THE RESPONSE OF POPILLIA JAPONICA TO LIGHT AND THE WEBER-FECHNER LAW

Light and a temperature above 23°C. are necessary for the activity of Popillia. The effect of light as indicated by the rate of locomotor response is related to light intensity according to Fechner''s expression of Weber''s law.     

亚热带季雨林植物罗伞气体交换对光质的反应

亚热带季雨林林下阴生植物罗伞(Ardisia quinquegona)叶片的气体交换速率(PN.μmol.m~(-2),s~(-1))随光强(PFD,μmol,m~(-2),s~(-1))增高而增大。在光强低于80μmol,m~(-2),s~(-1),PN=29.21PFD×10~(-3)+0.36。在光强150μmol,m~(-2),s~(-1)对出现气体交换的光饱和现象。在低光强下,气孔传导率(G,m mol,m~(-2),s~(-1)与光强(m mol,m~(-2),s~(-1)的关系为G=265.6 PFD+4.6。在低光强下。开阔地的阳生灌木桃金娘(Rhodmyrtus tomentosa)的气体交换速率和气孔传导率与光强关系曲线的直线部分斜率皆较罗伞的低,在红光上,罗伞叶片气体交换速率(μmol,m~(-2),s~(-1)与光强(μmol,m~(-2),s~(-1)的关系为PN=32.4 PFD×10~(-3)-0.04。气孔传导率(m mol,m~(-2),s~(-1)与光强(m mol,m~(-2),s~(-1)的关系为G=339.08 PFD+7.37。同时气体交换速率的饱和红光光强亦较白光的高。在蓝光光强低时,气体交换速率(μmol,m~(-2),s~(-1))与光强(μmol,m~(-2),s~(-1))的关系为PN=13.54 PFD×10~(-3)—0.17,而气孔传导率(m mol,m~(-2),s~(-1))与光强(mμmol,m~(-2),s~(-1))的关系为G=80.5 PFD+4.35。在低的蓝光下,体交换速率和气孔传导率与光强关系曲线的直线部分斜率显著较在白光和红光下的低。罗伞叶片气体交换对红光的反应敏感。     

LACK OF CALBINDIN-D28K ALTERS RESPONSE OF THE MURINE CIRCADIAN CLOCK TO LIGHT

A strong stimulus adjusting the circadian clock to the prevailing light-dark cycle is light. However, the circadian clock is reset by light only at specific times of the day. The mechanisms mediating such gating of light input to the CNS are not well understood. There is evidence that Ca²⁺ ions play an important role in intracellular signaling mechanisms, including signaling cascades stimulated by light. Therefore, Ca²⁺ is hypothesized to play a role in the light-mediated resetting of the circadian clock. Calbindin-D28k (CB; gene symbol: Calb1) is a Ca²⁺ binding protein implicated in Ca²⁺ homeostasis and sensing. The absence of this protein influences Ca²⁺ buffering capacity of a cell, alters spatio-temporal aspects of intracellular Ca²⁺ signaling, and hence might alter transmission of light information to the circadian clock in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). We tested mice lacking a functional Calb1 gene (Calb1^?/?) and found an increased phase-delay response to light applied at circadian time (CT) 14 in these animals. This is accompanied by elevated induction of Per2 gene expression in the SCN. Period length and circadian rhythmicity were comparable between Calb1^?/? and wild-type animals. Our findings indicate an involvement of CB in the signaling pathway that modulates the behavioral and molecular response to light. (Author correspondence: urs.albrecht@unifr.ch)     

ON THE DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF SARCOPLASM AND MYOPLASM TO DENERVATION IN FROG MUSCLE

Electron microscopic evidence is presented that the early response to denervation ("simple atrophy") of the semitendinosus m. of the frog is characterized by a greater prominence of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and by the presence, in the interfibrillar spaces, of mitochondria which are more numerous and smaller than in normal muscle. In contrast with the dynamic changes of the sarcoplasmic structural components, the myofibrils showed a progressive decrease in diameter after denervation and throughout the period studied. By carrying out tissue fractionation experiments, the yield of microsome-protein was found significantly greater in the denervated muscles, as compared with the contralateral controls, in this initial stage. Under the conditions attending the overdevelopment of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), denervated semitendinosus m. incorporated valine-C¹⁴ into proteins more actively than the control pairs. The denervated muscles also showed an increase in the number of freely scattered and membrane-bound ribosomes and of polyribosomes, suggesting a more active synthesis of the SR membranes. Pronounced atrophy of the myofibrils, disorganization of the SR, and an increased number of ribonucleoprotein particles lying in the enlarged interfibrillar spaces were the main ultrastructural features of "degenerative atrophy" in frog muscle in the late periods after denervation. The probably adaptive character of the early changes occurring on denervation of frog muscle is discussed.     

蜜蜂下行神经元的光反应特征

利用电生理细胞外记录方法研究了蜜蜂下行神经元对光的反应特征以及与水平方向上光刺激角度的关系。 光刺激主要引起下行神经元的给光反应和撤光反应,持续性反应很弱。下行神经元的反应依赖于光刺激强度,在一定的强度范围内,随着光强度增大,反应强度也增大根据改变刺激角度引起的反应,在水平方向上最敏感,张角最大,约大于40°。     

PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSE OF STREAM PERIPHYTON TO FLUCTUATING LIGHT REGIMES

  An experiment was conducted on intact algal assemblages of stream periphyton to test their response to fluctuating and constant light regimes having the same mean intensity. The light regimes (in μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) were constant light at 100, light fluctuating between 50 and 150 with a period of 5 min, and light fluctuating between 10 and 460 with periods of either 4:1 or 8:2 min. Compared to the rates measured under 100 in μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ constant light conditions, fluctuations ranging between 50 and 150 in μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ with a 5-min period produced a 23% greater rate of photosynthesis. Conversely, fluctuations between 10 and 460 in μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ led to a 59%–74% decrease in photosynthetic activity. Detailed examination of periphytic algal responses to fluctuating light revealed that higher light intensities produced steeper photosynthesis/time slopes, but it was the combined interaction with lower light intensity that ultimately determined overall photosynthetic rate for a given light regime. This study offers compelling evidence that variable light regimes have important consequences for algal photosynthesis in natural streams.     

蝴蝶花无性系在不同光强度下表现结构的研究

本文以四川缙云山的克隆草本蝴蝶花为对象,对其在竹林和针阔叶混交林林窗地带不同的光变化生境中的表现结构进行了研究。经对蝴蝶花无性系小株的高度、基径、叶片数以及地上和地下生物量的统计分析,结果表明：从林窗→林缘→林下,随着光照强度的减弱,蝴蝶花的高度、基径和地上生物量相应减小,在林下达到最小,而地下生物量在林下却最大,叶片数目没有明显变化。文章分析和讨论了蝴蝶花所表现出的结构变化,并分别对株高和地上生物量与基径的关系拟合了回归方程。     

THE RESPONSE OF PER1 TO LIGHT IN THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS OF THE DIURNAL DEGU (OCTODON DEGUS)

Several studies suggest that the circadian systems of diurnal mammals respond differently to daytime light than those of nocturnal mammals. We hypothesized that the photosensitive “clock” gene Per1 would respond to light exposure during subjective day in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the diurnal rodent, Octodon degus. Tissue was collected 1.5–2?h after a 30?min light pulse presented at five timepoints across the 24?h day and compared to controls maintained under conditions of constant darkness. Per1 mRNA was quantified using in situ hybridization. Results showed that the rhythmicity and photic responsiveness of Per1 in the degu resembles that of nocturnal animals. (Author correspondence: hagenaue@umich.edu)     

多甲藻对不同光照强度的反应:色素沉着及暗光适应的可能性

在ＨＰＬＣ色素分析的基础上，研究了多甲藻对不同光照强度（１６．６～２５０μ．Ｅｍ＾０２ｓ＾－１）的反应。类胡萝卡素中最重要的多甲藻素和硅甲藻黄素占叶黄素总量的９０％，随着光照强度的逐步增加，多甲藻细胞中叶绿素ａ含量呈现明显的下降趋势。结果表明硅甲藻黄素和β胡萝卜素具有光作用：１）当多甲藻暴露于较强光下时，硅甲藻黄素／叶绿素ａ之比呈现出明显增加的趋势，β胡萝卜素／叶绿素ａ之比也显现出明显的增加趋势；     

THE LIGHT GROWTH RESPONSE AND THE GROWTH SYSTEM OF PHYCOMYCES

1. The Roscoe-Bunsen law holds for the light growth response of Phycomyces if the time component of stimulation is short. With exposures longer than a few seconds, the reaction time to light is determined by the intensity and not by the energy of the flash. 2. The possible nature of the very long latency in the response to light is considered in terms of the structure of the cell and its mechanism of growth. It is suggested that during the latency some substance produced by light in the protoplasm is transported centrifugally to the cell wall or outermost layer of protoplasm. 3. The total elongation occurring over a period of 1 to 2 hours is independent of flashes of light or temporary darkening. Light acts by facilitating some change already under way in the growth system, and during the principal phase of elongation is not a necessary or limiting factor for growth. 4. Judged by the reaction time, the original sensitivity is restored in the light system following exposure to light in about one-third the time required for equilibrium to be reattained in the growth system.     

THE REACTIONS OF CERIANTHUS TO LIGHT

1. When Cerianthus membranaceus is illuminated upon one side, the animal turns its anterior portion toward the source of light. The number of degrees through which the animal turns is proportional to the logarithm of the intensity of the light. 2. A light intensity of between 250 m.c. and 15,000 m.c. is necessary to cause retraction of the animal. 3. The part of the spectrum which is most effective in causing heliotropic bending of Cerianthus lies between µµ 510 and µµ 570.     

卷柏属单裂缝大孢子的观察

本文报道了卷柏履翠云草〔Selaginella uncinata(Desv.)Spring)大孢子中有单裂缝类型,并描述了单裂缝大孢子在扫描电子显微镜下的形态特征。