虎杖根茎蒽醌类化合物细胞化学定位和含量测定(简报)

虎杖(Polygonum cuspidatum Sidb.et Zucc.)为蓼科多年生灌木状草本。其根茎入药。主要化学成分有蒽醌、萘醌、酚类和多糖化合物;其中蒽醌类化合物是虎杖的主要药用有效成分,包括大黄素、大黄酚,大黄素甲醚和大黄酸等。虎杖的蒽醌类化合物具显著的抗病毒、抗菌和消炎作用;并可保护心肌,防止血栓形成,改善微循环,提高细胞免疫力,也是致癌基因转导信号的抑制因子。关于虎杖蒽醌类化合物细胞化学研究尚未见报道。刘文哲等曾对贯叶连翘分泌结构中金丝桃素和大黄中蒽醌类同化合物进行了组织化学研究。本文对不同生长期虎杖的根茎以及同     

Systematic vegetative anatomy and ensiform leaf development in Xyris (Xyridaceae)

Ensiform leaf development in monocotyledons follows a broadly similar sequence in a wide range of relatively unrelated taxa, indicating a plastic developmental pattern, possibly associated with stressed environmental conditions, since Xyris species tend to grow in relatively damp but nutrient-poor environments. The bifacial leaf sheath surrounds the apex and the subadjacent primordium. A conical unifacial leaf tip 'Vorläuferspitze' is established at an early stage, followed by extension growth in the region behind it, generating a unifacial ensiform blade. Root and rhizome structure are also described in a systematic context, particularly in comparison with related taxa in Xyridaceae and other commelinoid monocotyledons, although information on these structures is relatively sparse.     

PATTERNS OF CARBON ALLOCATION IN AN ARCTIC TUNDRA GRASS,DUPONTIA FISCHERI (GRAMINEAE), AT BARROW,ALASKA

In Dupontia fischeri R. Br. the pattern of translocation of photosynthetically incorporated ¹⁴C was established within six hr after treatment in situ at Barrow, Alaska. More radiocarbon went to younger rather than older tillers. The most effective sinks were root, lateral root, and rhizome primordia and nonemergent tillers which were actively growing. Substantial amounts of radiocarbon appeared in the stem base and rhizome of the treated tiller. Although relatively little appeared in other plant parts, except for the sinks mentioned above, interdependence of tillers appeared to be maintained until flowering occurred. This pattern of distribution was established early in the season once the soil thawed, and growth began and was maintained until mid-August. Some translocation to active growth centers occurred even while the soil was thawing. Redistribution of radiocarbon to new root and leaf tissues produced after the time of treatment was observed. There was no autoradiographic evidence during the season to indicate storage of large amounts of mobilizable photosynthate in the stem base or rhizome of a tiller at the time these field studies were carried out.     

羊草根茎的贮藏碳水化合物及对氮素添加的响应

 为了研究氮素对羊草(Leymus chinensis)根茎碳水化合物贮藏的影响,在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的羊草样地,设计了不同水平和不同时期的氮素添加试验。采用高效液相色谱（High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HPLC）对羊草根茎中的贮藏性碳水化合物进行了测定。结果表明,羊草根茎中的贮藏碳水化合物组分包括果聚糖、甘露糖醇、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖。其中果聚糖是最主要贮藏碳水化合物,约占60%;其次是甘露糖醇,约占20%。氮素添加量对羊草根茎中的贮藏碳水化合物有显著影响。在0～17.5 g N·m－2范围内,随着氮素添加量的增加,碳水化合物总量、果聚糖、甘露糖醇的含量均逐渐升高。氮素添加时期对羊草根茎中的贮藏碳水化合物的含量亦有显著影响。在7月初添加氮素比4月份添加氮素更有利于贮藏碳水化合物的积累。 关键词     

莲的根茎构造,伸长与增粗

莲 (Nelumbo nucifera)种苗的茎短而直立,叶互生。幼苗期茎延伸成横卧根茎,其上生有营养芽及混合芽。腋生鳞片为叶的衍生部分,形如叶鞘状,包着预芽。年苗上的冬芽内全为混合芽。根茎内的维管束分散排列,无导管及形成层存在。节间延长通过肋状分生组织及节间内的薄壁组织细胞分裂与增长来完成。根茎可由初生加厚分生组织,维管束细胞,皮层薄壁细胞等的细胞分裂,使层次增加,但增粗主要是由皮层薄壁细胞体积显著增大而引起的。     

长鞭红景天主轴生长特性与年龄判定

长鞭红景天是国家第二批确定的二级保护植物,处于近危状态。在西藏色季拉山区不同海拔带设置样地,观测长鞭红景天花茎环的形成过程,用游标卡尺(IP54型)测量长鞭红景天植株不同年的轴向生长量和径生长量;分析其主轴生长特性,进行年龄判定,结果表明:长鞭红景天每年在主轴上形成一个花茎环结构,并且轴向生长量和径生长量在年际间均无显著差异,但随海拔升高,轴向生长量和径生长量均呈下降趋势。根据长鞭红景天主轴的生长特性,结合主轴的长度则可以判定其年龄,为进一步研究长鞭红景天种群结构及动态奠定基础。     

扎龙湿地不同生境芦苇种群根茎数量特征及动态

采用单位土体取样,计测长度和生物量的调查与统计方法,对扎龙湿地保护区4个生境芦苇种群根茎数量特征进行比较分析。结果表明,芦苇5月10日左右返青后进入营养生长期,根茎长度6—8月份缓慢增加,8—10月份显著增加,后期是前期的3.5—10.3倍,生长季中后期是种群新根茎补充和生长的主要时期,不仅实现了种群空间扩展,并为营养繁殖储备更多繁殖芽;根茎生物量和干物质贮量6—8月份逐渐减少,8—10月份又逐渐增加,均以生长季末期的10月份最大,并均显著地(P0.05)高于其他月份,种群根茎养分的消耗主要供给根茎芽的萌发和幼株生长,根茎养分的储藏又为翌年种群的更新及扩展提供物质保障,种群对地下根茎存在明显的养分"超补偿性"贮藏现象。种群根茎长度和生物量均以湿生生境最大,依次为旱生生境、水生生境,盐碱生境最小,根茎干物质贮量以旱生生境最大,依次为湿生生境、水生生境,盐碱生境最小。种群根茎长度与返青后实际生长时间之间均较好地符合直线函数关系,种群根茎生物量和干物质贮量与生长时间之间较好地符合二次曲线函数关系,R2在0.804—0.997之间,拟合方程均达到了显著或极显著(P0.01)水平。4个生境芦苇种群在根茎长度、生物量、干物质贮量等数量特征均表现出由遗传因素控制的比较稳定的季节动态规律,在生境间的差异及其差异序位又均基本稳定,均表现出明显的土壤因子环境效应,其中土壤含水量、有机质、速效氮为正向驱动,p H、速效磷为负向驱动,土壤含水量、p H对根茎数量特征的驱动作用更突出。     

Lipid content and fatty acid composition in hypogeous organs ofHelleborus species (Ranunculaceae)

Root and rhizome of fourHelleborus species:H. viridis, H. odorus, H. niger, H. foetidus were examined throughout a two-year period in order to determine the variation of lipid content and fatty acid composition during the ontogenetic cycle. In the deciduous geophytesH. viridis andH. odorus subsp.laxus the lipid content reaches its maximum during the quiescent phase, whereas in the evergreen geophyteH. niger the lipid content is highest during the main growth period. In the chamaephyteH. foetidus lipid content is always very low and it does not show variation throughout the year. In all species the fatty acids detected in the neutral fraction are myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid. Palmitic and linoleic acid are always present in larger quantities. The pattern of the relative content of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids seems to be linked to the life form of these species.     

棉花根系生长和空间分布特征

结合田间根钻取样和图像扫描分析方法, 研究了不同棉花品种根系的长度、直径和表面积动态及 0~ 10 0cm深和 0~ 4 0cm宽土壤范围内的空间分布特征。该方法与常规直尺测量结果相比相关系数R2 达到 0.899 (n =1318), 显示了较好的可靠性。研究结果表明, 棉花平均根长密度 (RLD) 在花铃期为 1.2 1~ 1.2 7mm·cm-3, 吐絮后降至 1.0 4~ 1.12mm·cm-3, 收花时为 0.76mm·cm-3 。棉花根平均直径在不同基因型间存在显著差异, 抗虫杂交棉的根直径最粗, 平均为 0.5 2mm ;早熟类型品种根直径较细, 平均为 0.36mm。在土壤深度上根直径的差异不显著, 但距棉行距离越远, 根的平均直径越小。在明确根系长度和直径动态规律的基础上, 提出了根表面积指数 (RAI) 的概念, 与地上部叶面积指数具有相似的含义和生物学意义, 且呈较好的指数相关关系 (R2 =0.779) 。RAI在生理发育时间 (PDT) 小于等于 4 0前, 其增长动态符合LOGISTIC生长规律 (R2 =0.84 9), 在PDT大于 4 0后, 呈线性递减趋势 (R2 =0.5 70~ 0.895 ), 且杂交抗虫棉的RAI在全生育期内均明显高于其它类型品种, 而早熟类型品种相对略低。RAI空间分布特征表现为, 开花前在浅根层内 (0~ 30cm) 分布最多, 花铃期以中层根系 (40~ 6 0cm) 为主, 吐絮后主要以深层 (70~ 10 0cm) 和距棉行较远的行间较多。研究结果为制定合理的施肥、灌溉措施提供了理论依据, 并量化了棉花根系的时空变化, 为进一步提高生长发育模拟模型的精度奠定了基础。     

FUNCTIONAL-MORPHOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS IN SARGASSUM POLYCERATIUM (PHAEOPHYTA): PHENOTYPIC AND ONTOGENETIC VARIABILITY IN APPARENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND DARK RESPIRATION1

Phenotypic and ontogenetic changes in apparent photosynthesis and dark respiration for Sargassum polyceratium Mont. were related to the differential allocation of resources into blades, stems, vesicles, and fertile branches as well as anatomical parameters of surface area, volume, and blade density from a population in the Content Keys, Florida. Three divergent phenotypes were evaluated during four phases of ontogeny: maximum growth (October), peak reproduction (December), senescence (April), and stasis (July). Photosynthetic and respiratory rates changed throughout the year, at different stages of morphogenesis, and among different phenotypes. Photosynthesis was highest during active growth, decreased during reproduction and senescence, and was lowest during stasis. In contrast, respiration was higher during peak reproduction and stasis. Temporal, phenotypic, and ontogenetic changes in apparent photosynthesis were best explained by interactions among anatomical features, growth stages, and source-sink relationships of metabolic reserves and pigments. Surface area: volume (SA:V) ratios played a secondary role. Photosynthetic performance of mature axes decreased with the allocation of resources away from blades to air bladders and fertile branches. Apparent productivity and development of fertile branches on phenotypes were not correlated. High respiratory rates, SA:V ratios, blade areas, and low blade densities occurred on developing axes and were consistent with adaptations to low light fields. Sargassum polyceratium, because of its morphological differentiation, is a relatively complex, physiologically variable alga.     

不同荷花品种出泥部分与根状茎生长性状和部分生理指标的比较及相关性分析

在盆栽条件下,对不同荷花(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)品种〔藕莲品种'大紫红'('Dazihong')、花莲品种'中国红·上海'('Zhongguohongshanghai')和花藕兼用莲品种'逸仙莲'('Yixianlian')〕出泥部分(叶和花)和泥下部分(根状茎)的生长性状和部分生理指标进行了比较研究,并对3个荷花品种出泥部分与根状茎间的生长性状和部分生理指标进行了相关性分析.结果表明:'大紫红'在整个生长发育期不开花;'中国红·上海'开花时间相对较早(6月上旬),花重瓣且色泽鲜艳;'逸仙莲'开花时间相对较晚(7月上中旬),花单瓣呈白色.3个荷花品种中,'大紫红'立叶数最少,立叶面积最大,根状茎膨大明显,根状茎中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量最高;'中国红·上海'立叶数最多,立叶中叶绿素含量最高,根状茎节间长度最长,但根状茎膨大不明显;'逸仙莲'立叶数居中,叶柄最长,根状茎膨大明显,根状茎中可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉和维生素C含量介于其他2个荷花品种之间.相关性分析结果表明:荷花立叶面积与根状茎节间长度呈显著负相关,而与根状茎中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质及维生素C含量呈极显著或显著正相关;叶柄长度与根状茎直径和根状茎节间质量呈显著正相关;立叶中叶绿素含量与根状茎节间长度和根状茎中淀粉含量呈显著正相关,而与根状茎中可溶性糖含量呈显著负相关.研究结果显示:根据供试3个荷花品种的立叶面积、叶柄长度、立叶中叶绿素含量可间接判断根状茎的生长发育及营养品质状况,并可进一步应用于快速选育花藕兼用莲品种.     

糙花少穗竹生物学特性观察

糙花少穗竹是福建优良乡土竹种,笋材两用,其竹鞭、竹笋、幼竹生长节律与单轴散生竹毛竹相似。竹鞭垂直分布多数在土层20 cm范围,4~15 m长的鞭系占78.1%,发笋期较集中在3月中下旬,单个笋重为盛期笋> 初期笋> 末期笋。从笋出土到幼竹高生长停止,可分为初期、上升期、盛期和末期。但竹鞭垂直分布比毛竹浅,出笋期比毛竹早,且出笋没有明显的大小年,具有较高的开发利用价值。在自然分布区可根据其生物学特性、竹鞭生长与发笋成竹规律采取相应技术措施,垦复改造荒芜野生竹林,2~3年即可郁闭成林。     

栽培黄山药薯蓣皂甙元含量年度变化与适宜采挖期研究

本文主要研究了栽培６ａ的黄山药（Ｄｉｖｓｃｏｒｅａ　ｐａｎｔｈａｉｃａ）薯蓣皂甙元含量变化规律和原因,并结合根茎产量、薯蓣皂甙元产量和农业栽培产值等的变化趋势,提出了黄山药栽培后的适宜采挖年限,对生产有重要指导意义。     

广东黑石顶南亚热带常绿阔叶林树木生长研究(英文)

用测树器和年轮解析法 ,测定了广东黑石顶南亚热带常绿阔叶林的立木和幼树的径向生长和高生长。年轮解析法测得立木的年直径生长量在 0 .1～ 0 .5cm之间 ,一些立木的直径生长呈现出生长快的年份 ( 1～ 3a)和生长慢的年份 ( 1～ 3a)交替的节律。测树器测得立木 5a的年平均直径生长量为0 .0 74cm,5年期间测得有 1 7.6%的个体直径为零增长或负增长。立木的年高增长量为 1 0～ 50 cm,高生长高峰期通常在 1 0～ 30年龄。在树木生长的早期 ,高度的生长优于直径的生长 ,而在树木生长的中、后期 ,直径的生长逐渐优于高度的生长。用游标卡尺和卷尺测得幼树 (通常 1～ 3m高 )的直径和高度 5a的平均生长量分别为 0 .1 0 7cm和 4.76cm。 5a间没有幼树的直径生长为零增长或负增长 ,但约有 9%的个体的高度生长为零增长或负增长。     

INFLORESCENCE TYPES AND FRUITING PATTERNS IN HAMLIN AND VALENCIA ORANGES AND MARSH GRAPEFRUIT

The structural, flowering, and fruit-setting patterns of inflorescences of mature Hamlin and Valencia orange and Marsh grapefruit trees were studied for three years. Several development patterns were found, some of which were relatively consistent for the different varieties or years of study. The sequence of anthesis on an inflorescence was: apical flower first, then basal flower, then the subapical flower. Terminals on which the earlier flowers appeared tended to have more inflorescences than those on which flowers appeared later. Inflorescences on which earlier flowers appeared also produced more flowers than those which began flowering later. Inflorescences that began flowering later were more likely to have leaves or have a greater number of leaves than earlier inflorescences. More than half of the inflorescences carried no leaves, and most of these had one flower. No evidence of a relationship between number of flowers and length of the inflorescence was found. Fruit set occurred primarily during the latter part of the flowering period. Many fruit were set on inflorescences without leaves, but on the basis of percent of flowers setting fruit, inflorescences with leaves were more productive. The greatest fruit set occurred in the subapical position on the inflorescence. With growth changes these fruit often appeared to be developing in the apical position. These patterns generally differed little from year to year. Variations may have been due to the differences in the number of flowers produced by the trees. Results were also similar between Hamlin and Valencia oranges. Patterns on Marsh grapefruit resembled those for the oranges but were frequently less consistent.     

Impact of water depth on root morphology of Juncellus serotinus (Cyperaceae)

Root morphological adaptation is an important mechanism for wetland plants to adapt to environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of water depth on biomass allocation and root morphology (including root mean diameter, root length, root surface area and root volume) of a wetland plant species, Juncellus serotinus (Cyperaceae). Four levels of water depth were chosen: 10, 30, 50 and 70 cm. Due to the enormous root system, and for easy observation, five groups were used according to the distance from the rhizome: 0–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20 and longer than 20 cm (> 20 cm). Results showed that with increasing water depth plant total biomass and root biomass decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and that biomass was mainly allocated to shoots resulting in decreased root to shoot ratio. Root morphology parameters also changed significantly with increasing water depth (p < 0.05). Root mean diameter in all treatments and all other root morphology parameters decreased with increasing distance from the rhizome, while maximum root length, root surface area and root volume in 10 and 30 cm occurred between 5 and 15 cm from the rhizome. The results indicate that shallow water (less than 30 cm in depth) is favorable for the development of J. serotinus root system, and that root morphological characteristics shift with increasing distance from the rhizome.     

水分胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长及挥发油含量的影响

通过控制茅苍术[Atractylodes lancea（Thunb．）DC．]不同生长期的土壤含水量,研究了轻度和重度干旱胁迫与涝渍胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长及挥发油含量的影响。结果表明,在不同生长期,茅苍术根茎生长和挥发油成分含量对不同土壤水分条件的反应不同,其中生殖生长期对水分胁迫较敏感,干旱和涝渍胁迫均会导致根茎生长量和挥发油含量下降。水分胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长量和挥发油含量的影响效应是一致的,导致根茎生长量显著下降的水分条件可使挥发油含量下降,对根茎生长量影响不显著的水分条件则有利于挥发油成分的积累。在果后期进行适当的涝渍胁迫（土壤含水量35．5％～38．5％）有利于茅苍术根茎生长和挥发油含量的提高。     

Experimental demography of rhizome populations of establishing clones of Solidago altissima

1 Solidago altissima forms large compact below-ground rhizome systems. The rhizome systems of 30 genets in a population that had colonized an old-field in 1984 were mapped yearly in situ from 1988 to 1992. Branching angles, lengths and survival of rhizomes, and production of daughter rhizomes, were calculated from digitized maps.
2 We hypothesized that genets of S. altissima would prevent intraclonal crowding by producing longer but fewer rhizomes as they increased in size. In addition, we tested the effects of environmental factors on rhizome dynamics by (i) mowing in late summer, (ii) cutting of rhizome connections, and (iii) removal of close neighbour plants.
3 Most rhizomes were initiated at an angle of 60°−65° relative to the parent rhizome. Subsequent growth tended towards the parent axis and towards more centrifugal growth. Rhizome angles were not influenced by any treatment.
4 In control genets, rhizome density increased 1.3-fold from March 1988 to March 1992. The number of newly produced rhizomes per genet decreased and their length increased from 1988 to 1992. Longer rhizomes had a higher survival probability than shorter rhizomes did. The number of newly produced rhizomes per parent rhizome was positively correlated with mean rhizome length per genet.
5 Mowing strongly decreased rhizome density from 1988 to 1992, mainly due to reduced production of new rhizomes.
6 Rhizome cutting led to a slight decline in the rhizome population and to shorter lengths of rhizomes in their second year compared with controls.
7 The removal of close neighbour plants led to increased rhizome densities. These rhizomes grew longer than controls in unmown plots and shorter in mown plots and had higher probabilities of surviving into their second year.
8 Yearly mowing could successfully prevent the further spread of S. altissima because it acts on rhizome and shoot dynamics as well as on seed output.     

Root Respiration in White Spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) Seedlings in Relation to Morphology and Environment

Roots of white spruce seedlings (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) undergo respiratory changes during the year that are related to changing metabolic requirements. An alternative pathway is always present, functions during most of the year, and operates maximally during periods of root and shoot growth. Although some differences in respiration and the apportioning of respiration can be correlated to root morphology, the environment and the stage of shoot development are also important controls. Differences in respiration related to root morphology are not manifest in mitochondrial structure, but overall rates were found to correlate with the number of mitochondria present. Root respiration in seedlings grown under root growth capacity conditions reflects root and shoot growth at that time rather than root growth capacity.