轻度水分胁迫的小麦幼苗中与呼吸有关的几种酶活性变化

轻度水分胁迫使小麦幼苗叶片呼吸升高时,叶中琥珀酸去氢酶和细胞色素氧化酶活性均明显升高;而同样胁迫使根呼吸下降时,根中这两种酶活性均明显下降。叶和根中ATP酶分解活性在胁迫下都明显升高。轻度水分胁迫使叶片过氧化氢酶活性升高。叶中有明显的乙醇酸氧化酶活性,抗旱品种的酶活性较高,胁迫使此酶活性降低。     

小麦幼苗叶片抗氰呼吸对轻度水分胁迫的响应

小麦幼苗经－０．５ＭＰa聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ－６０００）溶液暗中渗透迫０、６、１２、１８、２４、３０、３６、４２、４８h,叶片的总呼吸速率（Ｖt)呈现先上升后降低的趋势,交替途径呼吸也表现出相同的变化模式。水分胁迫初期（０－１２h),交替途径容量（Ｖalt)、实际运行活性（ρValt)及运行系数（ρ值）均上升,此后（１８－４８h）逐渐下降,水分胁迫也影响了呼吸电子流在２条呼吸途径中的分配比例,胁迫初期的０－１２h内,流经交替途径的电子流增多,而流向细胞色素主路的电子流减少,但随着胁迫时间的延长,交替途径的贡献降低,而细胞色素主路的贡献增加,说明小麦叶片的抗氰呼吸在水分胁迫初期被诱导增加,而随着胁迫进行的延长又表现为下降。     

土壤水分胁迫对不同耐旱性春小麦品种叶片色素含量的影响

研究选用耐旱性强的“定西24”和“高原671”与耐旱性弱的“高原448”和“青春533”春小麦品种,在盆栽条件下比较了不同耐旱性品种在拔节后经不同程度水分胁迫后叶片的多种生理参数：叶片相对含水量、净光合速率、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素含量。结果表明：在土壤相对含水量75％、55％、40％和30％这4个等级上,这些生理指标均随土壤相对含水量的降低而下降,耐旱性强的品种降低慢,且降低幅度小。在水分胁迫下,4个品种叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量下降,证明此时光合器官的生理功能遭到破坏;在轻度水分胁迫下,耐旱性强的品种定西24和高原671叶片的类胡萝卜素含量上升;在严重水分胁迫下,4个品种的叶片类胡萝卜素含量明显下降,可能此时自由基积累超过了抗氧化剂的清除能力,从而使细胞受到损伤。根据本研究结果,可以将轻度水分胁迫下叶片类胡萝卜素含量升高作为春小麦品种耐旱性的选择指标之一。     

玉米根、叶质膜透性和叶片水分对土壤干旱胁迫的反应

利用大型活动式防雨旱棚 ,人工控制不同土壤含水量 ,全生育期系统研究了轻度及严重土壤干旱胁迫对夏玉米根系活力、叶片相对含水量、离体叶片保水力和根、叶质膜透性的影响 .结果表明 :土壤干旱胁迫下 ,玉米叶片相对含水量下降、离体叶片保水力降低 ;叶片及根系质膜透性上升 ,并且根的质膜透性比叶片上升快 ,根系活力下降 ;在干旱胁迫下 ,根系、叶片质膜透性与叶片相对含水量呈负相关 ,而根系、叶片质膜透性与离体叶片保水力呈显著正相关 ,根系膜透性与叶片膜透性也呈显著正相关 ,维持根系活力与保持较高的叶片含水量有密切关系 .另外 ,由于严重水分胁迫处理的上述特性和充分供水处理差异显著 ,而轻度胁迫和充分供水不显著 ,因此可以认为轻度水分胁迫 ,即土壤含水量为田间持水量的 6 0± 5 %为夏玉米正常生长发育的下限指标 ,可作为制定节水栽培措施的理论依据 .     

渗透胁迫对小麦幼苗根系呼吸的影响

用PEG—6000调节培养液的渗透势,研究了渗透胁迫对小麦幼苗根系呼吸作用的影响。在-0.5 MPa的溶液中根总呼吸强度显著降低,不同苗龄根的反应差异明显;随胁迫加强呼吸强度随之降低;根系ATP含量减少。在胁迫初期呼吸废物对呼吸强度的降低无补偿作用,而在后期(72 h后)则可提高呼吸强度。 中度水分胁迫下,HMP支路活性上升,EMP-TCAO途径活性降低;抗氰呼吸活性增大,而对氰敏感的系统活性减低;细胞色素氧化酶活性显著低于对照。     

根施丙酸对冬小麦幼苗叶片脯氨酸代谢酶及抗旱性的影响

以冬小麦品种‘豫农211’为材料,通过设置持续12 d控水和干旱后复水2 d盆栽实验,研究根施15 mmol·L~(-1)丙酸溶液处理下小麦植株形态、叶片相对含水量、电导率、丙二醛含量对干旱胁迫的响应,以及控水和复水过程中叶片脯氨酸含量及其关键代谢酶活性的动态变化,以探明外源丙酸提高小麦抗旱性的脯氨酸代谢机制。结果表明:(1)在干旱胁迫条件下(土壤相对含水量降至20%),根施丙酸处理可显著提高小麦叶片相对含水量,并显著降低叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量(P0.05);丙酸处理组小麦幼苗萎蔫程度明显低于同期对照,地上部生物量积累量比对照增加了13.3%。(2)根施丙酸处理的小麦叶片脯氨酸积累量在轻度干旱胁迫下(土壤相对含水量降至45%～55%)显著高于对照,且随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧(土壤相对含水量降至20%以下)脯氨酸含量仍能稳定维持在正常水平(300μg·g~(-1)左右),而对照叶片脯氨酸含量则呈急剧上升的趋势;复水处理后,丙酸处理的小麦植株中叶片脯氨酸含量能迅速恢复至正常水平。(3)在整个控水至复水过程中,小麦叶片脯氨酸合成关键酶△1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)和鸟氨酸σ-氨基转移酶(σ-OAT)活性均呈现先升后降的变化趋势,吡咯啉-5-羧酸还原酶(P5CR)活性呈现先降后升的变化趋势,而脯氨酸降解关键酶脯氨酸脱氢酶(PDH)活性呈增加趋势。研究认为,在干旱胁迫条件下,根施丙酸能够通过调控脯氨酸代谢过程中的合成和降解途径关键酶活性来维持叶片细胞内脯氨酸水平稳定,有效减轻叶片水分散失和过氧化伤害程度,从而提高冬小麦幼苗的抗旱性。     

能量对香石竹切花在瓶插期间呼吸电子途径的影响

采用外加0.1 mmol/L ATP或0.5 mmol/L二硝基苯酚(DNP)的方法,研究了香石竹(Dianthus caryophyllus L.)切花在25±1℃和80%～90%相对湿度下瓶插期间呼吸电子传递途径的变化情况.结果表明,香石竹切花在瓶插7 d时的呼吸速率达到高峰;ATP处理明显加快切花的呼吸速率,在瓶插7 d时呼吸速率高峰值较对照(未用ATP处理)升高1倍.细胞色素途径与总呼吸活性存在显著正相关.细胞色素途径占总呼吸的比重在切花瓶插4 d后上升,并且线粒体电子传递主要依靠细胞色素主路途径进行.经ATP处理后香石竹切花的交替呼吸途径的容量、实际运行活性和运行系数明显增加;交替呼吸途径占总呼吸活性比重在瓶插4 d后迅速上升,并且交替呼吸途径容量与总呼吸活性存在显著正相关.而DNP处理则降低交替呼吸途径容量.这说明外源ATP处理加强了香石竹切花在整个瓶插期间的呼吸作用,增加了呼吸速率的高峰值,提高了抗氰呼吸作用.     

黄瓜叶片光合电子传递对水分胁迫的响应

黄瓜叶片在水分胁迫下叶片相对含水量减少,类囊体室温吸收光谱的吸收峰降低,同时其NADP光还原活性、Ca^2 -ATPase活性也相应降低,全链电子传递明显受阻。类囊体膜蛋白电泳分析结果显示：类囊体膜色素蛋白复合体含量有不同程度的降低,其中PSⅡ色素蛋白复合体含量下降较多,试验结果表明水分胁迫通过限制光能的吸收,传递双及转换效率,抑制了光合电子传递过程。     

土壤干旱对黄土高原乡土树种水分代谢与渗透调节物质的影响

以黄土高原4个乡土树种的幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽方式模拟土壤干旱环境,研究土壤干旱对不同树种水分代谢与渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明,大叶细裂槭、虎榛子叶水势、叶片含水量下降迅速,叶片离体保水能力降幅明显;白刺花、辽东栎则表现为叶水势、叶片含水量缓慢下降,组织相对含水量在中度胁迫下略有上升。白刺花在不同水分处理条件下离体叶片保水力明显高于其它树种。1个树种可溶性糖含量随土壤干旱程度加剧明显增加,可溶性蛋白质含量在树种之间变化较为复杂,无明显规律性。K^ 离子含量和游离脯氨酸含量在中度水分胁迫下均有不同程度升高。白刺花在土壤干旱进程中,可溶性蛋白质含量、K^ 离子含量和游离脯氨酸含量均明显高于其它树种。综合水分代谢和渗透调节物质来看,水分胁迫条件下,白刺花以保持高水势、减少组织水分散失和增加渗透调节物质来提高细胞原生质浓度,增强其抗旱性。     

水分胁迫对小麦抗氰呼吸途径发生、运行及基因表达的影响

小麦 (Triticumaestivum L .cv .LongchunNo .16)幼苗根部在 -0 .5MPaPEG溶液中渗透胁迫 2 4,48和 72h ,使叶片分别受到轻度、中度和重度水分胁迫 ,而根则只受到轻度胁迫 .与此相对应 ,叶片的交替途径容量 (V_alt)、实际运行活性 ( ρV_alt)、运行系数 ( ρ)及其对总呼吸的贡献 ( ρV_alt/V_t)均呈递降趋势 ,而根的V_alt,ρV_alt,ρ值和ρV_alt/V_t在胁迫 2 4h时下降 ,此后在进一步的胁迫过程中有所恢复 ,表明抗氰呼吸对轻度水分胁迫有一适应过程 .用烟草交替氧化酶基因 (Aox)探针进行的northern杂交结果显示 ,水分胁迫下叶片和根中AoxmRNA水平的变化与它们各自V_alt和 ρV_alt的变化趋势一致 ,说明水分胁迫通过抑制Aox基因的表达而降低了抗氰呼吸的发生能力和运行活性 .     

The rate of development of water deficits affects Saxifraga cernua leaf respiration

We allowed plant water deficits to develop at two different rates following the cessation of watering in order to investigate the effects of water stress on cytochrome pathway and alternative pathway respiration in the leaves of the arctic herb Saxifraga cernua. Plants were pretreated by growth in either a commercial organic (CO) mixture or a vermiculite-perlite (VP) mixture, which allowed the complete development of water deficits in 19 and 8 days, respectively. The rate of water potential reduction was approximately 0.11 MPa day⁻¹ in the leaves of CO plants, compared to a reduction of 0.21 MPa day⁻¹ in leaves of VP plants. Osmotic adjustment occurred to a greater extent in leaves of CO plants and corresponded with an increase in ethanol-soluble sugars. In leaves of CO plants, cytochrome pathway activity gradually declined from that of control rates until day 11, and then declined more rapidly. In contrast, cytochrome pathway activity significantly increased in response to water deficits in leaves of VP plants. In leaves of both CO and VP plants, alternative pathway activity declined as water stress progressed. Relatively severe water deficits reduced alternative pathway capacity in leaves of both CO and VP plants. We also investigated the effect of previous exposure to water deficits on leaf respiration. In plants that had previously experienced three cycles of water stress, the increase in cytochrome pathway activity during the fourth water stress cycle was small compared to the increase observed in leaves of plants experiencing water stress for the first time. These results suggest that cytochrome pathway activity is differentially sensitive to the rate of development of plant water deficits and that respiratory responses to acute water stress are not necessarily similar to the responses to chronic water stress.     

Changes in Physiological Properties and Respiratory Pathway of the New Lines of Wheat Introduced Exogenous DNA Under Salt Stress

New lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was obtained by introducing the DNA of sorghum ( Sorghum vulgare Pers.) into wheat cultivar “Longchun 13”. The changes of respiratory pathway, contents of protein, Na+ and K+ in the leaves and roots of the new lines of wheat under salt stress were determined and compared with the control cultivar, “Longchun 13”. The decrease of the content of K+ was observed with the increase of NaCl concentrations, but the decrease was more in the control than that in the new lines, and more in roots than in leaves. Content of proline and Na+ in both two wheats lines increased greatly, but the former increased more significantly in the new lines and the latter more significantly in control both in leaves and roots. The operation of the cyanide-resistant pathway of respiration was enhanced at different degrees after salt stress and it increased much more in roots and leaves of the control plant than that in the new lines, but the cytochrome pathway of electron transport was still the main one consistently. The possible significance of these changes was discussed.     

Salinity tolerance is related to cyanide‐resistant alternative respiration in Medicago truncatula under sudden severe stress

Salt respiration is defined as the increase of respiration under early salt stress. However, the response of respiration varies depending on the degree of salt tolerance and salt stress. It has been hypothesized that the activity of the alternative pathway may increase preventing over‐reduction of the ubiquinone pool in response to salinity, which in turn can increase respiration. Three genotypes of Medicago truncatula are reputed as differently responsive to salinity: TN1.11, A17 and TN6.18. We used the oxygen‐isotope fractionation technique to study the in vivo respiratory activities of the cytochrome oxidase pathway (COP) and the alternative oxidase pathway (AOP) in leaves and roots of these genotypes treated with severe salt stress (300 mM) during 1 and 3 days. In parallel, AOX capacity, gas exchange measurements, relative water content and metabolomics were determined in control and treated plants. Our study shows for first time that salt respiration is induced by the triggered AOP in response to salinity. Moreover, this phenomenon coincides with increased levels of metabolites such as amino and organic acids, and is shown to be related with higher photosynthetic rate and water content in TN6.18.     

Modulation of osmotic stress effects on photosynthesis and respiration by temperature in mesophyll protoplast of pea

Exposure of mesophyll protoplast of pea to osmotic stress decreases the rate of photosynthesis while stimulating marginally the respiratory rate of mesophyll protoplasts. The interaction of osmotic and temperature stress during the modulation of photosynthetic and respiratory rates of pea (Pisum sativum var Azad P1) mesophyll protoplasts was investigated. The protoplasts were exposed to either iso-osmotic (0.4 M) or hyper-osmotic (1.0 M) concentration of sorbitol at 15 degrees and 25 degrees C. The rates of photosynthesis and respiration were studied. At optimum temperature of 25 degrees C, there was a decrease in photosynthesis (< 10%) at hyper-osmoticum (osmotic effect), whereas respiration increased marginally (by about 15%). Low temperature (15 degrees C) aggravated the sensitivity of both respiration and photosynthesis to osmotic stress. At 15 degrees C, the decrease in photosynthesis due to osmotic stress was > 35%, while the respiratory rate was stimulated by 30%. The relative proportion of cytochrome pathway decreased by about 50% at both 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C while that of alternative pathway increased, more so, at 15 degrees C, when the mesophyll protoplasts were subjected to hyper-osmoticum stress. The titration experiments showed that extent of engagement of alternative pathway was higher, the slope value was slightly higher for 15 degrees C compared to 25 degrees C. Low temperature modulates the effect of hyper-osmoticum stress on photosynthesis and respiration, and results in increased participation of alternative pathway.     

REGULATION OF ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY RESPIRATION IN CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTH (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

The inhibitor propyl gallate was used to estimate partitioning of respiratory electron flow between the cytochrome amd alternative pathways in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard. Nutrient limitation (nitrogen or phosphorus resulted in a large increase in alternative pathway capacity relative to cytochrome pathway activity, without regulating in engagement of the alternative pathway. High rates of respiration, which could be induced in phosphate-starved cells by a combination of phosphate addition and uncoupler, resulted in alternative pathway activity. Osmotic stress resulted in decreased electron flow through the cytochrome pathway and increased flow through the alternative pathway, while high temperature also resulted in alternative pathway engagement. Incubation with exogenous carbon sources could increase the rate of respiratory O₂ consumption; the increase was mediated entirely by the alternative pathway. We suggest that the alternative pathway functions in these cells both to maintain respiration during environmentally induced stress and as on energy overflow.     

模拟污水中氮、磷对水稻幼苗根系呼吸作用的影响

研究了模拟污水中不同浓度的Ｎ、Ｐ对水稻幼苗根系呼吸强度、细胞色素氧化酶、呼吸途径等的影响。结果表明,在总氮（ＮＴ）、总磷（ＰＴ）浓度分别小于４．２８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、０．２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,呼吸速率、细胞色素氧化酶和呼吸商（ＲＱ）均随Ｎ、Ｐ浓度增大而增加,当超过这一浓度后,则随总氮总磷浓度上升而下降。总氮、总磷浓度分别小于４．２８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、０．２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,磷酸戊糖途径（ＨＭＰ）随Ｎ、Ｐ浓度增加     

Different effects of chilling on respiration in leaves and roots of cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

The effects of chilling on respiration (SHAM-resistant, cytochrome pathway and KCN-resistant, alternative pathway), temperature sensitivity, relative electrolyte conductivity, and degrees of oxidative stress (H(2)O(2) and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents) were separately examined in leaves and roots of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). After chilling at 8 degrees C for 4 days, both total respiration and KCN-resistant respiration in roots increased at different measurement temperatures. In contrast, SHAM-resistant respiration remained unchanged. In comparison, chilling significantly decreased the total respiration in leaves and this decrease was mostly due to a decrease in SHAM-resistant respiration. Chilling apparently decreased the sensitivity of KCN-resistant respiration to changes of temperature. The reduction levels of ubiquinone pool (UQr/UQt) increased both in chilled leaves and roots whilst pyruvate content increased only in chilled roots, but not in chilled leaves. Furthermore increases of H(2)O(2) and MDA contents were much greater in leaves than in roots. The same trend was also observed for ion leakage from tissues. Taken together, the results suggested that the higher chilling tolerance of roots was associated with their high total respiration and KCN-resistant respiration.