生殖支原体的分子生物学诊断方法研究进展

本文综述了生殖支原体的实验室诊断的分子生物学方法,特别是基因探针和聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）等新的分子生物学技术在诊断生殖支原体感染方面的研究进展,着重讨论了ＰＣＲ技术在诊断生殖支原体方面的应用。     

利用月经血分子生物学诊断妇科疾患

月经困难症是妇科疾病，月经时伴随妨碍日常生活的下腹痛、腰痛。     

梅毒实验室诊断的分子生物学方法

本文综述了梅毒的实验室诊断的分子生物学方法,特别是多聚酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ免疫印迹等新的分子生物学检测技术在诊断早期梅毒、先天性梅毒和神经性毒素等方面的研究进展,着重讨论了ＰＣＲ诊断梅毒的多方面情况,并对ＰＣＲ、Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ免疫印迹技术与经典兔感染试验进行了评价。     

病毒分子生物学诊断方法的应用进展

作为病毒诊断实验室必备的一种手段 ,PCR相关的病毒分子生物学诊断技术准确、快速、敏感、简便 ,对指导临床治疗十分重要。本文对近年来 PCR技术方法学研究与应用研究及生物传感器诊断病毒等方面的一些进展进行了综述     

军团菌分子生物学的研究进展

国外学者使用分子克隆的方法研究了嗜肺军团菌超氧化物歧化酶、外毒素、细胞溶素、蛋白酶、溶血素、ｒｅｃＡ基因和致病基因分子,以及嗜肺军团菌的质粒转移和抗原表达,制备了基因探针,检测了耶氏菌限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）分型,建立了米克戴德军团菌的基因库。     

分子生物学技术在结核诊断和流行病学研究中的应用

结核是当今世界范围内致残和致死的几个主要传染病之一,每年会导致３００多万人死亡。诊断基础为罗琼氏培养基或选择性培养基培养,金胺Ｏ染色,萋纳氏染色,镜检,需２～８周。这就迫切要求分子生物学技术在结核快速诊断中的应用。本文综述了ＤＮＡ杂交、ＤＮＡ指纹图、脉冲场凝胶电泳和ＰＣＲ在结核诊断和流行病学研究中的应用,同时,评述了用分子生物学技术检查结核耐药基因的适用性     

梅毒分子生物学实验诊断方法的研究进展

梅毒的临床表现十分复杂,诊断主要依靠实验室检测方法。传统的梅毒实验室诊断方法暴露出诸多缺点,本文综述了国外一些分子生物学技术用于梅毒实验室诊断的方法(以基因工程重组抗原的血清学方法和聚合酶链反应)的研究进展。     

Finding biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis

Despite of several decades of efforts,lung cancer remains one of most deadly diseases,with a 5-year survival rate approximately 15％ worldwide.In China,the situation is even worse.Although there is no o...     

The search for novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma

The poor prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is in part due to late diagnosis, which is currently achieved by a combination of clinical, radiological and histological approaches. Available biomarkers determined in serum and biopsy samples to assist in CCA diagnosis are not sufficiently sensitive and specific. Therefore, the identification of new biomarkers, preferably those obtained by minimally invasive methods, such as liquid biopsy, is important. The development of innovative technologies has permitted to identify a significant number of genetic, epigenetic, proteomic and metabolomic CCA features with potential clinical usefulness in early diagnosis, prognosis or prediction of treatment response. Potential new candidates must be rigorously evaluated prior to entering routine clinical application. Unfortunately, to date, no such biomarker has achieved validation for these purposes. This review is an up-to-date of currently used biomarkers and the candidates with promising characteristics that could be included in the clinical practice in the next future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.     

Lectin approaches for glycoproteomics in FDA-approved cancer biomarkers

The nine FDA-approved protein biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of cancer are approaching maturity, but their different glycosylation compositions relevant to early diagnosis still remain practically unexplored at the sub-glycoproteome scale. Lectins generally exhibit strong binding to specific sub-glycoproteome components and this property has been quite poorly addressed as the basis for the early diagnosis methods. Here, we discuss some glycoproteome issues that make tackling the glycoproteome particularly challenging in the cancer biomarkers field and include a brief view for next generation technologies.     

用于肿瘤治疗的免疫检查点抑制剂相关预测生物标志物的研究进展

恶性肿瘤是严重威胁人类健康和社会发展的疾病。传统的肿瘤治疗方法如手术、放疗、化疗和靶向治疗等不能完全满足临床治疗的需求,新兴的免疫治疗成为了肿瘤治疗领域的研究热点。免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)作为一种肿瘤免疫治疗方法,已获批用于治疗多种肿瘤,如肺癌、肝癌、胃癌和结直肠癌等。然而,ICIs在临床使用过程中,只有少数患者会出现持久反应,一些患者还会出现耐药和不良反应。因此,预测生物标志物的鉴定和开发对提高ICIs的治疗效果至关重要。肿瘤ICIs预测生物标志物主要包括肿瘤生物标志物、肿瘤微环境生物标志物、循环相关生物标志物、宿主环境生物标志物以及组合生物标志物等,对患者筛查、个体化治疗和预后评估具有重要意义。本文就肿瘤ICIs治疗预测生物标志物的前沿进展作一综述。     

Tumor-derived exosomes: Potential biomarkers and therapeutic target in the treatment of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death in men and women in many countries. Early detection of CRC helps to prevent the advanced stages of the disease, and may thereby improve the survival of these patients. A noninvasive test with high specificity and sensitivity is required for this. Exosomes are lipid bilayer membrane nanovesicles that are released into most body fluids and especially in the microenvironment of cancer. They carry various proteins, lipids, and nucleic materials such as DNA, RNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), and microRNA (miRNA), and may also alter the function of target cells. In this review, we aimed to describe the biogenesis, composition, function, and the role of tumor-derived exosomes in cancer progression. Moreover, their applications in tumor diagnosis and treatment are described, with a particular focus on CRC.     

Identification of key biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy via bioinformatic analysis

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of end-stage renal disease. Although intense efforts have been made to elucidate the pathogenesis, the molecular mechanisms of DN remain to be clarified. To identify the candidate genes in the progression of DN, microarray datasets GSE30122, GSE30528, and GSE47183 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and function enrichment analyses were performed. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed and the module analysis was performed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes and Cytoscape. A total of 61 DEGs were identified. The enriched functions and pathways of the DEGs included glomerulus development, extracellular exosome, collagen binding, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Fifteen hub genes were identified and biological process analysis revealed that these genes were mainly enriched in acute inflammatory response, inflammatory response, and blood vessel development. Correlation analysis between unexplored hub genes and clinical features of DN suggested that COL6A3, MS4A6A,PLCE1, TNNC1, TNNI1, TNN2, and VSIG4 may involve in the progression of DN. In conclusion, DEGs and hub genes identified in this study may deepen our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of DN, and provide candidate targets for diagnosis and treatment of DN.     

Clinical significance of circulating microRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the biggest threats to human life. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be linked to the pathogenesis of CAD, indicating the possible role in CAD diagnosis. The present study aimed to explore the expression profile of plasma miRNAs and estimate their value in diagnosis for CAD. 67 Non‐CAD control subjects and 88 CAD patients were enrolled. We conducted careful evaluation by RT‐PCR analysis, Spearman rank correlation coefficients analysis, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves analysis and so on. The plasma levels of six miRNAs known to be related to CAD were measured and three of them showed obvious expression change. Circulating miR‐29a‐3p, miR‐574‐3p and miR‐574‐5p were all significantly increased. ROC analysis revealed the probability of the three miRNAs as biomarkers with AUCs (areas under the ROC curve) of 0.830, 0.792 and 0.789, respectively. They were significantly correlated with each other in CAD patients, suggesting the possibility of joint diagnosis. The combined AUC was 0.915, much higher than each single miRNA. Therefore, our study revealed three promising biomarkers for early diagnosis of CAD. The combination of these miRNAs may act more effectively than individual ones for CAD diagnosis.     

Transcriptome and DNA methylation analysis reveals molecular mechanisms underlying intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is an aggressive malignancy with increasing incidence. It has been suggested that DNA methylation drives cancer development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying iCCA progression and the roles of DNA methylation still remain elusive. In this study, weighted correlation networks were constructed to identify gene modules and hub genes associated with the tumour stage. We identified 12 gene modules, two of which were significantly positively or negatively related to the tumour stage, respectively. Key hub genes SLC2A1, CDH3 and EFHD2 showed increased expression across the tumour stage and were correlated with poor survival, whereas decrease of FAM171A1, ONECUT1 and PHYHIPL was correlated with better survival. Pathway analysis revealed hedgehog pathway was activated in CDH3 up-regulated tumours, and chromosome separation was elevated in tumours expressing high EFHD2. JAK-STAT pathway was overrepresented in ONECUT1 down-regulated tumours, whereas Rho GTPases-formins signalling was activated in PHYHIPL down-regulated tumours. Finally, significant negative associations between expression of EFHD2, PHYHIPL and promoter DNA methylation were detected, and alterations of DNA methylation were correlated with tumour survival. In summary, we identified key genes and pathways that may participate in progression of iCCA and proposed putative roles of DNA methylation in iCCA.     

神经胶质瘤生物标志物研究进展

神经胶质瘤(glioma)是最常见的原发性脑肿瘤,占颅内肿瘤的81%。神经胶质瘤的诊断手段与预后评估主要以影像学为主,但因神经胶质瘤的浸润性生长特点,影像学不能完全作为诊断及预后评估依据。因此,发现和鉴定全新生物标志物对神经胶质瘤的诊断、治疗和预后评估显得尤为重要。最新研究结果表明,在神经胶质瘤患者组织和血液中,多种生物标志物可用于神经胶质瘤的辅助诊断和预后评估。其中,诊断标志物包括IDH1/2基因突变、BRAF基因突变与融合、p53基因突变、端粒酶活性增加、循环肿瘤细胞和非编码RNA等。预后标志物包括1p/19p共缺失、MGMT基因启动子甲基化及基质金属蛋白酶-28、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-2和CD26的表达上调和Smad4的表达下调。本文重点介绍了上述神经胶质瘤生物标志物在诊断和预后评估方面的最新研究进展。