STUDIES IN THE EMBRYOLOGY OF COMPOSITAE. IV. THE TRIBE INULEAE

Embryology of Blumea malabarica, B. membranacea, Laggera pterodonta, Anaphalis busna and Vicoa auriculata has been studied. The anther is tetrasporangiate in all the members except in Blumea membranacea where it is bisporangiate. The anther tapetum is of the Periplasmodial type. Both tetrahedral and isobilateral pollen tetrads are found. Mature pollen grains are three-celled with thick spinous exine. The ovary is bicarpellary syncarpous and unilocular with a single basal ovule. In one instance in Blumea malabarica two ovules per ovary with a rudimentary septum separating them was observed. The single hypodermal archesporial cell functions directly as the megaspore mother cell. The embryo sac develops according to the Polygonum type. The synergids in Blumea malabarica are hooked while in other members they are pear shaped. There are three antipodal cells except in Blumea membranacea where they increase up to eight. Endosperm development in Blumea malabarica is of the Nuclear type while in Blumea membranacea and Laggera pterodonta it is of the Cellular type. One or two layers of endosperm persist up to maturity. Embryo development follows the Senecio variation of Asterad type. The embryological information of this tribe along with that of other tribes will be utilized in evaluating the interrelationships of the family Compositae in a later paper.     

Comparative mapping of the barley genome with male and female recombination-derived, doubled haploid populations

Male (anther culture) and female (Hordeum bulbosum) derived, doubled haploid populations were used to map the barley genome and thus determine the different recombination rates occurring during meiosis in the F1 hybrid donor plants. The anther culture-derived (male recombination) population showed an 18% overall increase in recombination rate. This increased recombination rate was observed for every chromosome and most of the chromosome arms. Examination of linkage distances between individual markers revealed eight segments with significantly higher recombination in the anther culture-derived population, and one in the Hordeum bulbosum-derived population. Very strong distortions of single locus segregations were observed in the anther culture-derived population, but map distances were not affected significantly by these distortions. There were 1.047 and 0.912 recombinations per chromosome in the anther culture and Hordeum bulbosum-derived doubled haploid populations, respectively.     

Allium ursinum L. in Germany – surprisingly low genetic variability

Allium ursinum s.l. is a widely spread species of the herb layer in beech forests throughout Europe. Little is known about its phylogenetic origin and its biogeographic history. Molecular genetic analyses of eleven populations from Germany were used to clarify the relationship between populations of A. ursinum s.l. and its relationship to several other species of the genus Allium. The study focused mainly on the Teutoburg Forest in Lower Saxony and the Franconian mountain area in Bavaria. Sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer ITS, and the external transcribed spacer ETS, as well as the plastidic trn L‐rpl 32 and the trn L‐trn F spacer regions were compared. No variation was detected within the species. Even sequences of populations from Belfast, Ireland did not differ from populations of Germany. The closest relative to Allium ursinum s.l. turned out to be Allium moly or Allium scorzonerifolium from the section Molium. Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting was performed and revealed 29% polymorphic bands. Genetic distances of the populations within the Teutoburg Forest coincided with geographical distances. Three populations (Osnabrück Westerberg, Osnabrück Honeburg and Leer, East Frisia) out of eleven analysed populations were identified as garden escapes. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Morphological,reproductive and karyological variability in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium oleraceum</Emphasis> in Lithuania

Morphological, reproductive and karyological variability were investigated in fifteen populations of Allium oleraceum transferred from natural populations in Lithuania to the field collection of medicinal and aromatic plants of the Institute of Botany of the Nature Research Centre in Vilnius. Nine populations were tetraploid (2n = 4x = 32), four pentaploid (2n = 5x = 40) and two consisted of both cytotypes. The greatest differences among the populations and between the ploidy levels were observed in stem height and mass of aerial bulbils per plant. The seed production was very low and did not differ significantly between the ploidy levels, while neither tetraploids nor pentaploids did produce any seed if insects were prevented from visiting their flowers. The means of the morphological characters were higher in pentaploids than in tetraploids. However, none of them provided the possibility of determining ploidy level without chromosome counting.     

Nucleolar-organiser polymorphism in natural populations of Allium schoenopmsum

Allium schoenoprasum, 2n=16, has a single pair of highly acrocentric chromosomes which always have nucleolar-organiser regions on the short arms. In some British populations one or both homologues of submetacentric chromosome 7 may also carry a nucleolar-organiser region terminal on the long arm. These supernumerary satellites are simply inherited. Of the 13 populations examined, six were polymorphic for chromosome 7s. The frequency of chromosome 7s ranges from 0.130 to 0.825 and the distribution of the three karyotypes in all these populations corresponds to a HardyWeinberg equilibrium.     

传统傣药竹叶兰的花粉团发育及分类学意义

该研究利用石蜡切片技术观察并描述了兰科单型属竹叶兰属的花粉团发育过程,包括花形态解剖特征、8个花粉团的形成机制、花药壁发育模式、小孢子发生及雄配子体发育等特征,为该属复杂的系统亲缘关系提供胚胎学证据。结果表明:(1)成熟花药有两个药室,每个药室有4个一簇金色的花粉团,被白色花药帽;早期花药原基分化出的一对并列侧生药室,每个药室中央的小孢子囊在极面观方向分化出两条十字交叉的纵向不育隔膜组织,将其沿花药室纵轴方向深切为4个不等大的棒状次生孢子囊,最后发育为4个花粉团。(2)花药成熟时,靠花药开裂处的隔膜组织比近药隔膜组织的降解速度快且彻底,因此每个药室内的4个花粉团在花药开裂处粘合成一簇。(3)发育完好的花药壁共有6～7层,由外到内为表皮、3～4层药室内壁、中层和双核绒毡层,符合多层型花药壁的发育模式;花药成熟时,表皮退化,纤维性加厚发生在3～4层药室内壁,中层和绒毡层彻底降解。(4)小孢子母细胞通过同时型胞质分裂产生了正四面体型、左右对称、十字交叉型排列的小孢子四分体;小孢子四分体继续保持在同一胼胝质内完成了雄配子体发育,形成了2-细胞型的四合花粉;四合花粉两两或松散或紧密排列,构成了粉质花粉团。在前人的研究基础上,本文证实、补充并分析了竹叶兰属的花粉团发育特征,为该属的亲缘关系提供了胚胎学证据。     

An anatomical study of anther development in Acorus L.: Phylogenetic implications

 Critical morphological synapomorphies have not been found in support of the Acoranan hypothesis, the molecular phylogenetic discovery that Acoranae are the basal monocots. The previously undetermined pattern of anther wall development in Acorus has been suggested to be one such character. Two main types of anther wall development have been recognized: 1) the “monocotyledonous” type, which characterizes both monocots and dicots, and 2) the “dicotyledonous” type, which is almost exclusively found among dicots. An anatomical study of anther wall development in Acorus was here undertaken using the electron microscope. Development of the anther wall in Acorus was found to be somewhat irregular or perhaps even intermediate between the two types although largely consistent with the “monocotyledonous” type. The presumed significance of anther wall development and other critical morphological characters to the Acoranan hypothesis in the absence of knowledge about the sister group to the monocots is evaluated. Received August 28, 2000 Accepted February 19, 2001     

Embryological observations on Helichrysum rupestre (Rafin.) DC. var. errerae (Tineo) Pignatti

Abstract

The ovule and anther development of Helichrysum rupestre var. errerae from Pantelleria is studied. The ovule is anatropous, tenuinucellate, unitegmic, endotheliate and is derived from a two-zonate primordium. The archespore is one- or two-celled and all the megaspores show a functional tendency, although only the chalazal one is able to form the gametophyte according to the Polygonum type. The polar nuclei fuse before fertilization and the three antipodal cells divide further. Anthers are tetrasporangiate and their wall development conforms to the Dicotyledonous type. The epidermis persists at maturity and the endothecial cells thicken their walls. The tapetum is of the periplasmodial type and its cells become plurinucleate during microsporogenesis. The number of microsporocytes varies along the length of the same locule. Arrangement of the resulting microspores is tetrahedral, isobilateral or decussate. Pollen grains are three-celled when shed. Degenerating microsporocytes and microspores have frequently been found.     

Anther starch variations in Lilium during pollen development

Starch was cytologically localized and biochemically assayed in different anther cell layers of Lilium cv. Enchantment during pollen development and its presence was correlated with anther growth. Two phases could be distinguished: the first, the growth phase, extends from the beginning of meiosis to the vacuolated microspore stage and corresponds to maximum increase in anther size and weight. During this period, microspores lack amyloplasts and starch is degraded in the outer staminal wall layers. The tapetum does not contain starch reserves but accumulates a PAS-positive substance in its vacuole. The second phase, the maturation phase, begins with the late vacuolated microspore stage and lasts until pollen maturation. Anther growth is slowed during this phase. A wave of amylogenesis/ amylolysis occurs first in the late vacuolated-microspores and young pollen grains and, next, in the staminal envelopes. In the pollen grain, the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell is filled with starch, but amyloplasts are not detected in the generative cell. When pollen grains ripen, amylaceous reserves are replaced with lipids. In the staminal envelopes, the second amylogenesis is particularly evident in the endothecium and the middle layers; the peak of starch is reached at the young bicellular pollen grain stage; starch disappears from the anther wall early during the maturation phase. The wave of amylogenesis/amylolysis occurring in the staminal envelopes during the maturation phase is peculiar to Lilium. It is interpreted as a sudden increase in carbohydrate level caused by lower anther needs when the growth is completed. Staminal envelopes may act as a physiological buffer and regulate soluble sugar level in the anther. Stages of anther growth correlate with starch content variations and this suggests that during the growth phase, products of starch hydrolysis in the staminal envelopes may be consumed partly by anther cell layers and partly by microspores.     

Embryology and systematic position ofLiparis (Orchidaceae)

The embryology ofLiparis paradoxa andL. rostrata has been studied. The young anther wall consists of an epidermis, endothecium, three middle layers and secretory tapetum with uninucleate cells. In the mature anther, two or three sub-epidermal layers develop fibrous thickenings. The anther wall development corresponds to the massive type. Simultaneous cytokinesis results in decussate, isobilateral, linear, T-shaped and tetrahedral pollen tetrads. The pollinia are compact and at anthesis the pollen grains are 2-celled. Ovules are anatropous, bitegmic and tenuinucellate. Both the integuments are dermal in origin and 2-layered. Development of female gametophyte is of the monosporic, 8-nucleate type. Double fertilization occurs. The primary endosperm nucleus degenerates. The mature embryo is organized from the derivatives of tiers 1, 1, m, and n. Its development conforms to a variation of the Onagrad type. The seed coat is formed entirely by the outer layer of the outer integument. There are three sterile and three fertile valves in the ovary. In the prefertilization stages valves consist of parenchymatous cells. After fertilization, the sterile valves become sclerenchymatous whereas the fertile valves remain parenchymatous. The embryological characters support the disputed systematic position ofLiparis within subtribeLiparidinae ofEpidendreae.     

Phenotypic characterization and bulk segregant analysis of anther culture response in two backcross families of diploid potato

Two diploid (2n=2x=24) backcross potato populations (PBCp, and CBC) were characterized for anther culture response (ACR). PBCp (Solanum phureja Juz. & Buk. genotype 1-3 × CP2) and CBC (CP2 × S. chacoense Bitt. genotype 80-1) resulted from a cross between CP2 (intermediate ACR) and its parents, S. chacoense 80-1(low ACR) and S. phureja 1-3 (high ACR). Three components of ACR were initially investigated: embryos per anther (EPA), embryo regeneration rate and percent monoploids (2n=1x=12) among regenerants. EPA was selected for further characterization because of its relative stability. In a series of studies of EPA on a total of 44 genotypes within CBC, nine high (mean EPA=2.5) and ten low (mean EPA=0.02) selections were made. In PBCp, ten high (mean EPA= 4.7) and ten low (mean EPA= 0.05) selections were made from 67 genotypes. High and low selections were used for bulk segregant analysis to screen 214 RAPD primers as candidate markers linked to EPA. Bands amplified by OPQ-10 and OPZ-4 were associated in coupling and repulsion, respectively, to ACR in PBCp. A band amplified by OPW-14 primer was associated in coupling to ACR in CBC. One-way ANOVAs using presence/absence of each candidate band to classify additional genotypes in each population verified association of the markers with EPA.     

Ricerche Embriologiche su Senecio Vulgaris L. var. Thyrrenus Fiori

Abstract

Embryological researches on SENECIO VULGARIS L. var. THYRRENUS Fiori. — Male gametophyte, development of tapetal cells and female gametophyte have been studied in Senecio vulgaris L. var thyrrenus Fiori.

1) The development of male gametophyte is normal. Divisions of the microspore mother cells are of the simultaneous type. The division of the generative nucleus has never been observed till the pollen grain was in the anther.

2) The tapetal cells follow a very simple development. The nucleus of each cell divides only twice starting at the same time with the meiotic divisions of pollen mother cells but ending much earlier; subsequently, as usually happens with the Asteraceae, the ameboid involution of the tapetum begins. Endomitosis or any other process which leads to a polyploidy not due to nuclear fusion, has never been observed.

3) The female gametophyte is eight nucleate of the normal type (Polygonum). At maturity it shows only three antipodal cells whose nucleus undergoes at first, two or three divisions. Only later these new nuclei, always within the antipodal cell, may fuse in a polyvalent one.     

Microsporogenesis and development of the male gametophyte in Allium senescens L. (Liliaceae) in China

Microsporogenesis and development of the male gametophyte of Allium senescens L. were studied by use of paraffin sections. The anther was found to be four-sporangia. Its wall includes four layers: epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, and secretory tapetum. Cytokinesis during meiosis of microspore mother cells (MMCs) is successive. Most mature pollen grains are two-celled, a few are three-celled. In addition, anomalies were observed during meiosis of MMC and in uninucleate microspores, including laggard chromosomes, lagging chromosomes, anaphase bridges, and micronucleus. These anomalies are possible reasons for abortive pollen.     

长花柱型滇丁香小孢子发生及雄配子体发育

利用常规石蜡切片法和细胞学压片法,对异型花柱植物滇丁香的长花柱型植株的小孢子发生、雄配子体发育及花粉萌发进行观察。结果表明:(1)长花柱型滇丁香具5枚花药,花药4室。(2)花药壁由1层表皮、1层花药内壁、2层中层和1~3层绒毡层组成;花药壁发育方式为基本型,绒毡层类型为腺质绒毡层。(3)小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式为四面体型,偶有左右对称型;不同药室间小孢子母细胞减数分裂不同步。(4)成熟花粉粒为二细胞型。(5)小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程正常,表明长花柱型滇丁香属于发育正常的两性花。(6)授粉4h后,长花柱型滇丁香的花粉在长、短两种花柱柱头上的萌发率分别达(91.8±1.6)%和(93.2±1.1)%,且两者间无显著性差异(t=1.585,df=8,p=0.152),表明长花柱型滇丁香的成熟花粉粒在长、短两种花柱柱头上的萌发均正常。     

濒危植物马蹄参的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育

采用常规石蜡切片法观察马蹄参小孢子形成和雄配子体发育的过程,探讨其濒危机制与雄性生殖发育的关系,为马蹄参的保护与繁殖提供基础资料。结果表明:(1)花药具4个花粉囊,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层、绒毡层4层构成,花药壁的发育类型为基本型;(2)小孢子母细胞减数分裂时胞质分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式为四面体型;(3)成熟花粉为2-细胞型;(4)扫描电镜观察发现马蹄参成熟花粉极面观呈钝三角形,赤道面观呈长球形,具3个萌发孔。研究认为,马蹄参不存在雄性生殖结构与发育过程异常。     

A contribution to the embryology of Desmodium motorium (Houtt.) Merr. (= D. gyrans (L.f.) DC.) (Fabaceae)

Abstract

The anthers are tetrasporangiate. The anther wall comprises epidermis, fibrous endothecium, middle layer and tapetal layer. The tapetum is of the Glandular type and its cells remain uninucleate. Meiosis in pollen mother cells is normal and simultaneous cytokinesis leads to the formation of tetrahedral and decussate microspore tetrads. The pollen grains are shed at 2-celled stage. The ovule is campylotropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. Meiosis in megaspore mother cell results in the formation of linear or occasionally T-shaped megaspore tetrad. The chalazal megaspore develops into Monosporic Polygonum type of embryo sac. Endosperm development is of the Nuclear type.     

Embryological observations on Tipuana tipu (Benth.) O. Kuntze (Dalbergieae,Papilionaceae)

Abstract

The anther and ovule development of Tipuana tipu is described. Some embryological aspects previously not reported for the family have been pointed out, i.e. the Basic type of anther wall development; the constant occurrence of several megasporo-cytes undergoing meiosis, the concurrent development of more than one megaspore and finally the coexistence of three or four mature gametophytes in the same ovule.     

国产毛茛科驴蹄草属两种植物的细胞学研究

为探讨国产毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)驴蹄草属(Caltha L.)植物的细胞学特征,对驴蹄草(C.palustris L.)3个居群和花葶驴蹄草(C.scaposa Hook.f.&Thoms.)5个居群进行了细胞学研究。驴蹄草贵州纳雍居群的染色体数目为2n=32(四倍体),两个云南中甸居群的染色体数目均为2n=64(八倍体)。花葶驴蹄草四川红原、康定、石渠居群的染色体数目均为2n=32(四倍体),该数目为首次报道;西藏林芝和云南德钦居群的染色体数目均为2n=64(八倍体)。驴蹄草的染色体比花葶驴蹄草大。这两种植物的32或64条染色体分别以4条或8条为单位大致能够排列为8组同源染色体,但同一组内的染色体经常具有明显的异形性(heteromorphy),不同居群的核型组成多少具有差异。同时,还分析了驴蹄草和花葶驴蹄草的不同倍性细胞型在我国的地理分布式样。     

珍稀濒危植物大花万代兰的花粉团发育及其分类学意义

万代兰属的属间界限划定及其亲缘关系重建是兰科分类系统中的难解之谜。该研究采用常规石蜡切片技术观察了珍稀濒危植物大花万代兰的一对深裂花粉团的形成机制、花药壁发育模式、小孢子发生及雄配子体发育等的胚胎学特征。结果表明：(1)大花万代兰早期的花药原基分化出一对侧生药室,每个药室的小孢子囊中央分化出一条在花药成熟时会降解的不育隔膜组织,形成两个不等深裂的花粉团。(2)发育完整的花药壁有5~9层,包括2~6层药室内壁,符合多层型花药壁发育类型;绒毡层细胞为单核,腺质型,在花药成熟时,表皮、中层和绒毡层皆降解,仅留下2~6层纤维性加厚的药室内壁。(3)小孢子母细胞经过连续型胞质分裂形成正四面体和左右对称的小孢子四分体,小孢子四分体继续保持在同一个胼胝质内,完成有丝分裂形成了2 细胞型的四合花粉;四合花粉两两紧密排列,且由于隔膜组织的降解,最终发育为一对深裂的花粉团。根据现有兰花花药发育资料,分析了大花万代兰花粉团发育的胚胎学特征的分类学意义,为万代兰属错综复杂的系统分类提供了新资料。