林带阻力系数与透风系数关系的理论分析

根据冲量定理分析了林带对气流的阻力,首次得到了林带阻力系数的估算模式（Ｃｄ＝（１．８＋０．２α）（１－α）ｓｉｎ２ω,并利用有关文献发表的资料进行了验证．文章还对来流平行林带时林带对气流的阻力进行了讨论,指出来流平行林带时林带对气流的阻力仅为来流垂直林带时林带对气流阻力的０．７—１．１％,可以不予考虑．     

Superhelicity of nucleosomal DNA changes its double-helical repeat

Winding DNA in a superhelix can be considered a process consisting of two smooth deformations: bending and twisting. The extra twist angle introduced by winding DNA into the nucleosomal superhelix is calculated by means of the Crick formula to be −0.5° per base pair (bp). This is equivalent to a change of −0.15±0.015 bp in the DNA double-helical repeat. Free DNA in solution is known to have a helical repeat of 10.55±0.1 bp. On the other hand, a weighted average of various estimates of the DNA repeat in the nucleosome is 10.38±0.02. The difference happens to be perfectly accounted for by the superhelicity of the nucleosomal DNA. This implies that the latter is essentially nonconstrained.     

Proof of Safety in Toxicology Based on the Ratio of Two Means for Normally Distributed Data

The aim of toxicology testing is the safety assessment of a substance such as a new pharmaceutical compound or a pesticide relative to a vehicle or negative control. This paper is concerned with the direct safety approach when safety is expressed in terms of the ratio of population means and when the toxicological endpoint is normally distributed. The methodology for power and sample size calculation is derived for the parallel group design and results are presented for various situations.     

Some inequalities for the expectation of a product of functions of a random variable and for the multivariate distribution function at a random point

Under certain assumptions the expectation of a product of functions of a random variable is greater (smaller) than the product of expectations. The multivariate distribution function of m independent random variables at a random point is greater than the product of the distribution functions of the m variables.     

Denaturation and unfolding of human anaphylatoxin C3a: an unusually low covalent stability of its native disulfide bonds

The complement C3a anaphylatoxin is a major molecular mediator of innate immunity. It is a potent activator of mast cells, basophils and eosinophils and causes smooth muscle contraction. Structurally, C3a is a relatively small protein (77 amino acids) comprising a N-terminal domain connected by 3 native disulfide bonds and a helical C-terminal segment. The structural stability of C3a has been investigated here using three different methods: Disulfide scrambling; Differential CD spectroscopy; and Reductive unfolding. Two uncommon features regarding the stability of C3a and the structure of denatured C3a have been observed in this study. (a) There is an unusual disconnection between the conformational stability of C3a and the covalent stability of its three native disulfide bonds that is not seen with other disulfide proteins. As measured by both methods of disulfide scrambling and differential CD spectroscopy, the native C3a exhibits a global conformational stability that is comparable to numerous proteins with similar size and disulfide content, all with mid-point denaturation of [GdmCl]_1/2 at 3.4-5 M. These proteins include hirudin, tick anticoagulant protein and leech carboxypeptidase inhibitor. However, the native disulfide bonds of C3a is 150-1000 fold less stable than those proteins as evaluated by the method of reductive unfolding. The 3 native disulfide bonds of C3a can be collectively and quantitatively reduced with as low as 1 mM of dithiothreitol within 5 min. The fragility of the native disulfide bonds of C3a has not yet been observed with other native disulfide proteins. (b) Using the method of disulfide scrambling, denatured C3a was shown to consist of diverse isomers adopting varied extent of unfolding. Among them, the most extensively unfolded isomer of denatured C3a is found to assume beads-form disulfide pattern, comprising Cys³⁶-Cys⁴⁹ and two disulfide bonds formed by two pair of consecutive cysteines, Cys²²-Cys²³ and Cys⁵⁶-Cys⁵⁷, a unique disulfide structure of polypeptide that has not been documented previously.     

Evolution of the alternation of haploid and diploid phases in life cycles. II. Maintenance of the haplo-diplontic cycle

The relative duration of the haploid and the diploid phases during the reproductive cycle varies greatly between organisms. This paper addresses the question of the evolution of haploid, diploid, and haplo-diplontic life cycles. When the life span of haploid and diploid individuals is constant whatever their cycle, we show that the haplo-diplontic cycle has an advantage, which depends on the sex-ratio in anisogamous species and on the probability of fertilization in isogamous species. This is because meiosis and fertilization occur half as often in the haplo-diplontic cycle as in haploid or diploid cycles, for the same number of generations of individuals. This argument is demonstrated using a model which considers a genetic determination of the cycle, and fixed haploid and diploid fitnesses. The relevance of measures of fitness of haploid and diploid individuals in predicting the evolution of life cycles is discussed. Measures obtained in algae are compared with theoretical predictions.     

The Value of the Value of Information

An important application of decision analysis is determining the value that information has to a decision maker. The expected value of information (EVOI) is the expected increase in the value (or decrease in the loss) associated with obtaining more information about quantities relevant to the decision process. The EVOI can be thought of as a measure of the importance of the uncertainty about a quantity in terms of the expected improvement in the decision that might be obtained from having additional information about it. Examples of EVOI quantities useful in risk management situations include the expected value of including uncertainty (EVIU), the expected value of perfect information (EVPI), and the expected value of sample information (EVSI). Value of information (VOI) analysis is useful because it makes the losses associated with decision errors explicit, balances competing probabilities and costs, helps identify the decision alternative that minimizes the expected loss, prioritizes spending on research, quantifies the value of the research to the decision maker, and provides an upper bound on what should be spent on getting information.     

细菌生物膜的结构及形成机制研究进展

细菌生物膜是细菌在特定条件下形成的一种特殊细菌群体结构,菌体被包裹在其自身分泌的多聚物中。近年来,有关生物膜组成结构、形成机制、抗逆性机制及其应用防治等诸方面的研究工作进展迅速,本文主要针对细菌生物膜的结构及形成机制方面的研究进展进行了介绍。     

野田村病毒RNA的复制机制

野田村病毒科Nodaviradae分为2个属,分别为主要感染昆虫的α野田村病毒属(Alphanodavirus)和主要感染鱼类的β野田村病毒属(Betanodavirus)。野田村病毒的基因组由2条单链正义RNA分子(RNA1和RNA2)所组成,RNA1编码蛋白A,即病毒负责复制病毒两条基因组的依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶催化亚基。RNA2编码衣壳前体蛋白α,此前体蛋白α先组装成原病毒粒子,再经历一次自我催化的成熟切割成2个病毒的衣壳蛋白β和γ,就成了成熟的有感染性的病毒粒子。在RNA复制过程中,从RNA1的3′末端会合成一个不被包装进病毒粒子的亚基因组RNA3。RNA1能在无RNA2的情况下自我复制,并持续地产生亚基因组RNA3,RNA3的合成采取的是提前终止机制。本文还介绍了野田村病毒复制的调节、非结构蛋白的功能和病毒复制在细胞内的定位。     

Infraciliature, Morphogenesis and Life Cycle of Endosphaera terebrans (Suctoria, Tokophridae)

The morphology, infraciliature, and life cycle of Endosphaera terebrans , a suctorian endocommensal of peritrichs, have been studied with the aid of silver impregnation.
The life cycle of Endosphaera terebrans begins with infection of the host cell by a small larva. The swarmer has a pointed needle-like cellular projection and two rings of cilia. The swarmer penetrates the peritrich, loses the cilia, and then matures into an adult. The infraciliature of the adult form has four rows of barren kinetosomes that lack kinetodesmal fibers. By endogenous budding, a migratory larva is produced that leaves the host cell through the peristomial disc and that can infect other peritrichs.     

The Suppressor of Killer of prune, a unique glutathione S-transferase

The prune-Killer of prune conditional dominant, lethal interaction in Drosophila was identified in the 1950s, but its mechanism remains unknown. We undertook a genetic screen for suppressors of this lethal interaction and identified a gene we named, Suppressor of Killer of prune Su(Kpn). Su(Kpn) is a unique protein with four N-terminal FLYWCH zinc-finger domains, an acidic domain and a C-terminal glutathione S-transferase (GST) domain. The GST domain of Su(Kpn) is of particular interest because GSTs are usually independent of other protein domains. While GSTs are generally thought of as detoxifying enzymes, they are also associated with cellular toxicity. We predict that the GST domain of the Su(Kpn) creates a toxic product in prune-Killer of prune flies that is lethal. The substrate of the Su(Kpn) remains unknown.     

Mini—CEX在住院医师培养中的应用现状

住院医师培养制度现已逐步在中国各城市开始实施,住院医师培养最主要的目标是培养临床能力合格的医师。对住院医师临床能力的评估,最好的方式应该是在临床的实践工作中的给予评估。Mini—CEX（Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise）是在传统的CEX基础上,发展出的一套用来评估住院医师临床技能并具有教学功能的测评工具,包括观察和评价住院医师的知识、技能、态度和主治医师的适时反馈。Mini-CEX为一种迷你型的多次重点式评估,在门诊、急诊或住院等临床例行工作中均可以开展,具备相当可靠的信效度和极好的便利性。Mini—CEX具有一个参与双方的信息及时反馈。应用Mini．CEX能增强评估的科学性,并能促进学习和培训。Mini-CEX作为目前医学教育体系中应用最广泛的一种评估手段之一,受到了国内外医学教育工作者的关注,并开始逐渐引入我国。Mini-CEX将在中国住院医师培养制度中发挥非常重要的作用。     

河西绿洲边缘积沙带与环境因子的关系

绿洲边缘积沙带的形成是一个新的科学问题。甘肃河西地区经过半个多世纪的防沙治沙,在绿洲边缘形成了一条积沙带。为了研究积沙带的形成及其与环境因子的关系,本文对河西走廊东端至走廊中西部绿洲边缘的积沙带进行了调查。结果表明:1)河西走廊东端至中西部绿洲边缘积沙带平均高12.77m,平均带宽308.48m。2)积沙带的宽度与高度呈显著正相关;积沙带的高度与当地的年降水量和年平均风速呈显著正相关;积沙带的增高速率与当地年降水量和年平均风速呈正相关。3)降水条件是决定积沙带高度的关键因子,其次是年平均风速。4)在高大沙丘顶部设置柴草沙障,能促使积沙带(沙丘)继续增高。     

天山北坡经济带关键性生态空间评价

关键性生态空间在生态系统中所发挥的基础性和保障性功能尤为重要,其范围辨识及评价研究对于国土安全和区域可持续发展具有重要意义。以天山北坡经济带为研究区,构建适于西北寒旱区脆弱敏感环境的关键性生态空间评价体系,借助GIS和RS技术,从生态系统服务功能重要性和敏感性两方面对其空间范围进行辨识和分级评价,并进行土地利用生态安全冲突分析。研究结果表明:(1)底线型和危机型生态空间作为研究区的关键性生态空间,面积为45318km²,占比53%,主要分布于南部山区、农垦区西部及北部沙漠/荒漠区;(2)生态系统服务功能与植被显著相关,较重要、重要和极重要区域共占约20.9%,集中在南部山前草原及中部农垦区,生态系统服务功能整体较弱,主导因子为水源涵养和生物多样性保护功能;(3)研究区生态系统敏感性等级主要以中度敏感为主,敏感和极敏感区域面积占比37.7%,分布于高山区、荒漠戈壁区和低山与绿洲过渡区,主要体现为土地沙化和土地盐渍化。(4)全区土地利用生态安全冲突等级较高,有45%的城建用地与56.5%的耕地占用关键性生态空间。本研究可为区域国土空间布局和生态格局优化提供参考,并对相关理论和实证研究起到补充和借鉴作用。     

Polypeptide composition of flacherie viruses of the silkworm

The purified flacherie viruses of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, (FVS I, FVS II, FVS III, and FVS IV) were iodinated by using chloramine-T. The iodinated FVSes were purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation or 2.4% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. FVS IV was found in the sedimentation analysis of FVS I, FVS II, and FVS IV. Electrophoretic patterns of FVS IV showed that it was a mixture of components having identical mobilities with FVS I, EVS IIa, and FVS IIb. FVS IV was a decomposed particle of FVS I, FVS II, and/or FVS III. All of these particles contained three polypeptides with molecular weights of about 51,000, 31,000, and 12,000 daltons. FVS I composed of six polypeptides with molecular weights of 67,000, 51,000, 39,000, 31,000, 14,000, and 12,000 daltons. The maturation process of FVS I was discussed and was suggested as the following process, FVS IIb→FVS IIa→FVS I. It is not clear whether FVS III is an intermediate for FVS IIa to convert into FVS I, or FVS III is a decomposed particle of FVS I.     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

一种平末端连接的有效方法

转化效率与质粒大小成反比,而当质粒大于１５ｋｂ时,转化效率将成为限制因素,此时提高连接效率极为必要,特别是对于具有普遍性而效率又低的平末端连接。我们在连接反应体系中,加入相应的产生平末端质粒载体的限制性内切酶Ｈｐａ Ｉ、或ＥｃｏＲ Ｖ,与不加Ｈｐａ Ｉ,或ＥｃｏＲ Ｖ的连接反应相对照,连接产物转化大肠杆菌ＪＭ１０９后,产生的转化子比率分别为１９．９％和１０．３％（ｐＦｐ７）,３２．６％和９．７％（     

湖北省钟祥市粘虫发生规律研究

为了明确粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)在湖北省钟祥市的发生规律,对小麦玉米轮作田粘虫成虫和幼虫种群的发生动态、粘虫雌蛾卵巢发育进度以及粘虫越冬虫量作了调查,分析了粘虫种群虫源性质。结果表明,钟祥市为1代粘虫多发区,其虫源为外地迁入的越冬代成虫,1代粘虫危害高峰期在4月中下旬,羽化盛期在5月中下旬,羽化后以迁出为主。第2代粘虫发生量很小,羽化后基本全部迁出;在田间未调查到第3代粘虫幼虫,本区发现的第3代成虫可能为由北方南迁的过境种群;第4代粘虫发生量也很小,羽化后全部迁出,不在本区繁殖危害。在田间未调查到准备越冬的粘虫。     

Diversity of functions of proteins with internal symmetry in spatial arrangement of secondary structural elements.

We carry out a systematic analysis of the correlation between similarity of protein three-dimensional structures and their evolutionary relationships. The structural similarity is quantitatively identified by an all-against-all comparison of the spatial arrangement of secondary structural elements in nonredundant 967 representative proteins, and the evolutionary relationship is judged according to the definition of superfamily in the SCOP database. We find the following symmetry rule: a protein pair that has similar folds but belong to different superfamilies has (with a very rare exception) certain internal symmetry in its common similar folds. Possible reasons behind the symmetry rule are discussed.