Description of Pseudoclavibacter triregionum sp. nov. from human blood and Pseudoclavibacter albus comb. nov., and revised classification of the genus Pseudoclavibacter: proposal of Caespitibacter gen. nov., with Caespitibacter soli comb. nov. and Caespitibacter caeni comb. nov

We present polyphasic taxonomic data to demonstrate that strain 125703-2019^T, a human blood isolate, represents a novel species within the genus Pseudoclavibacter, and to reclassify the illegitimate Zimmermannella alba Lin et al., 2004 as Pseudoclavibacter albus comb. nov. Upon primary isolation, strain 125703-2019^T could not be identified reliably using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry during routine diagnostic work, but partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that it belonged to the genus Pseudoclavibacter. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation analyses confirmed that it represented a novel species within this genus. A detailed physiological characterisation yielded differential tests between the novel species and its nearest neighbor taxa, which could also be differentiated using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. We propose to formally classify this strain into the novel species Pseudoclavibacter triregionum sp. nov., with strain 125703-2019^T (=?R-76471^T, LMG 31777^T, CCUG 74796^T) as the type strain. The whole-genome assembly of strain 125703-2019^T has a size of 2.4 Mb and a G?+?C content of 72.74%. A Pseudoclavibacter pangenome analysis revealed that 667 gene clusters were exclusively present in strain 125703-2019^T. While these gene clusters were enriched in several COG functional categories, this analysis did not reveal functions that explained the occurrence of this species in human infection. Finally, several phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses demonstrated that the genus Pseudoclavibacter is polyphyletic with Pseudoclavibacter soli and Pseudoclavibacter caeni representing a unique and deeply branching line of descent within the family Microbacteriaceae. We therefore also propose to reclassify both species into the novel genus Caespitibacter gen. nov. as Caespitibacter soli comb. nov. and Caespitibacter caeni comb. nov., respectively, and with C. soli comb. nov. as the type species.

     

DNA Sequencing of Type Material Reveals Pneophyllum marlothii comb. nov. from South Africa and P. discoideum comb. nov. (Chamberlainoideae,Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from Argentina

A partial rbcL sequence from the type material of Spongites discoideus from southern Argentina showed that it was distinct from rbcL sequences of South African specimens to which that name had been applied based on morpho-anatomy. A partial rbcL sequence from an original syntype specimen, herein designated the lectotype, of Lithophyllum marlothii, type locality Camps Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa, was identical to rbcL sequences of South African field-collected specimens assigned to S. discoideus. Based on phylogenetic analyses of rbcL and/or psbA sequences, both of these species belong in Pneophyllum and are transferred there as P. discoideum comb. nov. and P. marlothii comb. nov. The two species exhibit a distinct type of development where thick, secondary, monomerous disks are produced from thin, primary, dimerous crusts. Whether this type of development represents an example of convergent evolution or is characteristic of a clade of species within Pneophyllum remains to be resolved.     

Reinvestigations of Three “Well-known” Marine Scuticociliates: Uronemella filificum (Kahl, 1931) nov. gen., nov. comb., Pseud cohnilembus hargisi Evans & Thompson, 1964 and Cyclidium citrullus Cohn 1865, with Description of the New Genus Uronemella (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida)

The living morphology, infraciliature and silverline system of 3 “well-known” marine scuticociliates, Uronemella filificum (Kahl, 1931) nov. gen., nov. comb. (formerly Uronema filificum Kahl, 1931), Pseudocohnilembus hargisi Evans & Thompson, 1964 and Cyclidium citrullus Cohn 1865 are reinvestigated and redescribed.

Based on the data obtained, we suggest an establishment of a new genus Uronemella. The diagnosis for the new taxon: thigmotactic Uronematidae with generally pear-shaped body and subequatorially positioned cytostome; apical plate dominant; oral apparatus Uronema-like, one-rowed membranelle 1 about as long as membranelle 2; paroral membrane extending anteriorly to about mid-level of membrane 2; one caudal cilium; in vivo exhibiting typical rotatory movement with help of a caudal-cilium-associated sticky thread; generally in marine habitats. According to this definition, three nominal species as new combinations are transferred into this genus: Uronemella binucleata (Song, 1993) nov. comb. (= Homalogastra binucleata Song, 1993), Uronemella filificum (Kahl, 1931) nov. comb. (= Uronema filificum Kahl, 1931) and Uronemella cymruensis (Pérez-Uz & Hope, 1997) nov. comb. (=Urocyclon cymruensis Pérez-Uz & Hope, 1997). For comparison with Uronemella, some other closely-related taxa are also briefly outlined in the present paper.     

Taxonomic revision of three diatoms found in Lake Malawi: Afrocymbella brunii (Fricke) comb. nov., Afrocymbella rossii (Kociolek & Stoermer) comb. nov., and Aulacoseira euareolata (O.Müller) comb. nov. et nom. nov

Based on epilithic diatom samples collected from the rocky littoral zone of Lake Malawi (102 diatom taxa belonging to 34 genera were listed in the Supporting Information) we proposed the transfer of three taxa to new genera. Afrocymbella brunii (Fricke) comb. nov. was transferred from Gomphonema because of its dorsiventral valve and its transapically elongated dorsal stigma. Afrocymbella rossii (Kociolek & Stoermer) comb. nov. was also transferred from Gomphocymbella, which is actually a synonym of Gomphonema. Aulacoseira euareolata (O.Müller) comb. nov. et nom. nov. was transferred from Melosira because of the presence of linking spines and mantle areolae, and its specific epithet was replaced because of homonymy with Aulacoseira areolata Moisseeva.     

A redescription of the marine hypotrichous ciliate, Nothoholosticha fasciola (Kahl, 1932) nov. gen., nov. comb. (Ciliophora: Urostylida) with brief notes on its cellular reorganization and SS rRNA gene sequence

The morphology and infraciliature of the marine hypotrichous ciliate Nothoholosticha fasciola (Kahl, 1932) nov. gen., nov. comb., isolated from mariculture waters near Qingdao, China, are redescribed based on live and protargol-impregnated specimens. Features reported for the first time include the possession of more than 50 macronuclear nodules and details of the infraciliature, i.e. 50–60 adoral membranelles, shortened paroral and endoral membranes, six frontal, one buccal and two to seven transverse cirri, ca. 40 pairs of midventral cirri, ca. 60–120 left and 70–120 right marginal cirri, three dorsal kineties, caudal and frontoterminal cirri absent. In addition, brief details of two stages of cellular reorganization in N. fasciola are supplied and comparisons with some related urostylids based on SS rRNA gene sequence data are reported. The new genus Nothoholosticha is established based primarily on the absence of frontoterminal cirri, which distinctly separates it from similar urostylid genera. Anteholosticha longissima is transferred to Nothoholosticha as N. longissima (Dragesco and Dragesco-Kernéis, 1986) nov. comb. and Holosticha antarctica is transferred to Pseudokeronopsis as P. antarctica (Wilbert and Song, 2008) nov. comb.     

Redescription of Rigidohymena inquieta (Stokes, 1887) Berger, 2011 as Metahymena inquieta gen. nov., comb. nov. (Ciliophora,Hypotricha) Based on Morphology,Morphogenesis, and Molecular Phylogeny

The morphology and morphogenesis of Rigidohymena inquieta (Stokes, 1887) Berger, 2011, isolated from a lawn soil in the campus of the University of Ulsan, Korea, was studied, using live observation and protargol impregnation. The molecular phylogeny was studied based on the SSU rRNA gene sequences. The morphology of the Korean population of R. inquieta matches the previously known populations; however, the morphogenetic pattern shows differences to the species R. candens in the involvement of cirrus V/3 in the anlagen formation. A novel genus namely Metahymena gen. nov. has been erected for the present species based on the ontogenetic difference, and the new combination Metahymena inquieta gen. nov., comb. nov. is proposed. The morphology, morphogenesis, distribution, and phylogeny of M. inquieta are presented. The morphologic and morphogenetic data corroborate the phylogenetic analyses as M. inquieta clusters among the stylonychid ciliates in a clade distant from Rigidohymena candens.     

Systematic study of the genus Acetobacter with descriptions of Acetobacter indonesiensis sp. nov., Acetobacter tropicalis sp. nov., Acetobacter orleanensis (Henneberg 1906) comb. nov., Acetobacter lovaniensis (Frateur 1950) comb. nov., and Acetobacter estunensis (Carr 1958) comb. nov

Thirty-one Acetobacter strains obtained from culture collections and 45 Acetobacter strains isolated from Indonesian sources were investigated for their phenotypic characteristics, ubiquinone systems, DNA base compositions, and levels of DNA-DNA relatedness. Of 31 reference strains, six showed the presence of ubiquinone 10 (Q-10). These strains were eliminated from the genus Acetobacter. The other 25 reference strains and 45 Indonesian isolates were subjected to a systematic study and separated into 8 distinct groups on the basis of DNA-DNA relatedness. The known species, Acetobacter aceti, A. pasteurianus, and A. peroxydans are retained for three of these groups. New combinations, A. orleanensis (Henneberg 1906) comb. nov., A. lovaniensis (Frateur 1950) comb. nov., and A. estunensis (Carr 1958) comb. nov. are proposed for three other groups. Two new species, A. indonesiensis sp. nov. and A. tropicalis sp. nov. are proposed for the remaining two. No Indonesian isolates were identified as A. aceti, A. estunensis, and A. peroxydans. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rDNA sequences was carried out for representative strains from each of the groups. This supported that the eight species belonged to the genus Acetobacter. Several strains previously assigned to the species of A. aceti and A. pasteurianus were scattered over the different species. It is evident that the value of DNA-DNA relatedness between strains comprising a new species should be determined for the establishment of the species. Thus current bacterial species without data of DNA-DNA relatedness should be reexamined for the stability of bacterial nomenclature.     

Taxonomic contributions to Hapalidiales (Corallinophycidae,Rhodophyta): Boreolithothamnion gen. nov., Lithothamnion redefined and with three new species and Roseolithon with new combinations

Phylogenetic analyses of rbcL gene sequences and of concatenated rbcL, psbA, and nuclear SSU rRNA gene sequences resolved the generitype of Lithothamnion, L. muelleri, in a clade with three other southern Australian species, L. kraftii sp. nov., L. saundersii sp. nov., and L. woelkerlingii sp. nov. Cold water boreal species currently classified in Lithothamnion and whose type specimens have been sequenced are transferred to Boreolithothamnion gen. nov., with B. glaciale comb. nov. as the generitype. The other species are B. giganteum comb. nov., B. phymatodeum comb. nov., and B. sonderi comb. nov., whose type specimens are newly sequenced, and B. lemoineae comb. nov., B. soriferum comb. nov., and B. tophiforme comb. nov., whose type specimens were already sequenced. Based on rbcL sequences from the type specimens of Lithothamnion crispatum, L. indicum, and L. superpositum, each is recognized as a distinct species and transferred to the recently described Roseolithon as R. crispatum comb. nov., R. indicum comb. nov., and R. superpositum com. nov., respectively. To correctly assign species to these three genera based only on morpho-anatomy, specimens must have multiporate conceptacles and some epithallial cells with flared walls. The discussion provides examples demonstrating that only with phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences can the evolution of morpho-anatomical characters of non-geniculate corallines be understood and applied at the correct taxonomic rank. Finally, phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences support recognition of the Hapalidiales as a distinct order characterized by having multiporate tetra/bisporangial conceptacles, and not as a suborder of Corallinales whose tetra/bisporangial conceptacles are uniporate.     

Research note: Amorphochlora amoebiformis gen. et comb. nov. (Chlorarachniophyceae)

A chlorarachniophycean alga, Lotharella amoebiformis, which has been classified in the genus Lotharella is placed into a new genus Amorphochlora gen. nov., based on its phylogenetic position, which has been clarified by the recently accumulated molecular phylogenetic information, and the morphological difference between the vegetative cells of the Lotharella species. Following this taxonomic treatment, a new combination Amorphochlora amoebiformis comb. nov., is proposed.     

The genus Glochidinium gen. nov., with two species: G. penardiforme comb. nov. and G. platygaster sp. nov. (Peridiniaceae)

Glochidiniumgen. nov., a ncw genus of Peridiniaceae based on Peridinium penardiforme Lindemann, is herewith erected. Its plate formula is: Po+X+4′+6′′+3C+4S+5′′′+2′′′′ Main diagnostic characters of this new genus are the presence of only 3 cingular plates (it lacks the transitionalone), the third cingular contacting the anterior sulcal plate, and an unusual sulcus holding a small triangular posterior sulcal plate. The thecal morphology and structure of two freshwater planktic species of the genus are described on the basis of LM and SEM observations. G. penardiforme comb. nov. is an infrequent species, albeit widely distributed world-wide. It has been recorded under the names of Peridinium, Glenodinium and Peridiniopsis. Peculiar features in the tabulation of the furrows and of the surface sculpture show that the species does not fit any of the known genera, for which reason the new genus Glochidinium is established. G. platygaster sp. nov., the second species included in the genus, differs from the former by its elongated body, the regular pentagonal shape of its large first apical plate, an equally large sulcal anterior plate, and well developed sculpture, chiefly on the antapical plates. Glochidinium penardiforme and G. platygaster were found in some reservoirs from central and northern Argentina. G. penardiforme was also found in several Argentine rivers and ponds.     

Crusticorallina gen. nov., a nongeniculate genus in the subfamily Corallinoideae (Corallinales,Rhodophyta)

Molecular phylogenetic analyses of 18S rDNA (SSU) gene sequences confirm the placement of Crusticorallina gen. nov. in Corallinoideae, the first nongeniculate genus in an otherwise geniculate subfamily. Crusticorallina is distinguished from all other coralline genera by the following suite of morpho‐anatomical characters: (i) sunken, uniporate gametangial and bi/tetrasporangial conceptacles, (ii) cells linked by cell fusions, not secondary pit connections, (iii) an epithallus of 1 or 2 cell layers, (iv) a hypothallus that occupies 50% or more of the total thallus thickness, (v) elongate meristematic cells, and (vi) trichocytes absent. Four species are recognized based on rbcL, psbA and COI‐5P sequences, C. painei sp. nov., the generitype, C. adhaerens sp. nov., C. nootkana sp. nov. and C. muricata comb. nov., previously known as Pseudolithophyllum muricatum. Type material of Lithophyllum muricatum, basionym of C. muricata, in TRH comprises at least two taxa, and therefore we accept the previously designated lectotype specimen in UC that we sequenced to confirm its identity. Crusticorallina species are very difficult to distinguish using morpho‐anatomical and/or habitat characters, although at specific sites, some species may be distinguished by a combination of morpho‐anatomy, habitat and biogeography. The Northeast Pacific now boasts six coralline endemic genera, far more than any other region of the world.     

Two new species of the genus Telephata Meyrick (Lepidoptera,Lecithoceridae) from Papua New Guinea with notes on T. nitens (Daikonoff), comb. nov.

Two new species of the genus Telephata Meyrick which has been known to be monotypic, T. melanista, sp. nov. and T. ferruginula, sp. nov., are described from Papua New Guinea. A known species from the island, Lecithocera nitens Daikonoff, is transferred to this genus; Telephata nitens (Diakonoff), comb. nov. Keys to the species of Telephata, based on external and genital characters are given, along with illustrations of adults, wing venations, and male genitalia.     

Der Formenkreis vonAcinetospora crinita (Carm.) nov. comb.

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von Kulturversuchen wurde festgestellt, daß der Entwicklungszyklus vonAcinetospora crinita (Carm.) nov. comb. (=Ectocarpus crinitus Carm. =Ect. pusillus Griff.) eine Generation mit den Merkmalen der Ectocarpi caespituli einschließt. Die in Kultur erhaltene Haploidgeneration stimmt in vielen morphologischen und physiologischen Merkmalen mitEctocarpus Lebelii undEct. padinae überein. Das Fehlen unilokulärer Sporangien bei diesen Arten ist eine wichtige Stütze für die Folgerung, daß die genannten Arten Glieder eines Formenkreises sind. Sie können sich auf vegetative Weise selbständig vermehren.(Mit 14 Abbildungen im Text)     

Arecophila bambusae sp. nov. andA. coronata comb. nov., from dead culms of bamboo

A new species ofArecophila and a species previously known asAmphisphaeria coronata are described and illustrated from dead culms of bamboo.Arecophila bambusae sp. nov. is distinct in the genus in having ellipsoidal ascospores with slightly round ends, and asci with a narrow subapical ring.Arecophila coronata comb. nov. has asci with a wedgeshaped apical ring and weakly striated ascospores enclosed in wide mucilaginous sheath.     

Proposal of Sphingomonas suberifaciens (van Bruggen, Jochimsen and Brown 1990) comb. nov., sphingomonas natatoria (Sly 1985) comb. nov., Sphingomonas ursincola (Yurkov et al. 1997) comb. nov., and emendation of the genus Sphingomonas.

Based on the results of a phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and the presence of sphingoglycolipid in cellular lipids of the type strains, transfer of "Rhizomonas" suberifaciens, Blastomonas natatoria and Erythromonas ursincola to the genus Sphingomonas as Sphingomonas suberifaciens (van Bruggen et al 1990) comb. nov., Sphingomonas natatoria (Sly 1985) comb. nov., and Sphingomonas ursincola (Yurkov et al 1997) comb. nov. are herein proposed together with the emendation of genus Sphingomonas. The type strain of S. suberifaciens is van Bruggen Cal=ATCC 49382=NCPPB 3629=IFO 15211=JCM 8521, that of S. natatoria is ATCC 35951 =DSM 3183=NCIMB 12085=JCM10396, and that of S. ursincola is DSM 9006= KR-99.     

Revision of Corallinaceae (Corallinales,Rhodophyta): recognizing Dawsoniolithon gen. nov., Parvicellularium gen. nov. and Chamberlainoideae subfam. nov. containing Chamberlainium gen. nov. and Pneophyllum

A multi‐gene (SSU, LSU, psbA, and COI) molecular phylogeny of the family Corallinaceae (excluding the subfamilies Lithophylloideae and Corallinoideae) showed a paraphyletic grouping of six monophyletic clades. Pneophyllum and Spongites were reassessed and recircumscribed using DNA sequence data integrated with morpho‐anatomical comparisons of type material and recently collected specimens. We propose Chamberlainoideae subfam. nov., including the type genus Chamberlainium gen. nov., with C. tumidum comb. nov. as the generitype, and Pneophyllum. Chamberlainium is established to include several taxa previously ascribed to Spongites, the generitype of which currently resides in Neogoniolithoideae. Additionally we propose two new genera, Dawsoniolithon gen. nov. (Metagoniolithoideae), with D. conicum comb. nov. as the generitype and Parvicellularium gen. nov. (subfamily incertae sedis), with P. leonardi sp. nov. as the generitype. Chamberlainoideae has no diagnostic morpho‐anatomical features that enable one to assign specimens to it without DNA sequence data, and it is the first subfamily to possess both Type 1 (Chamberlainium) and Type 2 (Pneophyllum) tetra/bisporangial conceptacle roof development. Two characters distinguish Chamberlainium from Spongites: tetra/biasporangial conceptacle chamber diameter (<300 μm in Chamberlainium vs. >300 μm in Spongites) and tetra/bisporangial conceptacle roof thickness (<8 cells in Chamberlainium vs. >8 cells in Spongites). Two characters also distinguish Pneophyllum from Dawsoniolithon: tetra/bisporangial conceptacle roof thickness (<8 cells in Pneophyllum vs. >8 cells in Dawsoniolithon) and thallus construction (dimerous in Pneophyllum vs. monomerous in Dawsoniolithon).