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1.
The syntheses of five compounds isomeric with the potent luteolytic agent cloprostenol are described. These are the trans-delta 5, cis and trans-delta 4, cis-delta 6 (methyl ester) and cis-delta 13 analogues. The cis-delta 4 isomer is as potent as cloprostenol as a luteolytic agent in hamsters but the others are markedly less so. 相似文献
2.
Di-nor-benzofuran neolignan aldehydes, Δ7-3,4-methylenedioxy-3′-methoxy-8′,9′-dinor-4′,7-epoxy-8,3′-neolignan-7′-aldehyde (ocophyllal A) 1, Δ7-3,4,5,3′-tetramethoxy-8′,9′-dinor-4′,7-epoxy-8,3′-neolignan-7′-aldehyde (ocophyllal B) 2, and macrophyllin-type bicyclo[3.2.1]octanoid neolignans (7R, 8R, 3′S, 4′S, 5′R)-Δ8′-4′-hydroxy-5′-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy-2′,3′,4′,5′-tetrahydro-2′-oxo-7.3′,8.5′-neolignan (ocophyllol A) 3, (7R, 8R, 3′S, 4′S, 5′R)-Δ8′-4′-hydroxy-3,4,5′-trimethoxy-2′,3′,4′,5′-tetrahydro-2′-oxo-7.3′,8.5′-neolignan (ocophyllol B) 4, (7R, 8R, 3′S, 4′S, 5′R)-Δ8′-4′-hydroxy-3,4,5,5′-tetramethoxy-2′,3′,4′,5′-tetrahydro-2′-oxo-7.3′,8.5′-neolignan (ocophyllol C) 5, as well as 2′-epi-guianin 6 and (+)-licarin B 7, were isolated and characterized from leaves of Ocotea macrophylla (Lauraceae). The structures and configuration of these compounds were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses. Inhibition of platelet activating factor (PAF)-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets were tested with neolignans 1–7. Although compound 6 was the most potent PAF-antagonist, compounds 3–5 showed some activity. 相似文献
3.
Pierre Beuchet Laïla El kihel Michel Dherbomez Georges Charles Yves Letourneux 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》1998,8(24):931
Δ7-5-Desaturase catalyses one of the last steps in ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi. Moreover Δ5-unsaturation is necessary for the sparking function. Synthesis of three pairs of C-6 epimeric cholestanol derivatives are described as potential growth inhibitors. Preliminary results suggest that 6β-aminocholestanol is a potent antifungal agent. 相似文献
4.
John W. Huffman Simon M. Bushell John R. A. Miller Jenny L. Wiley Billy R. Martin 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2002,10(12):7809
Three series of new cannabinoids were prepared and their affinities for the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid recptors were determined. These are the 1-methoxy-3-(1′,1′-dimethylalkyl)-, 1-deoxy-11-hydroxy-3-(1′,1′-dimethylalkyl)- and 11-hydroxy-1-methoxy-3-(1′,1′-dimethylalkyl)-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinols, which contain alkyl chains from dimethylethyl to dimethylheptyl appended to C-3 of the cannabinoid. All of these compounds have greater affinity for the CB2 receptor than for the CB1 receptor, however only 1-methoxy-3-(1′,1′-dimethylhexyl)-Δ8-THC (JWH-229, 6e) has effectively no affinity for the CB1 receptor (Ki=3134±110 nM) and high affinity for CB2 (Ki=18±2 nM). 相似文献
5.
The disulfonic stilbene (4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyano-2,2′-disulfonic stilbene) is found to be more potent than acetazolamide as an anion transport inhibitor in the turtle bladder, but less potent than acetazolamide as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. The anion-dependent (HCO3-−, Cl−) moeity of the short-circuiting current is eliminated by 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyano-2,2′-disulfonic stibene, but only after its addition to the serosal bathing fluid. Whereas 4-acetmido-4′-isothiocyano-2,2′-disulfonic stilbene has no effect om Na+transport across the bladder, it is more potent than ouabain as an inhibitor of microsomal (Na++K+)-ATPase of both turtle bladder and eel electric organ. 相似文献
6.
The prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue, cloprostenol, which is an effective luteolytic agent in the common marmoset, was administered intramuscularly to olive baboons to determine if it possessed luteolytic properties in this species. The results showed that functional luteolysis was not induced when cloprostenol was administered during the mid- to late luteal phase or during early pregnancy. 相似文献
7.
Kazufumi Akiyama Henry I. Yamamura Brian C. Wilkes Wayne L. Cody Victor J. Hruby Ana Maria de L. Castrucci Mac E. Hadley 《Peptides》1984,5(6)
α-Melanotropin (α-MSH) retains less than 1% of its original activity after a 60 min incubation with 10% rat brain homogenate. [Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-MSH is nonbiodegradable in rat serum (240 min incubation) and still maintains 10% of its original activity in 10% rat brain homogenate (240 min incubation). The related fragment analogue, Ac-[Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-MSH4–10-NH2, retains 50% of its activity after a 240 min incubation in rat brain homogenate, whereas Ac-[Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-MSH4–11-NH2 is totally resistant to inactivation by rat brain homogenate. Both [Nle4, D-Phe7]-fragments are resistant to degradation by rat serum, but [Nle4]-α-MSH, Ac-[Nle4]-α-MSH4–10-NH2 and Ac-[Nle4]-α-MSH4–11-NH2 are rapidly inactivated under both conditions. The cyclic melanotropin, [
]-α-MSH, is inactivated in rat brain homogenate as is the shorter Ac-[
]-α-MSH4–10-NH2 analogue, but neither cyclic melanotropin is inactivated upon incubation in serum from rats. Ac-[
]-α-MSH4–10-NH2 is resistant to inactivation by either rat serum or a brain homogenate. Some of these melanotropin analogues may provide useful probes for the localization and characterization of putative melanotropin receptors in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. 相似文献
8.
Barbara A. Jakschik Alvin R. Sams Howard Sprecher Philip Needleman 《Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators》1980,20(2):401-410
Utilizing a variety of fatty acids, differing in chain length, degree and position of unsaturation, we investigated the substrate specificity for the enzymatic production of biologically active slow reacting substances (SRS) and of the other leukotrienes. A cellfree enzyme system obtained from RBL-1 cells was used in this study. The primary structural requirement observed for the conversion by this lipoxygenase enzyme system was a Δ5,8,11 unsaturation in a polyenoic fatty acid. Such fatty acids as 20:4 (5,8,11,14), 20:5 (5,8,11,14,17), 20:3 (5,8,11), 19:4 (5,8,11,14) and 18:4 (5,8,11,14) were readily converted to compounds that comigrated with 5-HETE and 5,12-DiHETE and to biologically active SRS. Chain length did not have an influence on the formation of these hydroxyacids. Fatty acids with the initial unsaturation at Δ4, Δ6, Δ7 or Δ8 were a poor substrate for the leukotriene enzyme system. Therefore, this lipoxygenase pathway in leukocytes is quite different from the lipoxygenase in platelets which does not exhibit this specificity. 相似文献
9.
The amounts of discadenine (spore germination inhibitor of Dictyostelium discoideum) and its precursor, N6-Δ2-isopentenyladenine (i6Ade) in cells of D. discoideum were measured at various stages of differentiation. The activities of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of these bases, i.e., discadenine synthetase and 5′-AMP: Δ2-isopentenylpyrophosphate Δ2-isopentenyltransferase (5′-AMP isopentenyltransferase) in the cells were also measured. During differentiation, discadenine appeared in the cells at the stage of culmination before i6Ade was detected. The activity of 5′-AMP: Δ2-isopentenylpyrophosphate Δ2-isopentenyltransferase in cell extracts increased after the beginning of culmination, much later than the increase in discadenine synthetase activity. The order of appearance of these bases and enzymes is apparently the reverse of that expected from the biosynthetic route. The implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
10.
We studied the effect of intracellular glutathione (GSH), which was known to conjugate readily with an α, β-unsaturated carbonyl of 9-deoxy-Δ9,12-13,14-dihydro PGD2 (Δ12-PGJ2), on the cytotoxicity of Δ12-PGJ2. Δ12-PGJ2 caused DNA fragmentation in human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep 3B cells, which was blocked by cycloheximide (CHX). The Δ12-PGJ2-induced apoptosis was augmented by GSH depletion resulted from pretreatment with buthioninine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. On the contrary, N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a precursor of cysteine, elevated the GSH level and protected cells from initiating apoptosis by Δ12-PGJ2. Sodium arsenite, a thiol-reactive agent, also induced apoptosis, which was potentiated or attenuated by BSO or NAC treatment respectively. These results suggest that the apoptosis-inducing activity of Δ12-PGJ2 is due to thiol-reactivity and intracellular GSH modulates the Δ12-PGJ2-induced apoptosis by regulating the accessibility of Δ12-PGJ2 to target proteins containing thiol groups. 相似文献
11.
Srikanth Kotapati Leena Maddukuri Susith Wickramaratne Uthpala Seneviratne Melissa Goggin Matthew G. Pence Peter Villalta F. Peter Guengerich Lawrence Marnett Natalia Tretyakova 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2012,287(46):38800-38811
The 1,N6-(2-Hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylpropan-1,3-diyl)-2′-deoxyadenosine (1,N6-γ-HMHP-dA) adducts are formed upon bifunctional alkylation of adenine nucleobases in DNA by 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane, the putative ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of 1,3-butadiene. The presence of a substituted 1,N6-propano group on 1,N6-γ-HMHP-dA is expected to block the Watson-Crick base pairing of the adducted adenine with thymine, potentially contributing to mutagenesis. In this study, the enzymology of replication past site-specific 1,N6-γ-HMHP-dA lesions in the presence of human DNA polymerases (hpols) β, η, κ, and ι and archebacterial polymerase Dpo4 was investigated. Run-on gel analysis with all four dNTPs revealed that hpol η, κ, and Dpo4 were able to copy the modified template. In contrast, hpol ι inserted a single base opposite 1,N6-γ-HMHP-dA but was unable to extend beyond the damaged site, and a complete replication block was observed with hpol β. Single nucleotide incorporation experiments indicated that although hpol η, κ, and Dpo4 incorporated the correct nucleotide (dTMP) opposite the lesion, dGMP and dAMP were inserted with a comparable frequency. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of primer extension products confirmed the ability of bypass polymerases to insert dTMP, dAMP, or dGMP opposite 1,N6-γ-HMHP-dA and detected large amounts of −1 and −2 deletion products. Taken together, these results indicate that hpol η and κ enzymes bypass 1,N6-γ-HMHP-dA lesions in an error-prone fashion, potentially contributing to A→T and A→C transversions and frameshift mutations observed in cells following treatment with 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane. 相似文献
12.
Beverly A. Freeman Robert E. Wilson Ronald G. Binder William F. Haddon 《Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis》2001,490(2)
The chloroimide 3,3-dichloro-4-(dichloromethylene)-2,5-pyrrolidinedione, a tetrachloroitaconimide, is the principal mutagen produced by chlorination of simulated poultry chiller water. It is the second most potent mutagenic disinfection by-product of chlorination ever reported. Six of seven new synthetic analogs of this compound are direct-acting mutagens in Ames tester strain TA-100. Computed energies of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO) and of the radical anion stability (ΔHfrad−ΔHf) from MNDO-PM3 for the chloroimides show a quantitative correlation with the Ames TA-100 bacterial mutagenicity values. The molar mutagenicities of these direct acting mutagenic imides having an exocyclic double bond fit the same linear correlation (ln Mm vs. ELUMO; ln Mm vs. ΔHfrad−ΔHf) as the chlorinated 2(5H)-furanones, including the potent mutagen MX, 3-chloro-4-(dichloro-methyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone, a by-product of water chlorination and paper bleaching with chlorine. Mutagenicity data for related haloimides having endocyclic double bonds are also given. For the same number of chlorine atoms, the imides with endocyclic double bonds have significantly higher Ames mutagenicity compared to their structural analogs with exocyclic double bonds, but do not follow the same ELUMO or ΔHfrad−ΔHf correlation as the exocyclic chloroimides and the chlorinated 2(5H)-furanones. 相似文献
13.
Linlin Zhao Matthew G. Pence Plamen P. Christov Zdzislaw Wawrzak Jeong-Yun Choi Carmelo J. Rizzo Martin Egli F. Peter Guengerich 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2012,287(42):35516-35526
N2,3-Ethenoguanine (N2,3-ϵG) is one of the exocyclic DNA adducts produced by endogenous processes (e.g. lipid peroxidation) and exposure to bioactivated vinyl monomers such as vinyl chloride, which is a known human carcinogen. Existing studies exploring the miscoding potential of this lesion are quite indirect because of the lability of the glycosidic bond. We utilized a 2′-fluoro isostere approach to stabilize this lesion and synthesized oligonucleotides containing 2′-fluoro-N2,3-ϵ-2′-deoxyarabinoguanosine to investigate the miscoding potential of N2,3-ϵG by Y-family human DNA polymerases (pols). In primer extension assays, pol η and pol κ replicated through N2,3-ϵG, whereas pol ι and REV1 yielded only 1-base incorporation. Steady-state kinetics revealed that dCTP incorporation is preferred opposite N2,3-ϵG with relative efficiencies in the order of pol κ > REV1 > pol η ≈ pol ι, and dTTP misincorporation is the major miscoding event by all four Y-family human DNA pols. Pol ι had the highest dTTP misincorporation frequency (0.71) followed by pol η (0.63). REV1 misincorporated dTTP and dGTP with much lower frequencies. Crystal structures of pol ι with N2,3-ϵG paired to dCTP and dTTP revealed Hoogsteen-like base pairing mechanisms. Two hydrogen bonds were observed in the N2,3-ϵG:dCTP base pair, whereas only one appears to be present in the case of the N2,3-ϵG:dTTP pair. Base pairing mechanisms derived from the crystal structures explain the slightly favored dCTP insertion for pol ι in steady-state kinetic analysis. Taken together, these results provide a basis for the mutagenic potential of N2,3-ϵG. 相似文献
14.
P. Sirois S. Roy G. Beraldin P. Valler P. Borgeat 《Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators》1982,24(3)
The activity of natural 5,6-Dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (5,6-DiHETE; 2 isomers), 5S,15S-DiHETE, 8S,15S-DiHETE, 5S,12S-DiHETE, Δ6-trans-leukotriene B4, 12-epi-Δ6-leukotriene B4, ω-hydroxy-leukotriene B4, ω-carboxy-leukotriene B4, 15S-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15S-HETE), 12S-HETE, 5S-HETE and 12S-hydroxy-heptadecatrienoic acid was compared to TLB4 on the guinea-pig lung parenchymal strip and on the release of prostaglandins and thromboxanes by the perfused guinea-pig lungs. The ω-hydroxy-LTB4 appeared more potent than LTB4 both for inducing a contraction and for releasing prostanoids whereas the ω-carboxy-LTB4 was much less active on the parenchyma and did not release prostanoids at the dose used. All other hydroxy acids tested were either very weakly active or inactive in the two systems used with the exception of the 5,6-DiHETEs which showed significant activity. These di-hydroxy acids induced contractions of the lung parenchymal strip which could be blocked by PFL-55712 but were inactive on the guinea-pig ileum. The 5S-HETE, 12S-HETE and 15S-HETE were also tested for possible myotropic activity on selected smooth muscle preparations. Our results provide further informations on the structural requirements for LTB4 (and other hydroxy acids) actions on the guinea-pig lungs. 相似文献
15.
Shiou-chi Chang Bogdan I. Fedeles Jie Wu James C. Delaney Deyu Li Linlin Zhao Plamen P. Christov Emily Yau Vipender Singh Marco Jost Catherine L. Drennan Lawrence J. Marnett Carmelo J. Rizzo Stuart S. Levine F. Peter Guengerich John M. Essigmann 《Nucleic acids research》2015,43(11):5489-5500
Etheno DNA adducts are a prevalent type of DNA damage caused by vinyl chloride (VC) exposure and oxidative stress. Etheno adducts are mutagenic and may contribute to the initiation of several pathologies; thus, elucidating the pathways by which they induce cellular transformation is critical. Although N2,3-ethenoguanine (N2,3-εG) is the most abundant etheno adduct, its biological consequences have not been well characterized in cells due to its labile glycosidic bond. Here, a stabilized 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxyribose analog of N2,3-εG was used to quantify directly its genotoxicity and mutagenicity. A multiplex method involving next-generation sequencing enabled a large-scale in vivo analysis, in which both N2,3-εG and its isomer 1,N2-ethenoguanine (1,N2-εG) were evaluated in various repair and replication backgrounds. We found that N2,3-εG potently induces G to A transitions, the same mutation previously observed in VC-associated tumors. By contrast, 1,N2-εG induces various substitutions and frameshifts. We also found that N2,3-εG is the only etheno lesion that cannot be repaired by AlkB, which partially explains its persistence. Both εG lesions are strong replication blocks and DinB, a translesion polymerase, facilitates the mutagenic bypass of both lesions. Collectively, our results indicate that N2,3-εG is a biologically important lesion and may have a functional role in VC-induced or inflammation-driven carcinogenesis. 相似文献
16.
John W. Huffman John Liddle Shu Yu Mie Mie Aung Mary E. Abood Jenny L. Wiley Billy R. Martin 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》1999,7(12):964
The synthesis and pharmacology of 15 1-deoxy-Δ8-THC analogues, several of which have high affinity for the CB2 receptor, are described. The deoxy cannabinoids include 1-deoxy-11-hydroxy-Δ8-THC (5), 1-deoxy-Δ8-THC (6), 1-deoxy-3-butyl-Δ8-THC (7), 1-deoxy-3-hexyl-Δ8-THC (8) and a series of 3-(1′,1′-dimethylalkyl)-1-deoxy-Δ8-THC analogues (2, n=0–4, 6, 7, where n=the number of carbon atoms in the side chain−2). Three derivatives (17–19) of deoxynabilone (16) were also prepared. The affinities of each compound for the CB1 and CB2 receptors were determined employing previously described procedures. Five of the 3-(1′,1′-dimethylalkyl)-1-deoxy-Δ8-THC analogues (2, n=1–5) have high affinity (Ki=<20 nM) for the CB2 receptor. Four of them (2, n=1–4) also have little affinity for the CB1 receptor (Ki=>295 nM). 3-(1′,1′-Dimethylbutyl)-1-deoxy-Δ8-THC (2, n=2) has very high affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki=3.4±1.0 nM) and little affinity for the CB1 receptor (Ki=677±132 nM).
Scheme 3. (a) (C6H5)3PCH3+ Br−, n-BuLi/THF, 65°C; (b) LiAlH4/THF, 25°C; (c) KBH(sec-Bu)3/THF, −78 to 25°C then H2O2/NaOH. 相似文献
17.
The ribosome is an ancient macromolecular machine responsible for the synthesis of all proteins in all living organisms. Here we demonstrate that the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center (PTC) is supported by a framework of magnesium microclusters (Mg2+-μc's). Common features of Mg2+-μc's include two paired Mg2+ ions that are chelated by a common bridging phosphate group in the form Mg(a)2+–(O1P-P-O2P)–Mg(b)2+. This bridging phosphate is part of a 10-membered chelation ring in the form Mg(a)2+–(OP-P-O5′-C5′-C4′-C3′-O3′-P-OP)–Mg(a)2+. The two phosphate groups of this 10-membered ring are contributed by adjacent residues along the RNA backbone. Both Mg2+ ions are octahedrally coordinated, but are substantially dehydrated by interactions with additional RNA phosphate groups. The Mg2+-μc's in the LSU (large subunit) appear to be highly conserved over evolution, since they are unchanged in bacteria (Thermus thermophilus, PDB entry 2J01) and archaea (Haloarcula marismortui, PDB entry 1JJ2). The 2D elements of the 23S rRNA that are linked by Mg2+-μc's are conserved between the rRNAs of bacteria, archaea and eukarya and in mitochondrial rRNA, and in a proposed minimal 23S-rRNA. We observe Mg2+-μc's in other rRNAs including the bacterial 16S rRNA, and the P4–P6 domain of the tetrahymena Group I intron ribozyme. It appears that Mg2+-μc's are a primeval motif, with pivotal roles in RNA folding, function and evolution. 相似文献
18.
Statistical analysis reveals that the set of differences between the secondary shifts of the α- and β-carbons for residues i of a protein (Δδ13Cαi- Δδ13Cβi) provides the means to detect and correct referencing errors for 1H and 13C nuclei within a given dataset. In a correctly referenced protein dataset, linear regression plots of Δδ13Cαi,Δδ13Cβi, or Δδ1Hαi vs. (Δδ13Cαi- Δδ13Cβi) pass through the origin from two directions, the helix-to-coil and strand-to-coil directions. Thus, linear analysis of chemical shifts (LACS) can be used to detect referencing errors and to recalibrate the 1H and 13C chemical shift scales if needed. The analysis requires only that the signals be identified with distinct residue types (intra-residue spin systems). LACS allows errors in calibration to be detected and corrected in advance of sequence-specific assignments and secondary structure determinations. Signals that do not fit the linear model (outliers) deserve scrutiny since they could represent errors in identifying signals with a particular residue, or interesting features such as a cis-peptide bond. LACS provides the basis for the automated detection of such features and for testing reassignment hypotheses. Early detection and correction of errors in referencing and spin system identifications can improve the speed and accuracy of chemical shift assignments and secondary structure determinations. We have used LACS to create a database of offset-corrected chemical shifts corresponding to nearly 1800 BMRB entries: 300 with and
1500 without corresponding three-dimensional (3D) structures. This database can serve as a resource for future analysis of the effects of amino acid sequence and protein secondary and tertiary structure on NMR chemical shifts.Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10858-005-1717-0 相似文献
19.
The kinetics of substitution reactions of [η-CpFe(CO)3]PF6 with PPh3 in the presence of R-PyOs have been studied. For all the R-PyOs (R = 4-OMe, 4-Me, 3,4-(CH)4, 4-Ph, 3-Me, 2,3-(CH)4, 2,6-Me2, 2-Me), the reactions yeild the same product [η5-CpFe(CO)2PPh3]PF6, according to a second-order rate law that is first order in concentrations of [η5-CpFe(CO)3]PF6 and of R-PyO but zero order in PPh3 concentration. These results, along with the dependence of the reaction rate on the nature of R-PyO, are consistent with an associative mechanism. Activation parameters further support the bimmolecular nature of the reactions: ΔH≠ = 13.4 ± 0.4 kcal mol−1, ΔS≠ = −19.1 ± 1.3 cal k−1 mol−1 for 4-PhPyO; ΔH≠ = 12.3 ± 0.3 kcal mol−1, ΔS≠ = 24.7 ±1.0 cal K−1 mol−1 for 2-MePyO. For the various substituted pyridine N-oxides studied in this paper, the rates of reaction increase with the increasing electron-donating abilities of the substituents on the pyridine ring or N-oxide basicities, but decrease with increasing 17O chemical shifts of the N-oxides. Electronic and steric factors contributing to the reactivity of pyridine N-oxides have been quantitatively assessed. 相似文献
20.
Proton motive force (pmf) is physiologically stored as either a ΔpH or a membrane potential (Δψ) across bacterial and mitochondrial energetic membranes. In the case of chloroplasts, previous work (Cruz et al. 2001, Biochemistry 40: 1226–1237) indicates that Δψ is a significant fraction of pmf, in vivo, and in vitro as long as the activities of counterions are relatively low. Kinetic analysis of light-induced changes in the electrochromic shift (ECS) in intact leaves was consistent with these observations. In this work, we took advantage of the spectroscopic properties of the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to demonstrate that light-driven Δψ was stored in vivo over the hours time scale. Analysis of the light-induced ECS kinetics suggested that the steady-state Δψ in 400 μmol photons m−2 s−1 red light was between 20 and 90 mV and that this represented about 60% of the light-induced increase in pmf. By extrapolation, it was surmised that about half of total (basal and light-induced) pmf is held as Δψ. It is hypothesized that Δψ is stabilized either by maintaining low chloroplast ionic strength or by active membrane ion transporters. In addition to the strong implications for regulation of photosynthesis by the xanthophyll cycle, these results imply that pmf partitioning is important across a wide range of species. 相似文献