Sexual Interference in the Sword-tailed Newt,Cynops ensicauda popei (Amphibia: Salamandridae)

This paper describes competitive interaction between males of the salamandrid Cynops ensicauda popei. The sexual behaviour of the male is influenced by the presence of a second, rival, male. Competition for access to the female and other male interactions continuously interrupt ongoing courtships. Spermatophore pick-up success is lower than in encounters involving single pairs. During triad encounters, fewer spermatophores were deposited than in dyad encounters, due to interference during the creep stage of courtship. Two basic forms of male sexual interference were distinguished: ‘lure away’ during the creeping stage, from a position that is different from the direction of creep; and ‘female mimicry’, during which the male presses his snout alternately against the courting male's tail and the female's snout. In both forms, a rival male may shove one of the courting individuals away. The repertoire of sexual behaviour patterns of Cynops ensicauda popei appears to be less complex and varied than that of most Triturus species. The courtship of Cynops places less emphasis on display behaviour with tail and body, and a stronger emphasis on the creeping stage, where the male carefully leads the responsive female over a series of spermatophores, but during which rival males may interfere in a variety of ways.     

Social context-dependent modification of courtship behaviour in Drosophila prolongata

Induction of alternative mating tactics by surrounding conditions, such as the presence of conspecific males, is observed in many animal species. Satellite behaviour is a remarkable example in which parasitic males exploit the reproductive investment by other males. Despite the abundance of parasitic mating tactics, however, few examples are known in which males alter courtship behaviour as a counter tactic against parasitic rivals. The fruit fly Drosophila prolongata shows prominent sexual dimorphism in the forelegs. When courting females, males of D. prolongata perform ‘leg vibration’, in which a male vibrates the female''s body with his enlarged forelegs. In this study, we found that leg vibration increased female receptivity, but it also raised a risk of interception of the female by rival males. Consequently, in the presence of rivals, males of D. prolongata shifted their courtship behaviour from leg vibration to ‘rubbing’, which was less vulnerable to interference by rival males. These results demonstrated that the males of D. prolongata adjust their courtship behaviour to circumvent the social context-dependent risk of leg vibration.     

Cumulative Effect of Male's Displays in the Sexual Behaviour of the Smooth Newt Triturus vulgaris (Urodela,Salamandridae)1

The relevance of the temporal spacing of signals to the timing and nature of the receiver's response during a communicative process was studied in the sexual behaviour of the smooth newt Triturus vulgaris. The possibility that a high rate of stimulation allows an accumulation of the effects of successive signals was investigated by comparing sexual interactions leading and not leading to spermatophore deposition. Results showed that the difference between the two types of interactions lay only in temporal features of the stimulation provided by the male to the female. Females, although in a comparable initial state of receptivity and exposed to comparable amounts of stimulation, performed the act triggering spermatophore deposition by the male only in some interactions. Display bouts, in which the male displayed at short intervals (less than 4 s), were longer in interactions where spermatophore deposition took place than in the others. This suggests that courtship was effective if accumulation of the effects of male displays could occur. This proposition was supported by the observation of a progressive change in the immediate female response to a given male display in the group where courtship bouts were longer. Our results indicate the existence of a system of tonic communication (see Schleidt 1973) during the sexual behaviour of the smooth newt, in which the effects of the male displays accumulate over time until some critical threshold is reached in the female.     

Das Paarungsverhalten von Pycnopogon fasciculatus Loew (Diptera,Asilidae)

• 1 Bei der Raubfliege Pycnopogon fasciculatus vollführt das ♂ vor dem sitzenden ♀ eine Flugbalz, die hauptsächlich anhand von Filmaufnahmen analysiert wurde. Das ♂ schwebt bei der Flugbalz dicht vor dem ♀, schwenkt dann bis 10 cm nach hinten aus, um auf der gleichen Flugbahn stoßartig nach vorne vor das ♀ zu fliegen. Diesen Hin- und Herflug wiederholt das ♂ durchschnittlich 28mal. Zu Beginn der Flugbalz orientiert sich das ♂ durch Ertasten des weiblichen Vorderendes. Das ♂ hält die Beine an den beiden Umkehrpunkten der Flugbahn ganz verschieden (vgl. Abb. 2 c), zeigt aber keine Landehaltung. Flugtechnisch scheint die Veränderung der Beinstellung wenig Bedeutung zu haben. Ob die Beinhaltung vor dem ♀ aus einer ritualisierten Beuteübergabe hervorgegangen ist, bleibt offen. Das ♀ zeigt seine Abwehrbereitschaft bei der Flugbalz durch ritualisiertes Wackeln hochgehaltener Hinterbeine.
• 2 Das ♂ vollführt seine Flugbalz auch vor toten, artgleichen ♀ und ♂♂ und auch vor artfremden, z. T. größeren Fliegen. Die Flugbalz ist kürzer als vor lebenden ♀♀ (durchschnittlich nur 14 Anflüge) und führt wegen des Fehlens von Abwehrsignalen des ♂ doppelt so haufig zu einem unmittelbar anschließenden Kopulationsversuch.
• 3 Sitzende ♂♂ schlagen gegen anfliegende ♂♂ ihre Vorderbeine schnell abwechselnd in die Luft. Dieses Vorderbeinwirbeln tritt auch beim Schweben des ♂ vor dem ♀ während der Balz auf und wird als Abwehrhandlung gedeutet. Durch das Vorderbeinwirbeln gegen andere ♂♂ kommt es unter natürlichen Umständen nicht zur Flugbalz vor sitzenden ♂♂.
• 4 ♀♀ vertreiben arteigene ♀♀ und artfremde Fliegen häufig von ihrem Sitzast durch Anlaufen mit schräg angestellten, seitlich abgespreizten Flügeln.
• 5 Das ♂ versucht in 31 % der Fälle die Kopulation unmittelbar nach der Flugbalz (n = 96). Nicht Hochhalten der Hinterbeine des ♀ löst beim ♂ einen Kopulationsversuch aus. Die Kopulation dauert mindestens 15 min und vollzieht sich in der “end-to-end position”.
• 6 Das Paarungsverhalten von Pycnopogon fasciculatus läßt sich als Handlungskette darstellen (Tab. 2).
• 7 Das Paarungsverhalten der räuberischen, in einigen Fällen auch kannibalischen Asilidenfamilie ist sehr unterschiedlich. Außer Flugbalz ist Balz auf fester Unterlage und Überwältigung des ♀ durch das ♂ ohne vorausgehende Balzhandlungen bekannt.

     

Female Sexual Interference in the Smooth Newt,Triturus vulgaris vulgaris

Competition between unmated females for males was observed in the smooth newt, T. vulgaris, during the early part of the breeding season. Females interfered at the spermatophore-transfer stage of courtship, preventing a rival female from picking up the sperm mass. Interference often resulted in the rival female abandoning the courtship encounter. In many of the encounters (70%), the interfering female was inseminated. However, interference between females was not observed after the commencement of ovulation. By contrast, the incidence of sexual interference between males was low during the preovulatory period and increased significantly post-ovulation. Sexual interference in newts and salamanders has previously only been observed between males. During the greater part of the breeding season, when females are ovipositing, eggs are the limiting resource and males compete for access to receptive females. However, this study suggests that early in the breeding season, prior to commencement of ovulation, the limiting resource may temporarily be sperm, due to the physiological constraint of spermatophore production. This may lead to female competition for mates.     

Sexual dimorphism and courtship behavior in Drosophila prolongata

Sexual dimorphism is often derived from sexual selection. In sexually dimorphic Drosophila species, exaggerated male structures are used for specific behaviors in male-to-male competition or courtship toward females. In Drosophila prolongata, a member of the melanogaster species group, males have enlarged forelegs whereas females do not. However, the adaptive role of the enlarged forelegs is unclear because little is known about the behavior of D. prolongata. In this study, the courtship behavior of D. prolongata was investigated in comparison with closely related species. Males of D. prolongata use their forelegs in a specific behavior, “leg vibration”, in which the male vigorously vibrates the female’s abdomen by extending his forelegs from in front of her. Leg vibration was observed immediately before “attempting copulation”, indicating that it has an adaptive role in the mating process. In contrast, leg vibration was not observed in closely related species. Because the large forelegs are necessary to accomplish leg vibration, it was suggested that the sexual dimorphism of D. prolongata forelegs is currently under the influence of sexual selection in courtship behavior.     

Breeding in the crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes: mating patterns, mate choice and intermale competition

1. The breeding behaviour of the white-clawed crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes, which is in decline throughout Europe, was analysed. 2. Observations and experiments focused on: (i) several aspects of mating behaviour, showing the primary role of the female during courtship, the patterns of mature male receptivity and the possible existence of a mating stimulus produced by either a mating pair or a receptive female; (ii) the potential for mate choice either by males (males were not choosy, mating with the first receptive female they met) or by females (that rejected the smallest males and males with only one cheliped) and (iii) intermale fighting before copulation (larger males copulated more often, with the exception of some ’sneakers‘). 3. Sperm competition occurred when a new male was presented with a female after a previous male‘s spermatophore had been deposited; the new male cleaned the rival male‘s spermatophore by feeding on it before copulation. This behaviour has also been observed in some pseudoscorpions, millipedes and collembolans, but always in cases where the spermatophore is deposited on the substratum. Introduction     

The Sexual Behaviour of the Great Crested Newt,Triturus cristatus (Amphibia: Salamandridae)

The sexual behaviour of Triturus cristatus is described. The first stage of sexual behaviour consists of an orientation phase in which the male approaches the female, sniffs her and moves in front of and perpendicular to her. The second stage is a prolonged period of static display with two different tail movements, called Fan and Lash, in 13.8 ± 1.3 bouts (x? ± SE) with intervals of 10.5 ± 0.3 s between bouts. Each bout contains 6.7 ± 0.3 regular Fan beats at a frequency of 0.5–0.8 Hz. This Fanning provides olfactory and mechanical stimulation to the female. 15% of bouts also contain a violent Lash, in which the male rapidly slaps the female's flank. Some Lashes are used to stop the female when she tries to move away. In the third stage of the sexual sequence, the male turns away, Creeps for 6.7 ± 0.3 s (x? ± SE) and then Quivers his tail. A receptive female follows and touches his tail, and the male deposits a spermatophore and then turns to one side with his tail folded along his flank in a position called Brake. The female now approaches again and the male steps away sideways in a movement called Rebrake. After several Rebrakes the male stops, the female touches his tail and the spermatophore may now be picked up in her cloaca. This sequence can be repeated several times during one encounter. This behaviour is discussed in relation to previous studies of courtship in this genus.     

Sexual interactions in red-spotted newt populations

Two alternative reproductive tactics (amplexus and spermatophore transfer interference) and three sexual interference tactics (spermatophore transfer interference, pseudofemale behaviour, amplexus interference) are described for male red-spotted newts, Notophthalmus viridescens. The two reproductive tactics yield equal insemination rates for males displaying these behaviours. The three sexual interference tactics decrease the potential fitness of amplectic males either directly, by displacing them from receptive females and/or duping them into fruitless spermatophore depositions, or indirectly, by increasing the time spent in amplexus with no concomitant increase in probability of successful insemination.     

Aggression versus courtship in threespine sticklebacks and the role of habituation to neighbours

Interaction of courtship and territorial aggression in male threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, was investigated by presenting dummy females to subjects nesting alone (solitary situation) and in view of males nesting in adjacent tanks (rival situation). During dummy presentation subjects engaged in more courtship and nest activity when solitary than when in the rival situation. Behaviour of subjects in the latter situation was dominated by threats and attempts to bite rivals during dummy presentation. Thus, rivals can interfere with another male's courtship by competing for the time during which he could court a female or by eliciting in him an aggressive state that is incompatible with sexual behaviour. Subjects in the rival situation gradually decreased the time spent with rivals but increased the time spent courting the dummy and tending the nest during presentations. This decrease in aggression towards neighbouring males is presumed to result from habituation. Thus, habituation can play an important role in mitigating the aggressive response to familiar rivals, allowing males to devote more time and energy to courtship and nest activities while still forming breeding aggregations in which members may mutually benefit.     

Nuptial Flight in two Ponerine Ants,Pachycondyla Impressa and P. Fauveli,Overlooking Machu Picchu,Peru

We report on a simultaneous nuptial flight of ants of two sympatric ponerine species, Pachycondyla impressa and P. fauveli, on the top of Huayna Picchu (2700 m), Peru. After flying in and landing on the flat, hare rocks of the summit, the conspecific sexuals approached, antennated and mated without any previous female calling behaviour. During one hour of observation, the number of approximately 30 ♂ ♂ and ♀ ♀ Pachycondyla impressa and 70–86 of P. fauveli on the site remained constant because of individuals continuously arriving and leaving. Although nuptial flight seems to be the most common type of mating system in ants, this is one of the very few reports on the occurrence of this behaviour in ponerine species.     

Aspects of Aggressive Behaviour in Polecats

• 1 Das Verhalten von Iltissen und Frettchen in einer 16-m²-Arena gegen Artgenossen wird beschrieben.
• 2 Außerhalb der Fortpflanzungszeit werden Fremde belästigt (hier ?ritual aggression” genannt), aber nicht besiegt.
• 3 Während der Fortpflanzungszeit (März bis Juli) kämpfen ♂♂ mit Fremden: sie ergreifen den Eindringling im Nacken, halten ihn fest, versuchen ihn zu schütteln und schleppen ihn umher. Der Gepackte rollt sich über den Boden, bis der andre loslassen muß, und versucht, seinerseits ebenso zuzupacken.
• 4 Ein unterlegener Iltis droht abwehrend mit gekrümmtem Rücken und hochgehaltenem Kopf, öffnet das Maul und weist dem Gegner unter Pfauchen oder Kreischen die Zähne. Der Sieger dreht den Kopf zur Seite und geht breitseits vor.
• 5 ♀♀ sind weniger angriffslustig als ♂♂; sie kämpfen gelegentlich, aber kurz und ohne den Gegner zu unterwerfen. ?Ritual aggression” zeigen sie nur gegen fremde ♀♀.
• 6 Begegnungen zwischen ♂ und ♀♀ in der Paarungszeit sind beschrieben. Ist das ♀ bereit, so kommt es zur Kopula; sonst versucht das ♂ zu kopulieren, das ♀ aber dreht sich auf den Rücken und schnappt sanft nach Genick und Schnauze des ♂. Läßt sich das ♂ nicht abweisen, so kann es zum Kampf kommen: das ♂ schleppt das ♀ am Genick umher und schüttelt es, das ♀ droht, quiekt und schnappt nach dem ♂. Das ♀ wird nicht besiegt. Auch das ♂ kann einen Kampf beginnen, vor allem, wenn es paarungsbereit ist und das ♂ nicht mitmacht. Das ♀ geht dann in Abwehrstellung und droht.
• 7 Im Januar–März werden die Hoden der Iltis-♂♂ größer und diese angriffslustiger: sie beißen öfter einen Partner ins Genick und halten ihn länger fest. Aber auch in heftigen Kämpfen wird der Gegner nicht unterworfen. Es kommt zu Pseudokopulationen mit ihm, wahrscheinlich ausgelöst durch seine Bewegungslosigkeit.
• 8 Im Iltiskampf fehlt das Drohen vor einem Angriff, entsprechend fehlt jedes Vorspiel vor dem Aufreiten und den Kopulationsversuchen.
• 9 Die Beziehungen zwischen Angriffs-, Sexual- und Spielverhalten sind erortert.

     

The mating strategy and reproductive performance of Agriphila aeneociliella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a new insect pest of wheat in China

1. The Eastern Grass‐veneer Agriphila aeneociliella (Eversmann) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a serious stem‐feeding pest of wheat crops that has become established in China in recent years. A better understanding of the mating strategy and reproductive performance of A. aeneociliella could improve integrated pest management programmes against this newly established species by disturbing its behaviour and reducing its reproduction potential. Based on ethological and reproductive biological approaches, the mating and reproductive performances of A. aeneociliella were investigated.
2. Unlike the common nocturnal lepidopterans, the mating rhythm of A. aeneociliella moths showed a marked diurnal pattern. The female courtship rhythm and the mating rhythm reached peaks within the first 2 h after the onset of photocycle.
3. The mating success rate of monogamous pairs was 55.6%, whereas the male‐biased sex ratio (2♂:1♀) increased the mating rate (72.2%) and the female‐biased ratio (1♂:3♀) led to the lowest mating rate (27.8%).
4. Both females and males were able to mate twice. The duration of copulation decreased substantially with male mating frequency, whereas, when a previously mated female was paired with a virgin male, fecundity significantly increased. Monogamous couples who mated only once in their lives have the highest hatchability (97.13 ± 0.49%).

     

A Study of the Behaviour of the Australian Field Cricket Teleogryllus commodus (Walker) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in the Field and in Habitat Simulations

The behaviour of T. commodus (Walker) in the field and in simulated natural habitats is described. Regular predictable sequences of behaviour are represented by an ethogram. Most behaviour was centred around burrows or sheltered sites. Burrows appeared to be a limiting resource and there may be behavioural dimorphism in ♂ ♂ (burrower and non-burrower strategies). Individuals were found to form gregarious clusters and appeared to be attracted to areas already occupied by crickets. Territorial spacing and other social interactions occurred within these clusters. ♂ ♂ and ♀ ♀ were found to be mobile, and moved continually between sites. The movement of ♂ ♂ and ♀ ♀ between burrows (calling sites) was measured. Adult ♂ ♂ never remained at a burrow for longer than two days. In simulated natural habitats ♂ ♂ moved in response to two factors: first, and most common, as a result of eviction by other ♂ ♂ second, as a response to the absence of ♀ ♀. When cricket density was increased in habitat simulations crickets clustered at calling sites. The adaptive significance of T. commodus behaviour is discussed.     

父方投资与性角色逆转现象: 螽斯类昆虫的婚礼食物及对性选择方向的影响

大多数动物在繁殖过程中,雌性在繁殖过程中要比雄性付出更大投资,如相对于精子较大的卵子细胞,较长的育幼时间等,因而在交配过程中,雌性具有选择权,而雄性之间相互竞争以取得与雌性的交配权。然而自然世界中并不总是竞争的雄性（competitive male）-选择的雌性（selective female）这种婚配形式。在螽斯类昆虫中,雄性同样具有较大的父方投资。在繁殖期间,雄性螽斯争相鸣叫,求偶,且在交配后要给予雌性特殊的营养物质-精包,供雌性取食。因此在特定情况下,雌性之间将进行竞争以获取雄性配偶,雄性变得更具有选择性。影响这种性角色逆转的主要因素是可获得资源的紧缺。父方投资理论和性选择理论预测雄性显著地对后代投资时,雌性将表现出典型的雄性特征,她们竞争追求性活跃的雄性,而雄性将表现出典型的雌性特征,对配偶具有选择性。螽斯类昆虫中这种特殊的性角色逆转现象符合性选择理论和父方投资理论的预测。     

Sexual cannibalism in the garden spider Araneus diadematus

In natural populations, courting males of Araneus diadematus are often consumed by females before they have successfully copulated. Despite the possible nutritional benefits of sexual cannibalism for females, the male can derive no benefit by being consumed before copulation. In this study, females that consumed a single male significantly increased their body mass, regardless of the quality of their diet. The implication is that, for A. diadematus, sexual cannibalism increases female fecundity. In experimentally controlled courtship sequences, larger males were less likely to be cannibalized than smaller males, but female size had no effect on male mating success. The mating success of males was not influenced by the age of the male, indicating that cannibalism is not the results of male senility.     

Sexual behaviour: female swift moth is not the aggressive partner

Observations on three naturally-occurring courtships of Hepialus show that sexual behaviour in these moths is similar to that of butterflies, with the male pursuing the female in flight and mating with her after she alights. Although the female appears to solicit courtship by flying past a hovering male, and although the male becomes flaccid immediately after copulation, it is not true that the female flies directly at the male and knocks him out of the air, as is widely held by moth-collectors.     

Behavioral Sequence Leading to Sexual Isolation Between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila ananassae</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">D. pallidosa</Emphasis>

Drosophila ananassae and D. pallidosa are closely related, sympatric species that lack postmating isolation. Sexual isolation has been considered important in maintaining them as independent species. To clarify the behavioral processes leading to sexual isolation, we analyzed behavioral sequences and examined the effect of courtship song on mating success and on behaviors of both sexes by surgically removing male wings (song generators), female aristae (song receivers), or female wings (means of fluttering). We found that heterospecific courtship songs evoked female wing fluttering, whereas conspecific courtship song did not. Furthermore, female wing fluttering made courting males discontinue courtship. These findings suggest that strong sexual isolation is achieved through the following behavioral sequence: heterospecific song→female wing fluttering→courtship discontinuation.     

Male size,mating potential and lifetime reproductive success in the field cricket,Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer)

Male size is known to influence short-term, competitive mating success in the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Short-term measures of mating success are, however, potentially misleading when considering the influence of sexual selection on male morphology and behaviour. The lifetime mating success of males was investigated in the absence of competition to determine the effects of male size per se on reproductive potential and any effects of female behaviour on male lifetime mating success. The cost of spermatophore production was relatively greater for small males who consequently had a longer refractory period between matings, thus limiting their reproductive potential. Large males had a mating advantage resulting from a differential response of females to the courtship attempts of large and small males. Furthermore, small males were ‘sexually incompetent’ in terms of their ability to attach spermatophores once mounted. There was, therefore, an overall positive relationship between male size and lifetime reproductive success.