河南金腰属和省沽油属的订正

归并了金腰属１种和省沽油属１变种,报道２个新异名。     

EFFECT OF OVULE POSITION ON SEED PRODUCTION,SEED WEIGHT,AND PROGENY PERFORMANCE IN PHASEOLUS COCCINEUS L. (LEGUMINOSAE)

We examined the effect of ovule position within the ovary on the probability of seed maturation, on seed weight, and on progeny performance in the outbreeding legume Phaseolus coccineus. Ovaries of P. coccineus possess six linearly arranged ovules (ovule position one = stylar end). We found that in both 1987 and 1988, ovule position had a significant effect on the probability of seed maturation under field conditions. In 1987, ovule positions one. two, and three had a higher probability of maturing seeds than the three most basal ovule positions. In 1988, the probability of producing a mature seed in ovule position one was more similar to the three most basal ovule positions than to ovule positions two and three. The position of the ovule in the ovary had no significant effect on seed weight in 1987, but it had a significant effect in 1988. Overall, seeds from ovule positions one, two, and three tended to produce heavier seeds than the three most basal ovule positions. The effects of ovule position on progeny performance were determined in a greenhouse and a field study. In the greenhouse study, we found no significant overall effect of the position of the ovule that produced the seed on progeny performance. In the field study, we did find a significant ovule position effect on several measures of reproductive performance as well as an overall effect on reproductive performance. In addition, we found a significant interaction between ovule position and number of seeds per fruit. Progeny from the stylar end of the fruit outperformed the progeny from the peduncular end in fruits containing many seeds, whereas there were no significant differences between progeny produced in the stylar and peduncular ends of fruits containing few seeds. Causes of position effects are unknown but hypotheses abound.     

影响黄帚橐吾种子生产的因素I．生境和花序结构

通过对黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)自然种群在不同生境和种群密度下的种子生产的研究,结果显示:1)黄帚橐吾的种子生产无论是在种群水平,还是在总花序上同一部位头状花序水平,均受到生境条件的影响,其种子数量、种子均重和种子总重量等特征在不同生境问表现出沙地>滩地>坡地,在同一生境内则为高密度种群>低密度种群和植被盖度较低>植被盖度较高的趋势(滩地例外);2)种子生产中的种子数量和种子总重与总花序大小、头状花序数量以及无性系株大小多呈显著正相关,与个体密度无关,但种子均重与上述因素(除无性系株大小外)的关系不显著;3)在总花序内不同部位头状花序问表现出的种子生产变化趋势(顶部>基部)不受生境条件、种群密度等因素的影响;4)种子生产在总花序上所表现出的这种部位依赖性可能是由于不同部位头状花序间开花时序上的差异引起种子从母体获取资源上的不同所致。     

影响黄帚橐吾种子生产的因素Ⅰ.生境和花序结构

 通过对黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)自然种群在不同生境和种群密度下的种子生产的研究,结果显示：1）黄帚橐吾的种子生产无论是在种群水平,还是在总花序上同一部位头状花序水平,均受到生境条件的影响,其种子数量、种子均重和种子总重量等特征在不同生境间表现出沙地＞滩地＞坡地,在同一生境内则为高密度种群＞低密度种群和植被盖度较低＞植被盖度较高的趋势（滩地例外）;2）种子生产中的种子数量和种子总重与总花序大小、头状花序数量以及无性系株大小多呈显著正相关,与个体密度无关,但种子均重与上述因素（除无性系株大小外）的关系不显著;3）在总花序内不同部位头状花序间表现出的种子生产变化趋势（顶部＞基部）不受生境条件、种群密度等因素的影响; 4）种子生产在总花序上所表现出的这种部位依赖性可能是由于不同部位头状花序间开花时序上的差异引起种子从母体获取资源上的不同所致。     

DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF FLOWER AND FRUIT PRODUCTION IN BEAN PLANTS,PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.

In this paper we assess the relative contributions to total pod yield of cohorts of flowers of known age. Bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) growth was monitored and 'births' of individual flowers were recorded and their fates followed. For every cohort of flowers an array of yield measures was calculated, including the mean and total cohort dry weight of fruits, and the numbers of viable and aborted seeds and completely undeveloped ovules. When mature, pods were removed from half of the plants. Plants whose mature pods were removed produced significantly greater numbers of flowers, ovules and viable seeds and a greater total weight of pods than did untreated plants. However, the proportion of ovules giving rise to viable seeds and to aborted seeds and undeveloped ovules was the same in plants of both groups. Approximately 50% of ovules of marketable pods, in all plants, yielded viable seeds. The 12 cohorts of flowers contributed markedly different amounts to plant yield. Early and later cohorts contributed much less than did middle cohorts in terms of marketable pod dry weight and numbers of fully developed seeds, aborted seeds, and undeveloped ovules. Peak productivity was therefore obtained from the middle phase of flowering in these annual bean plants. The lower pod yield of later cohorts is interpreted as a result of competition for limited resources between maturing pods and new flowers. We consider possible causes for the various fates of flowers and ovules and discuss flowers as plant modules suitable for demographic examination.     

LIFE HISTORY AND SEED DISPERSAL OF THE SHORT-LIVED CHAPARRAL SHRUB DENDROMECON RIGIDA (PAPAVERACEAE)

The natural history of the short-lived, fire-following shrub Dendromecon rigida Benth. was studied with emphasis on reproductive output and the consequences of seed dispersal, by intensive study of one population and comparisons with several others.

1. In 16 populations throughout California, mean seed weight ranged from 10 to 16 mg, and was not correlated with rainfall, elevation or latitude. Seed number per fruit ranged from 3 to 11. Adult populations ranged in size up to several million, but each was probably even-aged, established after recent disturbance. Seed-dispersing ants were found at all localities.
2. Reproduction began one year after establishment. Precocious reproduction did not increase mortality; rather, longer-lived plants were more fecund at all ages.
3. The percentage of the population reproducing and fruit number in the most fecund plants were directly related to rainfall in the preceding six months, regardless of plant age. Reproduction also differed according to topographic position.
4. Mean life expectancy of one-year-old plants was about six years, and only 5% survived to age 10 years. Intraspecific density effects were not apparent. Seed longevity probably exceeds adult longevity by a factor of five or ten.
5. The fruits are explosive and secondary dispersal is by gravity and ants. The ants are attracted to a caruncle which represents 14% of the propagule's caloric content. In the intensive study area ants removed more seeds from more sites than did vertebrate seed predators. Pogonomyrmex subnitidus developed large nests on open sites on ridges, and thus provided uphill (even interdrainage) dispersal; it discarded seeds on the soil surface, free to roll but open to predation. Camponotus species had fewer foragers but many small nests in well-covered sites, and discarded the seeds in underground refuse galleries. Dispersal thus affects exposure to predation, the microsite of germination, conspecific aggregation, and position in the mosaic patterns of topography and fire.

     

PRODUCTION AND EFFECT OF SEED SIZE IN A GRASSLAND ANNUAL (ERODIUM BRACHYCARPUM,GERANIACEAE)

Over its fruit maturation period in the field, Erodium brachycarpum (Geraniaceae) exhibited a striking decrease in average seed mass; seeds produced in the 1st week of fruiting were twice the size of those produced 6 weeks later at the time of drought-induced plant senescence. Individuals with earliest fruit maturation produced the most seeds with the widest range of sizes and over a longer period than the others. In a greenhouse experiment, a similar decline in mean seed weight was generated by inducing drought conditions. Large seeds remained dormant longer and, once the seed coat was scarified, took longer to germinate than small seeds. This study indicates that small E. brachycarpum seeds (36% of the seed pool) produced late in the fruiting period are likely to germinate in the year of seed production, approximately 4–8 months after seed maturation. In contrast, the large seeds (23% of the seed pool), most of which are produced early in the fruiting period, are more likely to germinate in subsequent years (i.e., 15 months or more after seed maturation).     

VARIATION IN AVERAGE SEED SIZE AND FRUIT SEEDINESS IN A FRUIT CROP OF A GUANACASTE TREE (LEGUMINOSAE: ENTEROLOBIUM CYCLOCARPUM)

A detailed examination of the ordinary 1980 fruit crop of an ordinary large adult guanacaste tree (Enterolobium cyclocarpum) in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica (1980) shows that for fruits with about 6-16 seeds (range, 1-18 seeds per fruit) there is about ***1 g dry weight fruit tissue per seed (seeds averaging about 820 m each). Fruits that have about 1-5 seeds on average have 1.5-3 times as much dry fruit tissue per seed as do the seed-rich fruits, and also contain seeds that weigh about 8% more on average than the seeds in the seed-rich fruits. The average seed weight per fruit was found to decrease slightly if all sizes of fruits are considered, but to remain essentially constant over the range of 7-16-seeded fruits. This category contained 78% of the fruits. These findings suggest that different parts of the seed crop may end up in different dispersers and dispersers with different preferences for fruit seediness and tolerances for seed size may remove different portions of the seed crop.     

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF SEVERAL BROMEGRASSES (BROMUS): BREEDING SYSTEM,PATTERN OF FRUIT MATURATION,AND SEED SET

Five species of Bromus were tested for self-fertility when bagged. Bromus inermis was self-incompatible. Bromus tectorum, B. kalmii, B. ciliatus, and B. latiglumis were capable of self-fertilization. Further evidence from flowering behavior suggested that B. tectorum almost always self-pollinated and that the remaining self-fertile species sometimes outcrossed. Florets in different positions on a spikelet varied in the proportion that set seed. Open-pollinated B. inermis plants had lower seed set than the self-fertile species, in agreement with the pattern in a variety of hermaphroditic plants.     

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEED AND FRUIT IN RHINANTHUS MAJOR AND R. SEROTINUS

There are seven sessile, campylotropous, discoid ovules in each loculus of the anteroposteriorly flattened bilocular ovary. They are arranged alternately in two rows in each chamber on the axile placenta which is nodular where the ovules are borne. Nucellus degenerates early except at the chalazal end of the curved embryo sac, and the inntermost layer of the integument functions as endothelium. The aggressive, multinucleate micropylar haustorium grows as a tubular body through the micropylar canal and ramifies in the placenta while the two-nucleate chalazal haustorium creates a large space by digesting a good deal of the chalazal tissue. Endosperm is differentiated into three regions: the middle storage, the haustorial micropylar, and the chalazal. Thickness of the integument is considerably added to by the endothelium and by its surrounding meristematic zone of the integument. There are two prominent wings on the dorsal and smaller ones on the lateral faces of the cochlidiospermous seed, its ventral face being occupied by a prominent basal body. A heavily cutinized envelope, formed by the endothelium, surrounds the ovoid storage endosperm. Testa of the seed is mainly composed of the thickened epidermis and the endothelium. The micropylar and the chalazal parts of the endosperm become tanniferous and serve to plug the two ends of the seed. Embryo is straight, and it bears two cotyledons and two plumular leaves.     

FLORAL BIOLOGY,HUMMINGBIRD POLLINATION AND FRUIT PRODUCTION OF TRUMPET CREEPER (CAMPSIS RADICANS,BIGNONIACEAE)

Trumpet creeper is self-incompatible and bears long, tubular, orange flowers from June to September. Flowering peaks rapidly, then declines and continues at low levels for several weeks. The initial burst of flowering may attract pollinators that return even during subsequent reduced flowering. Most flowers open before noon and nectar production totals 110 μl of 26% sucrose equivalents per flower, an exceptionally high production for a temperate zone plant. Production ceases within 20–30 hr of flower opening, but corollas persist for several days and may serve to attract pollinators. Effective pollination reduces the period of stigma receptivity and speeds closing of stigma lobes. Only 1–9% of flowers produced mature fruits at four sites in Illinois and Missouri. Roughly 400 pollen grains had to be deposited on a receptive stigma to cause fruit development beyond an initial period of high abortion. At two sites, 17% and 89% of stigmas received over 400 pollen grains. Assuming 50% of deposited grains were from the same plant, fruit production at one site was clearly pollinator limited, that at the second site may have been. Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) deposited ten times as much pollen per stigma per visit as honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus spp.). Fruit set was highest where rubythroat visitation was most frequent. Trumpet creeper appears primarily adapted for hummingbird pollination, but can also be adequately pollinated by honeybees and bumblebees. This is one of the first attempts to relate pollen-depositing capabilities of pollinators of any plant to pollen requirements for fruit production. Several characteristics suggest that trumpet creeper may be adapted to pollination at low densities (often called traplining) in its presumed original, woodland, habitat.     

SEED PRODUCTION AND GERMINATION RESPONSE OF FOUR LOUISIANA POPULATIONS OF UNIOLA PANICULATA (GRAMINEAE)

Sea oats, Uniola paniculata, is a characteristic and often dominant perennial dune grass of the southeastern Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. However, U. paniculata loses its dominance and becomes almost nonexistent along a relatively narrow portion of its range, from west of the Mississippi River delta, Louisiana, through northeastern Texas. In Louisiana, U. paniculata is abundant on the Chandeleur Islands east of the delta, but along the barrier island chain west of the delta only three sizable populations have been identified, all on the Caminada-Moreau coast. We measured seed production and germination response to various moisture and temperature combinations in these populations. Seed production was found to range from one to three orders of magnitude less than what has been reported in areas where U. paniculata is dominant. Rates ranged from 0.091 seeds/spikelet on the Chandeleur Islands to only 0.002 seeds/spikelet on the Caminada-Moreau coast; one population failed to produce any seeds at all. Seed germination in an 18.3–35.0 C alternating thermoperiod was high (65–88%) after exposure of the seeds to a variety of pregermination moisture and temperature conditions. Exposure to 4.4 C during imbibition did not increase percentage germination, but did significantly increase the rate of germination over the pregermination treatments that did not include moisture. The very low seed production rates of these populations could explain the limited distribution of this species along the Louisiana coast, where overwash events are frequent, and rates of coastline retreat often exceed the highest measured rates of vegetative lateral spread.     

DENSITY-MEDIATED SEED AND STOLON PRODUCTION IN VIOLA (VIOLACEAE)

Seed and stolon production and spatial distribution were studied in two populations of Viola blanda and two populations of Viola rostrata in West Virginia. Mean individual plant biomass and the proportion of the population producing seeds and/or stolons both decreased with density. Both species possessed a characteristic “threshold” weight required before the onset of seed production; a similar minimum threshold weight was also reached before stolons were produced. It is suggested that competition at higher densities results in fewer individuals reaching the threshold weight for seed or stolon production. Thus, the density response appears as a reduction in the proportion of plants producing seeds or stolons.     

POLLEN AND OVULE SOURCES AFFECT SEED PRODUCTION OF LOBELIA CARDINALIS (LOBELIACE AE)

To examine the breeding system and components of male and female reproductive success in the hermaphroditic plant Lobelia cardinalis, we performed three crossing experiments with plants taken from natural populations. The experiments were designed to determine if the crossing success of plants as pollen and ovule parents was affected by the distance among mates, including self-pollinations and pollinations between populations; to determine if plants differed in their abilities to sire or mature seed; and to determine if there was a correlation between a plant's success at siring and maturing seed. Selfpollinations resulted in significantly fewer seeds per fruit and significantly smaller seeds. There were no significant differences in germinability between selfed and outcrossed seeds. Distance among parents within a population did not affect any of the traits. Outcrosses within and between population produced similar numbers of seeds per fruit, similar seed weights, and similar germination success. There were highly significant differences among maternal plants in all three experiments in the number of seeds they matured, mean seed weight, and seed germinability. The maternal parent was the most important factor determining seed production, but there were also significant differences among paternal plants in the number of seeds they sired (all three experiments), in the germinability of the seeds they sired (two experiments), and in the sizes of seeds they sired (one experiment). Our results indicate that differences in success of Lobelia plants as male parents cannot be due solely to their relatedness to the female parent.     

WITHIN- AND AMONG-TREE VARIATION IN FLOWER AND FRUIT PRODUCTION IN TWO SPECIES OF CARYA (JUGLANDACEAE)

The patterns of variability in the production of staminate inflorescences, pistillate flowers, and fruits for Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch and C. tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. at Hutcheson Memorial Forest (Somerset County, New Jersey) were examined over a four-year period. We sought to determine 1) the patterns of variability in flowering and fruiting (within-trees, among-trees, and between-years), 2) if variable flowering might account for observed nut-bearing patterns, and 3) what were the relative contributions of intrinsic (genetic) and/or extrinsic (environmental) factors in determining flower production and fruit set. In general, our fine-scale analysis of shoots within canopies did not reveal a distinct mast fruiting pattern. While the number of male and female flowers varied significantly (among trees and between years), fruit set was not markedly affected. Variability of flowering and fruiting among shoots within trees was low. Both flowering and fruiting were observed to have a strong genetic and/or microenvironmental basis; however, flowering appeared more plastic and thus more sensitive to yearly environmental vagaries than did fruiting. Favorable environmental conditions at the time of flower differentiation may result in increased flower production; but, this does not necessarily result in increased fruit set. Many pistillate flowers abscise around the time of pollination and fertilization, apparently adjusting fruit set to available shoot resources. Approximately 50% of the pistillate flowers of both species fail to set fruit. Overall, individual trees exhibit their own flowering and fruiting schedules, suggesting the need to account for this level of variability in future studies of mast fruiting.