TAG, and ATP that was not observed in the FED hearts. GSH/GSSG at the end of reperfusion fell to the same value in both nutritional states, and TBARS levels were higher in the RFS hearts. In conclusion, RFS improved postischemic functional recovery, which was accompanied by a reduction in CK release and a striking energy recovery. Although enhanced G6PDH activity was displayed, RFS was unable to reduce lipid peroxidation, supporting a clear dissociation between protection against mechanical dysfunction and CK release on the one hand and oxidative damage on the other.     

Na+和Ca2+对拟南芥根原生质体质膜内向K+通道电流的影响

以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia)根为材料,利用膜片钳技术测定其根细胞原生质体质膜内向K^ 电流,并对Na^ 对其K^ 电流的影响进行了初步研究,发现Na^2 可明显抑制拟南芥根细胞原生质体的内向K^ 电流,外施Ca^2 可缓解Na^ 对内向K^ 电流的抑制．说明Ca^2 参与了质膜上K^ 通道对K^ ／Na^ 的选择性吸收的调节,从而使植物适应盐胁迫．     

Effects of ouabain on calcium paradox in rat hearts

The effects of ouabain (10(-7) to 10(-5) M) on the interrelationship between cell-cell contacts, resting tension, and creatine phosphokinase (CK) leakage owing to myocardial cell injury during Ca2+ paradox were studied in isolated perfused rat heart preparations. After perfusing for 15 min with Ca2+ -containing medium, hearts were perfused for 5 min with Ca2+ -free medium followed by a reperfusion with Ca2+ -containing medium for 5 min. This resulted in a transient increase in resting tension and a substantial release of CK into the perfusate during the calcium reperfusion period. These changes were accompanied by extensive structural damage in the myocardial cell, including formation of contraction bands, swelling of the mitochondria, and cell-cell separation. Inclusion of 10(-5) M ouabain for 5 min in the Ca2+ -containing perfusion medium prior to the start of Ca2+ -free perfusion resulted in a higher and sustained resting tension that was accompanied by a reduced loss of CK from the heart during Ca2+ reperfusion. In a histological examination of these ouabain exposed hearts, most of the structural changes owing to calcium paradox were apparent, but the cell-cell contacts were maintained. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the loss of cell-cell contacts in the intercalated disc during the occurrence of Ca2+ paradox may be the cause of the delayed decline in the resting tension and is only partially responsible for the loss of CK. These differences in myocardial changes during Ca2+ paradox with or without ouabain may be due to the retention of calcium at certain crucial sites under the influence of ouabain.     

Neuron is the primary target of Ca2+ paradox-type insult-induced cell injury in neuron/astrocyte co-cultures

"Ca(2+) paradox" is the phenomenon whereby the intracellular concentration of Ca(2+) paradoxically increases during reperfusion with normal Ca(2+)-containing media after brief exposure to a Ca(2+)-free solution. The present study aims to characterize the Ca(2+) paradox induced cell injury in neuron/astrocyte co-cultures. Prior exposure of the co-cultures to a low Ca(2+) solution for 60 min significantly injured only neurons after reperfusion with a normal Ca(2+) medium for 24h, but astrocytes remained intact. An analysis of the Ca(2+) paradox-induced changes in the intracellular concentration of Na(+) revealed that the concentration in astrocytes increased significantly during the reperfusion episode, resulting in a reversal of the operation of the astrocytic Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporter GLT-1. These results suggested that Ca(2+) paradox-induced accumulation of Na(+) in astrocytes was crucially involved in the excitotoxic neuronal injury resulting from the reversed astrocytic GLT-1 during the reperfusion episode. Previous studies have suggested that Ca(2+) paradox-induced injury in the brain occurs first in astroglial cells and only later in neurons resulting from the prior damage of astrocytes. Here we show that if "Ca(2+) paradox" occurs in the brain, neurons would be the primary target of Ca(2+) paradox-induced cell injury in the central nervous system.     

红光对绿豆下胚轴线粒体Ca~(2+)积累、ATPase及NAD激酶活性的影响

绿豆下胚轴切段经红光处理后10min,其线粒体的Ca~(2+)积累下降15％,Ca~(2+)-ATPase 及 Mg~(2+)-ATPase活性也分别下降29％和10％,切段CaM含量增加近1倍。Ca~(2+)存在时,红光能促进线粒体NAD 激酶活性。说明Ca~(2+)-ATPase及一部分Mg~(2+)-ATPase可作为钙泵控制Ca~(2+)进入线粒体。     

A23187和EGTA对光周期诱导菊花成花及其过程中叶片Ca2+分布和碳水化合物的影响

以切花菊品种‘神马’为试材,研究光周期诱导菊花成花过程中Ca²⁺载体A23187和Ca²⁺螯合剂EGTA处理对花芽分化及其过程中叶片Ca²⁺分布和蔗糖、可溶性糖及淀粉含量变化的影响.结果表明：对照叶片Ca²⁺含量在花芽未分化期（Ⅰ）处于较低水平,而在花芽分化启动期（Ⅱ）迅速增加并达到高峰,之后下降;Ca²⁺亚细胞定位表明,在未分化期（Ⅰ）Ca²⁺沉淀主要分布在液泡、细胞壁和细胞间隙中,细胞质内较少,而在花芽分化启动期（Ⅱ）细胞质内积累大量的Ca²⁺沉淀.A23187处理的菊花花芽分化开始和结束时间比对照分别提前2 d和3 d,叶片Ca²⁺含量比对照显著增加;EGTA处理的叶片Ca²⁺含量比对照显著减少,花芽分化开始和结束时间分别比对照推迟4 d和8 d;A23187和EGTA处理的叶片Ca²⁺在花芽分化启动期（Ⅱ）均向细胞质流入并密集.A23187处理的蔗糖和可溶性糖含量在处理2 d时达到峰值,比对照达到峰值的时间提前2 d,与Ca²⁺达到峰值的时间一致,而EGTA处理的蔗糖和可溶性糖含量在处理2 d时没有明显变化,8 d时才迅速增加达到峰值,即所有处理的蔗糖、可溶性总糖含量在花芽分化启动期（Ⅱ）均增加并达到高峰,之后有所减少,但其在整个花芽分化过程均高于光周期诱导前的含量;对照和A23187处理的淀粉含量在处理2 d时开始减少,而EGTA则在处理8 d后开始减少,至花芽分化结束所有处理的淀粉含量均保持较低水平（低于诱导前）.表明Ca²⁺碳水化合物参与了光周期诱导的菊花成花过程.     

Ca~(2+)在粟酒裂殖酵母细胞周期时相中的作用

以粟酒裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe)为研究材料,研究了Ca~(2+)在细胞周期时相中的作用。当外源Ca~(2+)浓度在0.5-20 mmol/L范围内,随Ca~(2+)浓度增加,细胞增殖速度加快,延滞期逐渐缩短。但SD-Ca（CaCl2省略）并不能终止Sch. pombe的细胞周期。采用缺氮对群体细胞进行同步化,并以EGTA 螯合培养介质中低浓度的Ca~(2+),Sch. pombe 细胞增殖被完全抑制,细胞流式法测定结果表明：细胞周期被终止在G1期。分析认为Ca~(2+) 对Sch. pombe 细胞增殖是必不可少的,外源Ca~(2+)在G1期向S期转化过程中起着关键性的作用。