REPRODUCTION IN TWO SPECIES OF KANGAROO (MACROPUS ROBUSTUS AND MEGALEIA RUFA IN THE ARID PILBARA REGION OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA

The officiency of euro (Macropus robustus Gould) and marloo (Meguleia rufu Desmarest) reproduction was investigated on two pastoral leases, Mount Edgar and Mundabullangana, froni 1959 to 1961. Despite fluctuations in physical condition (due to seasonal changes in food availability and temperature), females of both species breod continuously and exhibit high lcvels of fertility and fecundity throughout tho year. The incidence of quioscent blast- ocysts has been documented in three populations of these kangaroos. A hypothesis is suggested that the ecological role of the quiescent blastocyst is to extend the sequence of parturitions under drought conditions. Three moasures of male fertility (test8is weight, density of sperm and total numbers of sperm in the ejaculato) showed no significant seasonal changes. Both species woro shown to have very much lower densities of sperm in the semen than any domestic eutherians. Female euros were aged by a dental index, and it was found that old females had a reduced fertility. The old malos of both species showed a reduced fertility. Continuous breeding and high reproductive efficiency in euros and marloos allows for a large recruitmcnt in these species. These phenomena seem to be related to the relatively long period of time between conception and weaning of tho young and the uncertainty of prediction of t'he optimal weaning season in an irregular desert environment.     

济南常见蝇类的种类及其季节消长的调查

本文记述了1960年5月至1961年4月在济南市市区及郊区采用臭鱼诱捕及人工不定期采集对蝇类的种类及季节消长的调查结果。济南市蝇类的种类前人先后报告共有22种, 此次调查共发现42种, 其中21种为本地区的首次记录。蝇类季节消长总的情况是:自3—11月份在室外均可捕获到蝇类, 8月为其高峰:最常见种类的高峰如下:大头金蝇、银绿蝇均在8月, 舍蝇在10月, 市蝇为8、10两个月, 格氏丽蝇则在5月。全年诱得的蝇类总数中以大头金蝇为最多(18.06％):银绿蝇次之(16.64％):再次之为舍蝇(15.49％)及市蝇(15.06％)等。不同场所诱得的蝇类中占比例最高的蝇种则各不相同;北郊厕所以大头金蝇为最多(34.6％), 北郊马厩则以舍蝇(30.94％)、市蝇(30.06％)居首位, 市区食堂、酱园及南郊垃圾堆则以银绿蝇为最多(分别为37.54％、27.11％及19.36％)。此外, 对不同场所常见蝇类组成的季节变化本文也进行了分析。     

澳大利亚三种Callitris植物的核型及其系统学意义

对澳大利亚特产的Ｃａｌｌｉｔｒｉｓ属植物Ｃ．ｐｒｅｉｓｓｉｉ,Ｃ．ｖｅｒｒｕｃｏｓａ,Ｃ．ｅｎｄｌｉｃｈｅｒｉ（柏科）的核型进行了分析,后２种的为首次报道。它们的核型公式分别为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２２＝２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）,２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）和２２ｍ（６ＳＡＴ）,均属１Ａ核型类型。染色体相对长度组成同是２ｎ＝２２＝１０Ｍ＿２＋１２Ｍ＿１该３种及其他８种Ｃａｌｌｔｒｉｓ属植物一致的核型Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２２ｍ和１Ａ类型的通常被认为是最对称和原始的。因此该属在柏科的系统发育上也许处于相当原始的地位。     

氧化塘中细菌种群组成动态

对武汉地区氧化塘中的细菌数量、细菌种类、种群组成、优势种及群落多样性进行了初步研究。从氧化塘中分离的细菌经鉴定属于12个属,主要有假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、棒杆菌属(corynebacterium)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)和微杆菌属(Microbacterium),其它菌属是芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、色杆菌属(Chromobacterium)、短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)和链球菌属(Streptococcus)。在5个小塘中,细菌数量、种群组成和群落多样性指数都有不同,这与各塘的污染程度有关。由此,多样性指数可用于监测氧化塘的净化效果。     

濒危植物裂叶沙参种群生殖力表的研究

本文分别以当年产种子数量和一年生幼苗数量为基础,编制了裂叶沙参种群(总和)和海拔2300-2400m, 2700-2900m, 2900-3100m, 3100-3400m 4个不同海拔区域种群的生殖力表,分析了不同种群两种生殖表的种群内禀增长率(r_m),周限增殖率(λ),净增长率(R₀),毛增长率(G)等动态参数与种群动态的关系;比较了两种生殖力表的特点和利弊;讨论了裂叶沙参种群生殖生态学特性和种群发展趋势及其与环境因素的关系。以种子数量为基础编制的生殖力表的各种群动态参数表明,裂叶沙参具有较强的产生种子的能力,特别是在生境条件较好的海拔2700-3100m区域,种群个体结实量可达到很高的水平。以一年生幼苗数量为基础编制的生殖力表表明,裂叶沙参种群从整体上呈衰退趋势。但不同种群间存在差异:在海拔2300-2400m,水份条件较好的特殊生境和海拔2900-3100m的种群呈稳定特征;而海拔2700-2900m,3100-3400m的种群呈缓慢衰退特征。以种子数量为基础编制的生殖力表可以反映裂叶沙参种群产生种子的能力和生殖生态学特征;而以一年生幼苗数量为基础编制的生殖力表包含了种子库的生态学过程,能较好的反映种群动态特征。在实践中,两种生殖力表应配合使用,才能全面刻划种群生殖生态学和种群动态特征。     

若干铁杉属植物核型的比较研究

本文首次报道了我国特产的重点保护植物南方铁杉的核型,全由中部和近中部着丝点染色体构成,核型公式为K(2n)=2x=24=20m+4sm,属“ 2A”类型。染色体的相对长度组成为2n=24=12M_2+10M_1+2S。通过比较。发现东亚的南方铁杉的核型与台湾铁杉甚为相似而略具进化的趋势,但北美东部的卡罗来纳铁杉的核型比它们进化得多。本文支持Florin认为铁杉属至少在早第三纪存在一条从欧亚大陆经过白令海峡到达北美洲的迁移路线的意见。     

两种品系油菜植株成分与蚜虫种群消长及成蚜翅型的关系

本文研究两种品系油菜植株成分与桃蚜(Myzus persicae(Sulzer))、萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach))的种群消长及成蚜翅型的关系.经分析得出如下结果:1.桃蚜种群消长与苏氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、丙氨酸、硬脂酸等含量有关;桃蚜成蚜无翅率与精氨酸、谷氨酸、酪氨酸、异亮氨酸等含量有关.2.萝卜蚜种群消长与苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、含水量有关;萝卜蚜成蚜无翅率与含水量.亚麻酸.苏氨酸、油酸,天门冬氨酸、丝氯酸、亚油酸等含量有关.     

两种品系油菜植株成分与蚜虫种群消长及成蚜翅型的关系

本文研究两种品系油菜植株成分与桃蚜(Myzus persicae(Sulzer))、萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach))的种群消长及成蚜翅型的关系。经分析得出如下结果:1.桃蚜种群消长与苏氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、丙氨酸、硬脂酸等含量有关;桃蚜成蚜无翅率与精氨酸、谷氨酸、酪氨酸、异亮氨酸等含量有关。2.萝卜蚜种群消长与苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、含水量有关;萝卜蚜成蚜无翅率与含水量。亚麻酸。苏氨酸、油酸,天门冬氨酸、丝氯酸、亚油酸等含量有关。     

PATTERN OF PHENOTYPIC VIABILITY AND FECUNDITY SELECTION IN A NATURAL POPULATION OF IMPATIENS PALLIDA

Estimates of viability and fecundity selection of 13 phenotypic characters for 1,536 individuals of Impatiens pallida growing in 24 locations within a single natural population were compared. Directional viability selection of cotyledon area, day of initial leaf production, number of leaves, and stem length was detected throughout this population. Directional fecundity selection of cotyledon area, day of initial flower production, number of leaves present on day of initial flower production, stem length on day of initial flower production, number of leaves, and stem length was also detected. Phenotypic selection of these characters was strong in some cases, and the strength of selection was significantly heterogeneous among locations. For several of the characters, directional phenotypic selection within the population was significantly positive in some locations and significantly negative in others separated by only a few meters. Fecundity selection was stronger than viability selection for some characters, implying that fecundity selection was at least as important as viability selection within this population. Soil moisture levels and light intensities played a larger role than soil nutrient levels in determining the patterns of both viability and fecundity selection, and differences in directional viability selection were more strongly related to environmental variation than were differences in fecundity selection. The pattern of phenotypic selection could not be reliably inferred from the patterns of mortality and reproduction alone.     

LOCATION AND COMPOSITION OF SPORE MUCOPEPTIDE IN BACILLUS SPECIES

Spore integuments of Bacillus coagulans were prepared containing nearly all the hexosamine and α, ε-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) present in intact spores. Subsequent autolytic action resulted in the destruction and removal of the residual cortical structure and "cortical membrane" leaving the appearance of the inner and outer spore coats unchanged in electron micrographs. Concurrently, all the hexosamine and DAP in the preparation was released mainly as non-diffusible mucopeptide containing alanine, glutamic acid, DAP, and all the glucosamine and muramic acid. Some diffusible peptides containing alanine, glutamic acid, and DAP were also present but there was little protein or carbohydrate. Lysozyme digestion of integument preparations from heated spores of Bacillus 636, B. subtilis, B. coagulans, and B. stearothermophilus specifically removed the residual cortex and cortical membrane with the release of the mucopeptide. In B. cereus T, only the residual cortex and part of the mucopeptide were solubilized by lysozyme. The effect of several reagents and enzymes upon the appearance and removal of hexosamine from B. coagul ans spore integuments is reported. The results show that spore mucopeptide is mainly located in the residual cortex and cortical membrane and suggest that these structures consist essentially of mucopeptide. The implications of these results in relation to the "contractile cortex" theory of heat resistance in spores are discussed.     

ILLEGAL TRANSLOCATION AND GENETIC STRUCTURE OF FERAL PIGS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA

Abstract: Unlike many regions in the world where wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are threatened, in Australia they are a significant invasive species. As such, the molecular ecology of feral pigs was investigated to understand their social and population genetic structure. Samples from 269 adult animals were collected over their distribution in southwestern Australia. Using 14 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers, we identified 7 inferred feral pig populations that had moderate heterozygosity (mean = 0.580) and displayed a high level of differentiation (mean R_ST = 0.180). In revealing the genetic structure of feral pigs, we detected anomalies in the putative origin of some individuals. Samples from these animals were collected from 2 main areas: recently colonized regions that were previously uninfested, and established feral pig populations, where animals from geographically isolated areas had been introduced. In the latter, these corresponded to areas that were in close proximity to public road access and towns. Given the large distances immigrants were found from their population of origin (from 50 to >400 km), the generally low levels of dispersal of southwest feral pigs, and the grouping and sex of these pigs, we suggest that these individuals have been deliberately and illegally translocated to supplement recreational hunting stocks. Additionally, we could not detect any genetic contribution in these feral pigs from domestic pig herds, suggesting that the deliberate release of domestic pigs to restock feral populations is relatively uncommon. Our molecular data allowed some inferences regarding the success or lack thereof of current management practices, and offered considerable insights into the dynamics of the feral pig populations and identification of “new” approaches that may allow for better control of this highly destructive species.