混合样品代表地衣元素积累的平均水平——来自元素含量不同的两种地衣的证据

地衣是大气元素沉降的良好监测生物,其元素积累能力具有物种间和个体间差异。地衣原位监测法常使用混合样品代表每个样点的地衣元素积累水平,但混合样品的代表性及其在不同地衣之间的差异尚需进一步研究。以电感耦合等离子体质谱法（inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS）测定了内蒙古多伦县的丽石黄衣Xanthoria elegans和皮果衣Dermatocarpon miniatum 52种元素的含量并比较了样点内变异和物种间差异。结果显示,丽石黄衣与相似生境中的地衣元素含量大致相似,证实了研究区域以沙尘沉降为主的大气沉降特点。两种地衣的元素排序基本一致,表明其元素来源相同。7种营养元素（Ca、K、Mo、P、Rb、S和Se）的含量在物种间差异不显著,与地衣的生理调节有关。Hg含量的物种间差异不显著,可能与Hg的挥发性有关。皮果衣中44种元素（Al、As、B、Ba、Be、Bi、Cd、Ce、Co、Cr、Cs、Cu、Dy、Er、Eu、Fe、Gd、Ge、Ho、La、Li、Lu、Mg、Mn、Na、Nb、Nd、Ni、Pb、Pr、Sb、Sc、Sm、Sr、Tb、Th、Ti、Tl、Tm、U、V、Y、Yb和Zn）的含量是丽石黄衣的1.32-2.05倍,表明皮果衣具有较高的、元素特异性的元素积累能力。样点内除Ca含量变异较大（CV>31%）之外,其他51种元素的含量样点内变异在皮果衣和丽石黄衣中均<27.5%,表明混合样品在两种地衣中均可较好地代表地衣元素积累的平均水平。     

物种和基物偏好对河北太行山区六种地衣的元素含量的影响

为了解物种和基物偏好对地衣元素水平的影响,测定了采集于河北太行山区6个地点的6种地衣体内的16种元素（Al、Ba、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Na、P、S、Sc、Sr、Ti、V和Zn）的含量。这6种地衣包括3种石生地衣（鸡冠胶衣Collema cristatum、中国石黄衣Xanthoria mandschurica和淡腹黄梅Xanthoparmelia mexicana）,2种土生地衣（莲座石蕊Cladonia pocillum和石果衣Endocarpon pusillum）,及1种树生地衣（毛边黑蜈蚣衣Phaeophyscia hispidula）。主成分分析（PCA）和费里德曼双向秩方差分析（Friedman检验）结果显示,物种和基物偏好对地衣体内元素含量的影响显著,而地点的影响不显著。树生地衣累积的大气源元素（P、S和Zn）高于土生和石生地衣。土生地衣体内的地壳源元素（Al、Ba、Fe、Mn、Mo、Na、Sc、Sr、Ti和V）和大气源元素Cr的含量最高。石生地衣的大气源元素（P、S和Zn）含量近于土生地衣,但地壳源元素含量较低;3种石生地衣在这些元素的含量方面差异不大。这些结果表明以地衣化学组成监测大气元素沉降的研究需慎重考虑物种及基物偏好的影响。     

山西太行山区两种地衣——中国石黄衣和黄烛衣的元素含量差异

地衣在大气元素沉降的生物监测研究中应用广泛,但地衣物种之间的元素组成差异会对元素的环境输入评估产生干扰。为摸清元素含量在2种叶状地衣(石生的中国石黄衣Xanthoria mandschurica,XM;树生的黄烛衣Candelaria fibrosa,CAF)之间的差异及其可能的生态学原因,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)测试了采自山西太行山区长治盆地及其周边共3个地点的地衣样品中的51种元素。结果显示,40种元素的含量在地衣间差异较大,其中36种元素(Al、Ba、Be、Bi、Ca、Ce、Cs、Dy、Er、Eu、Fe、Gd、Ge、Ho、La、Li、Lu、Mn、Na、Nb、Nd、Ni、Pb、Pr、Sc、Si、Sm、Sr、Tb、Th、Ti、Tm、U、V、Y和Yb)在XM中含量较高,可能归因于其受大气干沉降更大且更易受本地岩石地球化学的影响,而CAF受冠层截留作用的影响更大;其中4种元素(K、P、S和Zn)在CAF中含量较高,可能与冠层淋溶作用有关。另外11种元素(As、B、Cd、Co、Cu、Hg、Mg、Rb、Sb、Se、Tl)在2种地衣之间的含量差异较小。大气元素沉降的地衣监测法需考虑地衣物种、基物的地球化学特征和植被的影响。     

南极地区苔藓地衣植物的地球化学元素营养富集特征

研究南极苔藓地衣中地球化学元素的营养富集特征,发现K,Ca为苔藓地衣中最活跃元素,主要以主动吸收的方式累积于苔藓地衣植物中,P极易富集在地衣的藻层,参与藻类的有机合成过程,苔藓容易富集环境中的S,Al,Si以被动吸收的方式累积于地衣中,同时Fe,Mg以被动吸收的方式累积于苔藓体内,根据元素的含量和营养作用,研究认为K,Ca苔地衣的大量无机营养元素,S,P为苔藓地衣的中等营养元素,Al,Si为苔藓地衣的环境累积元素。     

苔藓植物的化学元素含量及其特点

苔藓植物是化学元素最有效的积累者,在指示环境质量变化方面有其独到之处。本文阐述了苔藓植物体内地球化学元素的组成、含量、来源及其特点,用以揭示影响苔藓植物地球化学元素的因素,从而为苔藓植物作为指示生物提供更可靠的理论依据。苔藓植物体内所含的元素种类很多,主要来自大气沉降(如降水、降尘、扬尘、树冠淋溶等)和生长基质(如土壤、岩石等),元素含量受到区域空间、生态系统、苔藓种类以及时间季节的影响。苔藓植物体内地球化学元素含量可以指示环境条件(如区域空间、生态系统和时间)的差异。     

3种枝状地衣乙酸乙酯提取液对两性绵霉的抑菌效果

研究了3种枝状地衣乙酸乙酯提取液对水霉病主要病原菌两性绵霉菌丝的体外抑菌效果。菌株分离自河流水体,经培养、形态观察及ITS区序列测定比对,鉴定为两性绵霉Achyla bisexalis。结果显示枝状地衣黑穗石蕊、中国树花、地茶的乙酸乙酯浸提液均对两性绵霉有抑制作用,最低抑制浓度均为800 mg/L;在供试浓度为3 200 mg/L时,3种地衣提取物均能完全抑制菌丝的生长。     

锐齿栎林非同化器官营养元素含量的分布

锐齿栎林非同化器官营养元素含量的大小为,N：皮＞枝＞根＞边材＞心材,P：根＞枝＞皮＞边材＞心材,K：枝＞皮＞根＞边材＞心材,Ca：皮＞枝＞根＞心材＞边材,Mg：根＞皮＞枝＞边材＞心材。不同枝径和冠层枝营养元素含量存在一定差异。干皮及干木质部营养元素含量与盘高度呈显著的正相关或正相关,随圆盘由基部到稍部高度的增加均呈增加的趋势。干营养元素含量为干皮＞边材＞心材,三者呈极显蓍的正相关或显著的正相关。随林木根径和根系在运动场支中的增加,极系营养元素含量均呈了低的趋势。69年生个体生物量和营养元素积累量分别为1235.782和14.4977kg,其中N、P、K、Ca、Mg的积累量分别占营养元素积累量的20.2%、8.5%、20.4%、53.0%和2.9%;根、干、皮、枝和叶的生物量分别占生物总量的17.05%、49.59%、9.18%、24.30%和0.86%,营养元素积累量分别占总量的14.93%、22.65%、21.19%、36.97%、4.25％。     

地衣对乌鲁木齐市空气污染生物指示的研究

目的：选用对环境污染较敏感的3种地衣监测乌鲁木齐市大气中二氧化硫污染程度及其对地衣体中叶绿素含量的影响。方法：采用分光光度计测量地衣体内硫含量及叶绿素含量的变化。结果：3种不同地衣体内硫含量和叶绿素含量与地衣移植时间的长短存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）。对照组中,黑蜈蚣衣的硫含量最高为10.68μg/g,其次是中国树花和亚花松萝7.41μg/g和7.05μg/g。移植1个月后黑蜈蚣衣、中国树花和亚花松萝体内的硫含量分别增加10.58%（11.81μg/g）、29.15%（9.57μg/g）、36.31%（9.61μg/g）。移植4个月后增加率分别为22.85%（13.12μg/g）、53.71%（11.39μg/g）、64.11%（11.57μg/g）。对照组中亚花松萝体内的叶绿素含量为1.326mg,移植1个月和4个月后地衣体内的叶绿素含量降低了22.44%（1.083mg）和37.41%（0.965mg）。结论：地衣体内硫含量和叶绿素含量的测定可用于乌鲁木齐市大气污染的生物监测。     

山西省太岳山区有害元素大气污染的地衣(丽石黄衣)监测

山西太岳山区大气元素沉降研究较少。为摸清该区域大气污染水平及其受盆地的可能影响,以ICP-MS法测定采自15个样点的丽石黄衣(Xanthoria elegans)地衣体内7种常见有害元素(As、Cd、Cu、Pb、S、Sb和Zn)的含量,并进行相关性分析、方差分析和聚类分析。结果显示:该区域元素含量一般高于"清洁区",但低于"严重污染区"的相应数据,表明太岳山区具有一定程度的大气污染。聚类分析将15个样点分为两类,两类样点在距盆地距离(distance from the nearest basin, DFNB)和多数元素的含量方面均差异显著,近盆地区(DFNB=13.7±7.987 km)中的6种元素(As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Sb和Zn)含量均显著高于远盆地区(DFNB=32.5±6.062 km), 5种元素(As、Cu、Pb、Sb和Zn)的含量与DFNB之间的负相关关系显著(r≤-0.59; P≤0.02),表明山区内部的大气质量受盆地地区的大气污染物传输的影响。S含量的空间异质性低(变异系数CV10%),和DFNB的相关性及在近盆地区和远盆地区之间的差异均不显著(P0.05),但仍随DFNB增加呈下降趋势,表明盆地人类活动所释放的S可能主要是以更易于扩散的气态形式向山区传输的。本研究结果表明丽石黄衣是太岳山区大气有害元素污染的良好监测生物。     

哀牢山山地森林不同附生地衣功能群的水分关系和光合生理特征

附生地衣是热带和亚热带山地森林生态系统中重要的结构性组分, 在生物多样性保护、环境监测、养分循环中发挥着重要作用。附生地衣按共生藻、生活型和繁殖策略的不同可划分为不同的功能群, 不同附生地衣功能群的分布格局存在较大的差异, 然而其生理生态机制仍不清楚。该研究以我国西南地区哀牢山亚热带山地森林中的附生地衣优势类群为研究对象, 对该地区蓝藻地衣、阔叶地衣、狭叶地衣及枝状地衣4种功能群的8种附生地衣的水分关系、光合生理特征等进行了测定分析, 结果显示: 不同功能群附生地衣的持水力和失水速率均存在差异, 其中蓝藻地衣具有较高的最大水分含量, 而枝状地衣的失水速率较快; 过高和过低的水分含量都会抑制附生地衣的光合作用, 但抑制程度有所差异; 蓝藻地衣的光合作用最适水分含量比较高, 表明它们的光合生理活动对水分条件要求较高, 所以它们偏好潮湿的生境, 同时蓝藻地衣的光补偿点比较低但光饱和点却不低, 反映出它们具有较宽的光强适应范围, 所以蓝藻地衣能够同时分布于强光和弱光生境中; 枝状地衣的光合最适水分含量较低, 表明它们的光合生理活动对水分条件要求不是很高, 能够适应较为干旱的环境, 同时枝状地衣的光补偿点和光饱和点都很高, 说明它们的光合生理活动对光照条件要求比较高, 所以它们广泛分布于强光生境中; 阔叶和狭叶地衣的光补偿点比较高, 说明它们更适应有充足光照条件的生境。     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.