菖蒲和石菖蒲的生长特性及其对生活污水净化功能的比较研究

以菖蒲和石菖蒲为对象,通过漂浮栽植研究了其在不同浓度生活污水中的生长特性及其对污水TN、NH3-N、TP、CODCr的去除情况。结果表明,菖蒲在中浓度污水中生长最好,其生物量显著高于低、高浓度,而石菖蒲在低浓度污水中生长最好,其生物量显著高于中、高浓度。菖蒲对中浓度污水中TN、TP、CODCr的去除率分别为96.85%、82.62%、88.89%,对低浓度污水中TN、TP、CODCr的去除率分别为99.87%、91.38%、83.34%,净化效果均高于高浓度(96.58%、80.96%、77.55%),但对NH3-N的去除率在高浓度污水中最好,为99.46%。石菖蒲净化中浓度污水的效果最好,对TN、NH3-N、TP、CODCr的去除率分别为94.20%、78.06%、89.43%、74.98%,对高浓度污水中的NH3-N、TP、CODCr的去除效果也较好,去除率分别为94.62%、91.95%、87.08%,但对TN去除率为59.14%,显著低于低浓度(98.73%)和中浓度(94.20%)。     

温度对五种沉水植物生长和营养去除效果的影响

研究温度对黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、伊乐藻(Elodea canadensis)、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)和竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)在霍格兰氏水培条件下的生长和营养去除效果的影响。结果表明 : 温度对五种沉水植物的生长有显著影响。除苦草的最适生长温度为 30 ℃外, 其余四种植物的最适生长温度为 20 ℃。五种植物的生长速度有显著性差异, 以伊乐藻、竹叶眼子菜、黑藻生长较快。对 TP 和 CODCr 的去除率随温度的升高而升高, 对 NH4-N的去除率除竹叶眼子菜外, 呈单峰曲线, 去除率最适温度为 25 ℃。五种沉水植物对 TP 的去除率通常差异不显著; 竹叶眼子菜对 NH4-N 去除率显著低于其他植物(p<0.05), 而对 CODCr 的去除率显著高于其他植物(p<0.05)。     

4种不同生活型湿地植物对富营养化水体的净化效果

选择4种湿地植物菖蒲、香蒲、浮萍和金鱼藻,研究单一及组合湿地植物对高浓度污水(污水处理厂进水)、低浓度污水(污水处理厂出水)中营养物质的去除效果.结果表明: 水体中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)浓度呈现试验前期快速下降,后期缓慢下降的趋势,表明湿地植物能有效净化污水中的TN、TP、COD,但不同湿地植物及湿地植物组合的净化效果存在差异.多种湿地植物组合比单种湿地植物对TN的净化作用强,其中香蒲＋浮萍＋金鱼藻对TN的净化效果最佳;高浓度污水中,单种挺水植物对TP的净化效果较好,低浓度污水中,则是多种湿地植物组合对TP的去除率较高;高浓度污水中,湿地植物对COD的去除率为85.1%～96.0%,其中菖蒲、香蒲去除效果最佳,低浓度污水中,湿地植物对COD去除率为76.9%～94.8%,以菖蒲＋浮萍＋金鱼藻去除效果最好.总体看来,湿地植物对高浓度污水中TN、TP、COD的净化效果好于低浓度污水,两种水体的pH都得到改善.     

云南高原湿地湖滨带植物不同空间配置对生活污水N、P去除的影响

采用野外调查和室内模拟实验相结合的方法,对云南高原湿地常见的7种湖滨带植物群落开展污水净化试验研究,为云南高原退化湿地恢复与污染湖泊治理中植物的选择与空间配置提供依据。结果表明,湖滨带植物群落对污水浓度的耐受和净化降解是有限度的,在适合植物生长的污水浓度范围(TN:8.39～22.95mg·L-1;TP:0.61～1.96mg·L-1;NH4+-N:6.42～19.80mg·L-1)内,植物群落才能对污水起到高效的净化效果,对TP和NH4+-N的去除率均能达到30%以上,对TN的去除率也能达到20%。在较高浓度范围内,由茭草(Zizana caduciflora)、蓖齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllumdemersum)几种喜氮、磷植物组成的群落对污水的净化效果更好。但不同植物群落对污水的净化效果存在着差异(P<0.05),含同一种植物但其他组成植物不同的群落净化效果不同,表明植物种间存在相互作用,不同种类、不同生活型间相互协作,发挥着最大功能作用。     

温、光、盐对三角褐指藻紫外诱变株生长、总脂及脂肪酸的影响

为了优化微藻培养条件,采用单因子试验研究了不同温度(10、15、20、25、30℃)、不同光照强度(20、40、60、80、100、120μmol·m-2·s-1)和不同盐度(5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40)对三角褐指藻紫外诱变株MP-2的影响。结果表明:温、光、盐对MP-2的生长、总脂含量和脂肪酸组成影响显著(P0.05)。MP-2生长和总脂积累的适宜温度为10~25℃,最适20℃;低温有利于EPA和PUFA的积累,15℃时EPA(30.94%)和PUFA(39.53%)较高;MP-2生长的适宜光照强度为20~120μmol·m-2·s-1,最适光强为40μmol·m-2·s-1,低光强有利总脂的积累,光照强度为20~40μmol·m-2·s-1时总脂含量(25.81%~25.26%)较高;光强对PUFA和EPA的积累影响显著(P0.05),光照强度100μmol·m-2·s-1时EPA高达29.15%,光照强度80~100μmol·m-2·s-1时PUFA高达40.22%~40.56%;MP-2生长的适宜盐度为10~40,最适盐度25,高盐有利总脂的积累,盐度30~35时总脂含量高达36.54%~36.66%,低盐有利EPA和PUFA积累,盐度为10~15时EPA高达31.31%~31.46%,盐度15时PUFA最高(44.75%)。     

复合人工湿地对水禽污染废水的净化效果

通过在北京市野生动物救护中心构建表流湿地与潜流湿地相结合的人工湿地来处理富营养化的水体,研究该人工湿地对TP、TN、浊度和CODcr的去除作用。研究表明:表流湿地对TP、TN、浊度和CODcr的去除率可分别达到68%,31%,93%和55%,潜流湿地对TP、TN、浊度和CODcr的去除率可分别达到75%,67%,55%和50%,复合人工湿地对TP、TN、浊度和CODcr的去除率可分别达到80%,50%,95%和90%,人工湿地不同构建类型对TP、TN的去除量没有显著差异(P>0.05),对TP的去除率、浊度和CODcr的去除量及去除率之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),而对TN的去除率没有显著性差别(P>0.05),通过拟合进出水中不同污染物的质量浓度关系发现,表流湿地、潜流湿地和复合人工湿地进出水中TP、TN及CODcr之间存在显著的线性相关关系(P<0.05),相关系数分别为0.948、0.994、0.952,0.948、0.995、0.958和0.963、0.990、0.927,人工湿地进出水中浊度符合多项式方程规律,相关系数为分别为-0.523(R²=0.451,P>0.05),0.854(R²=0.8756,P<0.05)和-0.086(R²=0.197,P>0.05)。     

红树植物人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果

研究了潜流型海桑（Sonneratia caseolaris）人工湿地、桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）人工湿地和木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果。一年来,3种红树植物人工湿地对BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN、NH4^＋-N和NO2^--N的平均去除率分别达到83%、71%、41%、55%、50%和84%以上。人工湿地各处理周期之间,BOD5和CODCr去除率波动较小,而TP、TN、NH4^＋-N和NO2^--N去除率波动较大。3种红树植物人工湿地对各种污染物的净化效果存在一定的差异。海桑人工湿地和桐花树人工湿地对BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率明显高于木榄人工湿地,而海桑人工湿地和桐花树人工湿地相比较,除TP外,BOD5、CODCr、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率没有显著差异。人工湿地单一处理周期内,去除率随水力停留时间（HRT）的延长而增加。BOD5、CODCr、TN和NH4^＋-N在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别为HRT为3d去除率的54%-65%和73%-84%,NO2^--N在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别达到了HRT为3d的70%-81%和85%-94%,而TP在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别只有HRT为3d的39%-50%和65%-74%。另外,红树植物人工湿地与风车草（Cyperus alternifoliu）人工湿地相比,前者的BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率明显小于后者（P〈0.05）。总体上看,3种红树植物人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果呈现海桑人工湿地≈桐花树人工湿地〉木榄人工湿地。     

潜流型菖蒲人工湿地不同C/N对污染物的去除效率

选取炉渣和砾石为基质,以无植被为对照,分别设置低、中、高浓度的3个碳水平(C1、C2、C3)和3个氮水平(N1、N2、N3)处理,研究潜流型菖蒲人工湿地在不同C/N下净化生活污水中COD、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的效果。结果表明,在不同C/N下,菖蒲人工湿地对污水中COD、TN的去除效果显著高于无植被的人工湿地,菖蒲植被能增加人工湿地COD去除率10.53%,增加TN去除率6.73%;而对于TP的去除,有无植被无显著差异。随着进水N、P浓度及C/N的变化,菖蒲湿地对COD、TN和TP的去除率分别为67.57%～75.85%、20.91%～56.82%和7.15%～17.78%;同时,菖蒲植株对N、P的积累量也相应的变化,其地上部的N、P积累量为4.44～14.79和1.11～3.37g.m-2,平均占湿地N、P去除率的6.91%和10.67%;地下部的N、P积累量分别为2.35～5.20和0.74～1.41g.m-2,平均占湿地N、P去除率的2.69%和6.02%。植物地上器官对湿地N、P的积累量大于地下部,有利于通过收割作用去除湿地系统中的N、P。     

乡土水生植物对富营养化水体的净化效果研究

为了解乡土水生植物净化富营养化水体的效果,研究了广东地区5种乡土水生植物对2种富营养化水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的净化效果和植物的生长状况。结果表明,与无植物空白相比,5种乡土植物使低、高浓度水体的TN去除率分别提高了3.8%～13.3%和13.2%～17.1%,TP去除率分别提高了15.2%～22.1%和11.3%～57.6%,其中野荸荠(Eleocharis plantagineiformis)适用于净化低氮水体;酸模叶蓼(Polygonumlapathifolium)适用于高氮水体;三白草(Saururuschinensis)适用于低磷水体;菱角(Trapa komarovii)适用于低氮或高磷水体;水龙(Ludwigia adscendens)对2种水体均有较好的净化效果,对高磷水体效果极佳。5种乡土植物在低、高浓度水体中均旺盛生长,水龙的生物量净增长率分别达375.5%和539.8%,表现最优,其次为菱角;水葫芦(Eichhorniacrassipes)则在高浓度水体中腐烂死亡,加重了水体污染。水龙、菱角对污染物的吸收作用较强,对P的吸收能力显著优于其他植物(P0.05)。因此,5种乡土植物均可作为广东地区富营养化水体修复的备选植物,其中水龙和菱角的开发潜力最大。     

利用市政污水培养Chlorella vulgaris生产生物柴油

为了考察利用南昌市政污水规模化培养富油微藻生产生物柴油,同时达到净化污水的目的,取南昌市青山湖污水处理厂未经任何处理的市政污水作为普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长的培养液。监测了C.vulgaris在市政污水中连续培养10 d的特定生长率、生物质产量以及与之相关的市政污水中氨氮(NH4+-N)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)、总悬浮固体(TSS)和挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)的清除情况。实验表明:营养物质的水平显著地影响了C.vulgaris的生长。C.vulgaris的生长率在培养8 d后达到最大,OD680为2.856,总的生物质产量日均最大积累速率为0.01 g/L,油脂含量为干质量的18%,油脂的平均日产量为0.001 g/L。培养10 d内NH4+-N、TP和COD的去除率分别为50.0%、32.1%和26.0%,TSS和VSS的日平均去除速率分别为0.01 g/L和0.006 1 g/L。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.