丝状致病真菌的分子生物学研究进展

随着分子生物学技术的飞速发展和日益成熟,有关丝状致病真菌的分子生物学和基因的研究日渐增多。目前,从分子水平研究丝状致病真菌的主要目标是探讨致病真菌的致病性因子、分生机制及寻求抗真菌药物、分子进化等。作者综述了近年来在这一领域的新进展。！致病毒素因子研究较为广泛、透彻的丝状真菌致病毒素因子是黄曲霉毒素蛋白。该毒素BI、BZ是一组由黄曲霉、寄生曲霉产生的有毒性和致癌作用的次级代谢产物。目前,黄曲霉毒素的生物合成途径已经研究确立,但其调节机制仍不清楚［'］。主要研究途径有三条：（l）先分离特殊的合成酶的mR…     

真菌的分子生物学

随着对真菌及真菌病诊断与治疗研究的深入,近年来在真菌分子生物学研究方面也有不少进展,如在真菌超微结构、细胞壁的特殊构型与致病的关系、真菌的染色体倍性与数目,以及其遗传信息等方面。     

食线虫真菌致病相关丝氨酸蛋白酶的研究进展

食线虫真菌是一类土壤微生物,作为线虫的天敌,它们对于维持线虫在土壤生态环境中的种群动态平衡发挥着十分重要的作用。食线虫真菌通过形成特殊的捕食器官或产生毒素等方式来捕捉和杀死线虫。丝氨酸蛋白酶是食线虫真菌侵染线虫的重要毒力因子,近年来,研究人员对不同食线虫真菌来源的致病相关丝氨酸蛋白酶进行了大量的研究,尤其在丝氨酸蛋白酶的晶体结构和分子进化方面的研究取得了较大的进展。本文对食线虫真菌致病相关丝氨酸蛋白酶的生物化学性质和功能进行了系统的总结,对丝氨酸蛋白酶的晶体结构、催化机制及分子进化等最新的进展进行了评述。     

植物与病原真菌互作的分子生物学及其研究进展

本文从病原真菌致病基因、无毒基因及产物的互作,植物抗性基因、防卫基因及产物间的互作,系统获得抗性,信号传导系统等方面,对植物与病原真菌互作的分子生物学及其进展进行了综合论述。     

植物与病原真菌互作的分子生物学及其研究进展

本文从病原真菌致病基因、无毒基因及产物的互作,植物抗性基因、防卫基因及产物间的互作,系统获得抗性,信号传导系统等方面,对植物与病原真菌互作的分子生物学及其进展进行了综合论述。     

昆虫基因表达的调控

昆虫的基因表达过程十分复杂,受多种调控因子的调节,随着分子生物学研究新技术在昆虫学上的应用,昆虫基因表达的调控也取得了较快进展,本文以一些特征清楚的系统为例,讨论昆虫基因表达调控的研究现状,旨在为其它昆虫表达的调控研究提供借鉴。     

DNA序列分析用于常见致病真菌鉴定和分型

随着真菌感染的增多,仅用表型方法鉴定环境中或临床上的致病真菌不足以快速准确地诊断真菌感染疾病,近年来,分子生物学方法因快速、准确而逐步得到应用,其中DNA序列分析已成为鉴定致病真菌到种水平的重要方法。现就DNA序列分析在常见致病真菌分类鉴定及基因分型的应用加以综述。     

致脓癣的须癣毛癣菌鉴定及体外药敏试验

须癣毛癣菌是皮肤癣菌病中常见的致病真菌之一,其分型复杂,具有多个变种和有性型,引起脓癣的常为亲动物性分离菌。从形态学角度难以明确区分不同种型,需要从分子生物学角度加以鉴定。rDNA序列测定是目前最常用于真菌鉴定的一种方法。我们从一脓癣患儿头部分离出一株须癣毛癣菌,对其形态学、rDNA序列和体外对抗真菌药物的敏感性进行了研究。     

粉棒束孢Isaria farinosa的研发进展

粉棒束孢Isaria farinosa是一种常见的昆虫病原真菌,已被用作一种生物因子防治温带农林害虫、植物病原和线虫。同时,粉棒束孢作为冬虫夏草中的定殖真菌,严重危害冬虫夏草菌Ophiocordyceps sinensis寄主蝙蝠蛾幼虫的饲养,引起了资源昆虫研究者的高度重视和控制。作为生防真菌,粉棒束孢资源的分布和筛选、分子鉴定和遗传多样性、培养、活性成分和药效、分子生物学、害虫生物防治、病害控制、安全性等是学术界的研究重点;作为冬虫夏草寄主昆虫病原菌,学界和产业界一直研究其感染特征、侵染机理和防霉剂筛选等,为这一真菌的高效安全控制提供基础。本文将综述粉棒束孢在利用和控制两大方面的研发进展。     

iTRAQ技术在真菌研究中的应用进展

iTRAQ技术是一种新的、功能强大的、可以最多同时比较8种不同样品中蛋白质相对或绝对含量的蛋白质组学方法,结合多维液相色谱和串联质谱分析,iTRAQ技术已成为差异蛋白质组学定量研究的主要工具之一。而真菌的致病作用是多种蛋白质共同参与的真菌?宿主相互作用的复杂过程,因此整体、定量地分析真菌致病过程中的差异表达蛋白质谱,对于研究真菌的致病机制具有重要作用。该文重点就iTRAQ技术在真菌研究中的应用进展进行综述。     

食线虫菌物胞外蛋白酶基因工程研究进展

在病原线虫的生物防治中 ,利用食线虫菌物在侵染过程中分泌的胞外蛋白酶 (重要毒力因子 )固定线虫并降解线虫体壁显示出巨大的潜力。综述了近年来食线虫菌物胞外蛋白酶的研究概况、目前开展蛋白酶基因工程研究存在的问题及解决策略;对真菌胞外蛋白酶应用于线虫生防和生物医药领域中的前景也进行了评述。     

Fungal virulence studies come of age

Sophisticated molecular biological research has revealed many virulence attributes in at least four pathogenic fungi, but the future study of fungal virulence requires investigators to distinguish between molecules that directly interact with the host, molecules that regulate these, and molecules that are always required for fungal growth and survival, independent of the host.     

基因工程改良在昆虫病原真菌中的应用

昆虫病原真菌是自然界控制害虫种群的主要生物因子,其研究开发越来越受到重视。但由于存在致死速度慢、防效不稳定、对环境条件要求高等缺点,限制了昆虫病原真菌的应用。近年来,通过基因工程技术对昆虫病原真菌进行遗传改造,提高菌株的致病性和毒力,创造高效、稳定的工程菌株取得了较大进展。对昆虫病原真菌选择标记、遗传转化方法、基因工程改良及应用等方面最新研究进展进行了综述。     

Biological control of chestnut blight: an example of virus-mediated attenuation of fungal pathogenesis.

Environmental concerns have focused attention on natural forms of disease control as potentially safe and effective alternatives to chemical pesticides. This has led to increased efforts to develop control strategies that rely on natural predators and parasites or that involve genetically engineered microbial pest control agents. This review deals with a natural form of biological control in which the virulence of a fungal pathogen is attenuated by an endogenous viral RNA genetic element: the phenomenon of transmissible hypovirulence in the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. Recent progress in the molecular characterization of a hypovirulence-associated viral RNA has provided an emerging view of the genetic organization and basic expression strategy of this class of genetic elements. Several lines of evidence now suggest that specific hypovirulence-associated virus-encoded gene products selectively modulate the expression of subsets of fungal genes and the activity of specific regulatory pathways. The construction of an infectious cDNA clone of a hypovirulence-associated viral RNA represents a major advancement that provides exciting new opportunities for examining the molecular basis of transmissible hypovirulence and for engineering hypovirulent strains for improved biocontrol. These developments have significantly improved the prospects of using this system to identify molecular determinants of virulence and elucidate signal transduction pathways involved in pathogenic responses. In addition, novel approaches are now available for extending the application of transmissible hypovirulence for management of chestnut blight and possibly other fungal diseases.     

The pathobiology of Aspergillus fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent airborne fungal pathogen in developed countries, and in immunocompromised patients causes a usually fatal invasive aspergillosis (IA). Understanding the pathobiology of this fungal species requires not only analysis of the putative fungal virulence factors that stimulate fungal growth and/or survival in the lung environment, but also knowledge of the immune factors containing A. fumigatus in the immunocompetent host that can be debilitated by immunosuppressive therapies, triggering IA. Although the incidence of IA has dramatically increased in recent years, progress in these areas has been limited and, as yet, a single, true virulence factor has not been identified and the mechanisms responsible for protective immunity against A. fumigatus have yet to be elucidated.     

Human fungal pathogens: Why should we learn?

Human fungal pathogens that cause invasive infections are hidden killers, taking lives of one and a half million people every year. However, research progress in this field has not been rapid enough to effectively prevent or treat life-threatening fungal diseases. To update recent research progress and promote more active research in the field of human fungal pathogens, eleven review articles concerning the virulence mechanisms and host interactions of four major human fungal pathogens–Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Histoplasma capsulatum–are presented in this special issue.     

金黄色葡萄球菌非编码小RNA的研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,S.aureus)是困扰全球公共卫生及人类健康的重要病原菌,其引起的各种临床感染与该菌表达的多种毒力因子密切相关,而这些毒力因子表达受到调节性因子的精确调控,在细菌致病机制中发挥着核心作用。非编码小RNA(Small non-coding RNA,s RNA)是基因表达的一类重要调节因子,可使细菌对环境因素做出反应,调节其应激适应性及毒力因子表达。但到目前为止,仅少数金黄色葡萄球菌s RNA的生物学功能得到阐述。本文将针对这些调节性s RNA的研究进展作一综述。     

The role and regulation of programmed cell death in plant-pathogen interactions

It is commonly known that animal pathogens often target and suppress programmed cell death (pcd) pathway components to manipulate their hosts. In contrast, plant pathogens often trigger pcd. In cases in which plant pcd accompanies disease resistance, an event called the hypersensitive response, the plant surveillance system has learned to detect pathogen-secreted molecules in order to mount a defence response. In plants without genetic disease resistance, these secreted molecules serve as virulence factors that act through largely unknown mechanisms. Recent studies suggest that plant bacterial pathogens also secrete antiapoptotic proteins to promote their virulence. In contrast, a number of fungal pathogens secrete pcd-promoting molecules that are critical virulence factors. Here, we review recent progress in determining the role and regulation of plant pcd responses that accompany both resistance and susceptible interactions. We also review progress in discerning the mechanisms by which plant pcd occurs during these different interactions.     

Delivering the goods: Fungal secretion modulates virulence during host–pathogen interactions

Fungi secrete a variety of compounds that have wide ranging effects on society and govern the outcome of host–pathogen interactions. The secreted products range from powerful toxins and carcinogens, to beneficial compounds such as ethanol used in common commercial practices, and the ‘wonder drug’ penicillin. Much research in the past 50 y has focused on identifying the genes and their functions relating to the fungal secretome. Recent advances into the mechanisms by which phytopathogenic fungal secretion systems function and modulate virulence have broad implications for the agricultural and biotechnological industries. In this review, we focus on secretion mechanisms in phytopathogenic fungi with examples from key plant–pathogen systems. Current progress and knowledge gaps regarding secretion pathways and their regulation are discussed. We highlight possible approaches to using novel molecular techniques to generate alternative control methods to synthetic pesticides.