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Bonnie N. Kaiser Kristen E. McLean Brandon A. Kohrt Ashley K. Hagaman Bradley H. Wagenaar Nayla M. Khoury Hunter M. Keys 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2014,38(3):448-472
A rich Haitian ethnopsychology has been described, detailing concepts of personhood, explanatory models of illness, and links between mind and body. However, little research has engaged explicitly with mental illness, and that which does focuses on the Kreyòl term fou (madness), a term that psychiatrists associate with schizophrenia and other psychoses. More work is needed to characterize potential forms of mild-to-moderate mental illness. Idioms of distress provide a promising avenue for exploring common mental disorders. Working in Haiti’s Central Plateau, we aimed to identify idioms of distress that represent cultural syndromes. We used ethnographic and epidemiologic methods to explore the idiom of distress reflechi twòp (thinking too much). This syndrome is characterized by troubled rumination at the intersection of sadness, severe mental disorder, suicide, and social and structural hardship. Persons with “thinking too much” have greater scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. “Thinking too much” is associated with 8 times greater odds of suicidal ideation. Untreated “thinking too much” is sometimes perceived to lead to psychosis. Recognizing and understanding “thinking too much” may allow early clinical recognition and interventions to reduce long-term psychosocial suffering in Haiti’s Central Plateau. 相似文献
3.
Peter M. Kreuzer Michael Landgrebe Martin Schecklmann Susanne Staudinger Berthold Langguth The TRI Database Study Group 《PloS one》2012,7(9)
Background
Tinnitus can result from different etiologies. Frequently, patients report the development of tinnitus after traumatic injuries. However, to which extent this specific etiologic factor plays a role for the phenomenology of tinnitus is still incompletely understood. Additionally, it remains a matter of debate whether the etiology of tinnitus constitutes a relevant criterion for defining tinnitus subtypes.Objective
By investigating a worldwide sample of tinnitus patients derived from the Tinnitus Research Initiative (TRI) Database, we aimed to identify differences in demographic, clinical and audiological characteristics between tinnitus patients with and without preceding trauma.Materials
A total of 1,604 patients were investigated. Assessment included demographic data, tinnitus related clinical data, audiological data, the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, the Tinnitus Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, various numeric tinnitus rating scales, and the World Health Organisation Quality of Life Scale (WHOQoL).Results
Our data clearly indicate differences between tinnitus patients with and without trauma at tinnitus onset. Patients suffering from trauma-associated tinnitus suffer from a higher mental burden than tinnitus patients presenting with phantom perceptions based on other or unknown etiologic factors. This is especially the case for patients with whiplash and head trauma. Patients with posttraumatic noise-related tinnitus experience more frequently hyperacousis, were younger, had longer tinnitus duration, and were more frequently of male gender.Conclusions
Trauma before tinnitus onset seems to represent a relevant criterion for subtypization of tinnitus. Patients with posttraumatic tinnitus may require specific diagnostic and therapeutic management. A more systematic and – at best - standardized assessment for hearing related sequelae of trauma is needed for a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and for developing more tailored treatment approaches as well. 相似文献4.
Monika Adamczyk-Sowa Krystyna Pierzchala Pawel Sowa Sebastian Mucha Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz Jowita Adamczyk Marcin Hartel 《Neurochemical research》2014,39(8):1585-1593
The relationship between the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and sunlight’s ultraviolet radiation was proved. Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenic traits of MS. Melatonin possesses antioxidative properties and regulates circadian rhythms. Sleep disturbances in MS patients are common and contribute to daytime fatigue. The aim of study was to evaluate 5 mg daily melatonin supplementation over 90 days on serum total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and its influence on sleep quality and depression level of MS patients. A case–control prospective study was performed on 102 MS patients and 20 controls matched for age and sex. The Kurtzke’s Expanded Disability Status Scale, magnetic resonance imaging examinations, Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), Beck Depression Inventory questionnaires were completed. Serum TOS and TAC levels were measured. We observed higher serum levels of TOS in all MS groups, while after melatonin treatment the TOS levels significantly decreased. The TAC level was significantly lower only in mitoxantrone-treated group and it increased after melatonin supplementation. A strong positive correlation between T1Gd(+) number lesions and TAC level in interferon-beta-1A group was observed. AIS group mean score above 6 defining insomnia were observed in interferon-beta-1B-group, glatiramer acetate-group and mitoxantrone-group: 6.62 ± 2.88, 8.45 ± 2.07, 11.1 ± 3.25, respectively. After melatonin treatment the AIS mean scores decrease in glatiramer acetate-group and mitoxantrone-group achieving 5.25 ± 1.14 and 7.08 ± 2.39, respectively (p < 0.05). Finding from our study suggest that melatonin can act as an antioxidant and improves reduced sleep quality in MS patients. 相似文献
5.
Objective
Anxiety symptoms are common in chronic pain patients. High levels of anxiety are associated with increased pain experience and disability. Proneness to anxiety has a large interindividual variation. The aim of the study was to determine whether the anxiety-related temperament trait Harm Avoidance (HA), is associated with pain-related anxiety.Methods
One hundred chronic pain patients in a multidisciplinary pain clinic participated in the study. The patients were assessed using the HA scale of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) of Cloninger and Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-20 (PASS-20). Both the HA total score and the four subscales of HA were analyzed. Current pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to control for the influence of depression on the personality measurement.Results
The HA total score was associated with PASS-20, but the association became non-significant after controlling for depression. The HA4 Fatigability subscale was associated with the PASS scales. Depression did not influence this association. Pain intensity was not correlated with HA or the PASS scales. However, the association between HA4 Fatigability and PASS was influenced by pain intensity. Higher pain intensity was associated with stronger association between the scales.Conclusion
Harm Avoidance, representing temperament and trait-related anxiety, has relevance in pain-related anxiety. Assessing personality and temperament may deepen the clinician''s understanding of the pain experience and behavior in chronic pain patients. 相似文献6.
Wei Qu Shanshan Gu Han Luo Qianying Tang Junwei Guo 《Cell biochemistry and biophysics》2014,70(3):1799-1802
The objective of the study was to explore the effects of olanzapine–fluoxetine combination (OFC) treatment of major depressive disorders on the quality of life in the acute treatment period. Methods were prospective and observational design. One hundred and three patients of major depressive disorders were observed. One group of 53 patients received OFC treatment (OFC group); the other group of 50 patients received the treatment of duloxetine (duloxetine group). Two groups were needed to be observed 8 weeks. Observed indicators were Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-24) and four factor scores: the slow, sleep disorders, anxiety/somatization, and hopelessness, Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness (CGI-S), WHO quality of life scale (WHOQOL-BREF), and sub-rate measurements. HAMD-24 and four factor scores observation time were assessed before and after treatment; 1, 2, 4, 8 weeks, WHOQOL-BREF score, and sub-time measurements were assessed before treatment and 8 weeks after treatment. HAMD-24 scores of OFC patients in the first week were significantly lower than those of the duloxetine group. The sleep factor scores of OFC patients were significantly lower than those of the duloxetine group in 4 and 8 weeks. By the end of 8 weeks, OFC group was rated significantly lower than the duloxetine group in the physical area. In the acute treatment period, OFC treatment effected faster than the single duloxetine in patients with major depressive disorders. OFC effected within 1 week and was better than the single duloxetine in improving the sleep and physical conditions. 相似文献
7.
The combined abuse of recreational drugs such as ketamine (Ket) and amphetamine (Amph) should be seriously considered important social and health issues. Numerous studies have documented the behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with polydrug administration; however, most studies have only examined the acute effects. The consequences following chronic repetitive polydrug use are less studied. In the present study, intraperitoneal injections of saline, Amph (5 mg/kg), low dose Ket (LK, 10 mg/kg), high dose Ket (HK, 50 mg/kg), or Amph plus LK or HK (ALK or AHK) were conducted twice a day for three consecutive days, and one final treatment was administered on day 4. After seven total treatments, animal behaviors, including locomotion, stereotypy and ataxia, were examined in a novel open field. The expression of GAD67 and dopamine (DA) levels were assessed in the striatum and motor-related cortices using immunohistochemistry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Drug-induced hyperactivities and Amph-mediated potentiation of Ket-triggered ataxia manifested after repeated drug treatments. A significant increase in the number of GAD67-positive puncta in the striatum and motor-related cortices was observed, suggesting a neural adaptive change in the GABAergic system. Four hours after the final treatment, while the behavioral hyperactivities had ceased, considerable changes were still evident in the motor-related cortices, suggesting modulation to the DAergic system. Together, our results show the interactive effects of these two drugs in behavioral and neurochemical aspects and neural adaptive changes in the GABAergic and DAergic systems. 相似文献
8.
Edward J. Hickling Gustave F. P. Sison Jr. Rodney D. Vanderploeg 《Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback》1986,11(2):125-134
This study investigated the use of biofeedback and relaxation training on six patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) referred routinely for biofeedback treatment in a VA medical center. Subjects received between 8 and 14 sessions of training overall, as well as concurrent individual and group therapy. Measures used to assess treatment outcome include pre- and posttreatment MMPI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scores, as well as electromyographic and subjective measures of tension within each session. Additionally, an overall posttreatment clinical rating of change and 1- to 2-year follow-up data were obtained for each subject. Slight to marked improvements were demonstrated for each subject, as evidenced by improvements on the State Anxiety Inventory Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory, a decrease in overall MMPI scores, and lowered EMG and subjective tension ratings for all participants. Possible alternative explanations for improvement (situational demand characteristics, regression toward the mean, lack of independent subject evaluation) are described, along with other study limitations. This preliminary investigation suggests that the use of relaxation training and biofeedback may be a particularly useful component within a comprehensive treatment program for this disorder. 相似文献
9.
This study investigated the use of biofeedback and relaxation training on six patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) referred routinely for biofeedback treatment in a VA medical center. Subjects received between 8 and 14 sessions of training overall, as well as concurrent individual and group therapy. Measures used to assess treatment outcome include pre- and posttreatment MMPI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scores, as well as electromyographic and subjective measures of tension within each session. Additionally, an overall posttreatment clinical rating of change and 1- to 2-year follow-up data were obtained for each subject. Slight to marked improvements were demonstrated for each subject, as evidenced by improvements on the State Anxiety Inventory Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory, a decrease in overall MMPI scores, and lowered EMG and subjective tension ratings for all participants. Possible alternative explanations for improvement (situational demand characteristics, regression toward the mean, lack of independent subject evaluation) are described, along with other study limitations. This preliminary investigation suggests that the use of relaxation training and biofeedback may be a particularly useful component within a comprehensive treatment program for this disorder. 相似文献
10.
Marcelo R. Bergamini Maria M. BernardiIvana B. Sufredini Marcia T. CiaramicoliRicardo M. Kodama Fernanda KabadayanCintia H.C. Saraceni 《Life sciences》2014
Aims
Investigate the relationships between experimentally induced dentin hypersensitivity (DH) with behavioral, endocrine and dentin erosion data.Methods
Male Wistar rats divided into four groups, two controls and two experimental, received tap water or isotonic solution (Gatorade®, lemon, pH 2.7) for 30 or 45 days. The DH test was performed by a cold water stimulus on molars. A score (0–3) was given to the rats' pain response. Anxiety was evaluated by the elevated plus maze model and by serum corticosterone levels. The dentin erosion was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Anatomopathological studies were performed on the stomach, adrenal, kidney, and liver.Results
Relative to control groups, experimental rats showed: 1) increased hypersensitivity scores (control group, 0; experimental groups, 2 (limits 0.5–3) on the 30th day and 2 (limits 1–3) on the 45th day); 2) reduced percentage of time and entries in the open arms and in serum corticosterone levels; 3) totally exposed dentinal tubules on the 30th day in SEM analysis of the teeth; and 4) no alterations in the anatomopathological and histological evaluations.Conclusions
The treatment with isotonic solution for 30 days was able to induce DH after erosive challenge and severe DH was observed after isotonic solution treatment for 45 days. The pain induced by cold stimuli was consistent with the grade of DH. The close relationships between dental erosion, response to pain, serum levels of corticosterone and the EPM behavior responses reveal the effects of DH at several levels. 相似文献11.
Objective
Objective measurement of depression remains elusive. Depression has been associated with insecure attachment, and both have been associated with changes in brain reactivity in response to viewing standard emotional and neutral faces. In this study, we developed a method to calculate predicted scores for the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) using personalized stimuli: fMRI imaging of subjects viewing pictures of their own mothers.Methods
28 female subjects ages 18–30 (14 healthy controls and 14 unipolar depressed diagnosed by MINI psychiatric interview) were scored on the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) coherence of mind scale of global attachment security. Subjects viewed pictures of Mother (M), Friend (F) and Stranger (S), during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Using a principal component regression method (PCR), a predicted Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) score was obtained from activity patterns in the paracingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 32) and compared to clinical diagnosis and the measured BDI-II score. The same procedure was performed for AAI coherence of mind scores.Results
Activity patterns in BA-32 identified depressed subjects. The categorical agreement between the derived BDI-II score (using the standard clinical cut-score of 14 on the BDI-II) and depression diagnosis by MINI psychiatric interview was 89%, with sensitivity 85.7% and specificity 92.8%. Predicted and measured BDI-II scores had a correlation of 0.55. Prediction of attachment security was not statistically significant.Conclusions
Brain activity in response to viewing one''s mother may be diagnostic of depression. Functional magnetic resonance imaging using personalized paradigms has the potential to provide objective assessments, even when behavioral measures are not informative. Further, fMRI based diagnostic algorithms may enhance our understanding of the neural mechanisms of depression by identifying distinctive neural features of the illness. 相似文献12.
LN Zonneveld YR van Rood R Timman CG Kooiman A Van't Spijker JJ Busschbach 《PloS one》2012,7(8):e42629
Background
Although cognitive-behavioral therapy for Unexplained Physical Symptoms (UPS) is effective in secondary care, studies done in primary care produced implementation problems and conflicting results. We evaluated the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral group training tailored to primary care patients and provided by a secondary community mental-health service reaching out into primary care.Methodology/Principal Findings
The effectiveness of this training was explored in a randomized controlled trial. In this trial, 162 patients with UPS classified as undifferentiated somatoform disorder or as chronic pain disorder were randomized either to the training or a waiting list. Both lasted 13 weeks. The preservation of the training''s effect was analyzed in non-randomized follow-ups, for which the waiting group started the training after the waiting period. All patients attended the training were followed-up after three months and again after one year. The primary outcomes were the physical and the mental summary scales of the SF-36. Secondary outcomes were the other SF-36-scales and the SCL-90-R. The courses of the training''s effects in the randomized controlled trial and the follow-ups were analyzed with linear mixed modeling. In the randomized controlled trial, the training had a significantly positive effect on the quality of life in the physical domain (Cohen''s d = 0.38;p = .002), but this overall effect was not found in the mental domain. Regarding the secondary outcomes, the training resulted in reporting an improved physical (Cohen''s d = 0.43;p = 0.01), emotional (Cohen''s d = 0.44;p = .0.01), and social (Cohen''s d = 0.36;p = 0.01) functioning, less pain and better functioning despite pain (Cohen''s d = 0.51;p = <0.001), less physical symptoms (Cohen''s d = −.23;p = 0.05) and less sleep difficulties (Cohen''s d = −0.25;p = 0.04) than time in the waiting group. During the non-randomized follow-ups, there were no relapses.Conclusions/Significance
The cognitive-behavioral group training tailored for UPS in primary care and provided by an outreaching secondary mental-health service appears to be effective and to broaden the accessibility of treatment for UPS.Trial Registration
TrialRegister.nl NTR1609 <rctview.asp?TC = 1609> 相似文献13.
Derek J. Hoare Nicolas Van Labeke Abby McCormack Magdalena Sereda Sandra Smith Hala Al Taher Victoria L. Kowalkowski Mike Sharples Deborah A. Hall 《PloS one》2014,9(9)
Background
Previous studies of frequency discrimination training (FDT) for tinnitus used repetitive task-based training programmes relying on extrinsic factors to motivate participation. Studies reported limited improvement in tinnitus symptoms.Purpose
To evaluate FDT exploiting intrinsic motivations by integrating training with computer-gameplay.Methods
Sixty participants were randomly assigned to train on either a conventional task-based training, or one of two interactive game-based training platforms over six weeks. Outcomes included assessment of motivation, tinnitus handicap, and performance on tests of attention.Results
Participants reported greater intrinsic motivation to train on the interactive game-based platforms, yet compliance of all three groups was similar (∼70%) and changes in self-reported tinnitus severity were not significant. There was no difference between groups in terms of change in tinnitus severity or performance on measures of attention.Conclusion
FDT can be integrated within an intrinsically motivating game. Whilst this may improve participant experience, in this instance it did not translate to additional compliance or therapeutic benefit.Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02095262相似文献14.
Kotaro Imamura Norito Kawakami Toshi A. Furukawa Yutaka Matsuyama Akihito Shimazu Rino Umanodan Sonoko Kawakami Kiyoto Kasai 《PloS one》2014,9(5)
Objective
The purpose of this study was to develop a new Internet-based computerized cognitive behavior therapy (iCBT) program in Manga format, the Japanese cartoon, for workers and to examine the effects of the iCBT program on improving subthreshold depression using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design among workers employed in private companies in Japan.Method
All workers in a company (n = 290) and all workers in three departments (n = 1,500) at the headquarters of another large company were recruited by an invitation e-mail. Participants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to intervention or control groups (N = 381 for each group). A six-week, six-lesson iCBT program using Manga (Japanese comic) story was developed. The program included several CBT skills: self-monitoring, cognitive restructuring, assertiveness, problem solving, and relaxation. The intervention group studied the iCBT program at a frequency of one lesson per week. Depression (Beck Depression Inventory II; BDI-II) was assessed as a primary outcome at baseline, and three- and six-month follow-ups for both intervention and control groups were performed.Results
The iCBT program showed a significant intervention effect on BDI-II (t = −1.99, p<0.05) with small effect sizes (Cohen''s d: −0.16, 95% Confidence Interval: −0.32 to 0.00, at six-month follow-up).Conclusions
The present study first demonstrated that a computerized cognitive behavior therapy delivered via the Internet was effective in improving depression in the general working population. It seems critical to improve program involvement of participants in order to enhance the effect size of an iCBT program.Trial Registration
UMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000006210 https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr.cgi?function=brows&action=brows&recptno=R000007341&type=summary&language=E 相似文献15.
Background
There have been many reports on the treatment effect of cochlear implantation and hearing aids in the treatment of tinnitus in patients with severe hearing loss. However, as far as we are aware, there are no reports of investigation of treatment approaches for the tinnitus of deaf patients whose communication is solely carried out in sign language due to a long duration of deafness.Case presentation
We experienced a case of severe tinnitus with bilateral deafness for more than 50?years. The patient is a 69-year-old woman who communicates with her family solely in sign language. Family stress triggered the onset of tinnitus, accompanied by sleep disorder and palpitations. At the initial visit, she suffered from severe tinnitus (THI 94) as well as strong tendencies toward depression and anxiety. Because neither the patient nor her family was willing to use cochlear implantation, the administration of an antidepressant and a sleep-inducing agent was started, which resulted in improvement of the psychological conditions. Tinnitus distress, synchronized with the heartbeat, was relieved by the addition of autogenic training. At four and half years after the initial visit, the THI score had dropped to 0, and the subjective tinnitus and palpitation had almost disappeared, with only a low dose of antidepressant necessary.Conclusion
A deaf patient with severe tinnitus was successfully treated with drug and psychotherapy.16.
Colchicine treatment (0.05 % for 12 h) to 15 day old seedlings in the 1st generation after X-ray or gamma-ray exposure was lethal. In contrast the same colchicine treatment to 15 day old seedlings in the 2nd generation was effective in inducing polyploids. 相似文献
17.
Emma del Carmen Macías-Cortés Lidia Llanes-González Leopoldo Aguilar-Faisal Juan Asbun-Bojalil 《PloS one》2015,10(3)
Background
Perimenopausal period refers to the interval when women''s menstrual cycles become irregular and is characterized by an increased risk of depression. Use of homeopathy to treat depression is widespread but there is a lack of clinical trials about its efficacy in depression in peri- and postmenopausal women. The aim of this study was to assess efficacy and safety of individualized homeopathic treatment versus placebo and fluoxetine versus placebo in peri- and postmenopausal women with moderate to severe depression.Methods/Design
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, double-dummy, superiority, three-arm trial with a 6 week follow-up study was conducted. The study was performed in a public research hospital in Mexico City in the outpatient service of homeopathy. One hundred thirty-three peri- and postmenopausal women diagnosed with major depression according to DSM-IV (moderate to severe intensity) were included. The outcomes were: change in the mean total score among groups on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Beck Depression Inventory and Greene Scale, after 6 weeks of treatment, response and remission rates, and safety. Efficacy data were analyzed in the intention-to-treat population (ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test).Results
After a 6-week treatment, homeopathic group was more effective than placebo by 5 points in Hamilton Scale. Response rate was 54.5% and remission rate, 15.9%. There was a significant difference among groups in response rate definition only, but not in remission rate. Fluoxetine-placebo difference was 3.2 points. No differences were observed among groups in the Beck Depression Inventory. Homeopathic group was superior to placebo in Greene Climacteric Scale (8.6 points). Fluoxetine was not different from placebo in Greene Climacteric Scale.Conclusion
Homeopathy and fluoxetine are effective and safe antidepressants for climacteric women. Homeopathy and fluoxetine were significantly different from placebo in response definition only. Homeopathy, but not fluoxetine, improves menopausal symptoms scored by Greene Climacteric Scale.Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01635218Protocol Publication
http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/14/1/105. 相似文献18.
Yingbin Wang Rongzhi Zhang Jianqin Xie Jianzhong Lu Zhongjin Yue 《Cell biochemistry and biophysics》2014,70(3):1565-1571
Neuropathic pain is a major health issue that represents considerable social and economic burden worldwidely. In this study, we investigated the potential of catalpol, an iridoid glucoside of Rehmannia glutinosa Steud, to alleviate neuropathic pain. The potential analgesic effects of catalpol were evaluated by chronic constriction injury (CCI) and lumbar 5 spinal nerve ligation (L5 SNL) model. In addition, we explored whether catalpol altered the degree of microglia activation and neuroinflammation in rat spinal cord after CCI induction. Repeated administration of catalpol (1, 5, 25, and 125 mg/kg) reversed mechanical allodynia induced by CCI and L5 SNL in a dose-dependent manner in rats. Levels of activated microglia, activated NF-κB, and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in lumber spinal cord were elevated in rats following CCI induction, and catalpol significantly inhibited these effects. Our results demonstrated that catalpol produces significant antinociceptive action in rodent behavioral models of neuropathic pain and that this effect is associated with modulation of neuroinflammation in spinal cord. 相似文献
19.
In view of the pervasiveness of stress reactions in contemporary society, together with the limited availability of effective coping techniques, the authors attempted to develop a stress management program that combined education on the nature of stress disorders with instruction on several practical procedures useful in coping with stress. Our study used a general population drawn from a small rural university community. There were 38 subjects, 17 male and 21 female, in the final statistical analyses. One independent variable was a lecture-discussion format to present cognitive and relaxation skills. A second independent variable was biofeedback training to decrease frontal EMG activity. The subjects were divided into five treatment groups that consisted of one or some combination of these two treatment conditions. Dependent variables were the two scales—A-State and A-Trait—of Spielberger's STAI(Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970) and an adaptive application of Kerle and Bialek's(1958) Subjective Stress Scale(SSS). The SSS served as an instrument to keep subjects aware of their physical and psychological responses to stress as well as providing a pre/post measure of reactions to stress as they experienced it. Results indicated that the lecture-discussion format was effective in reducing the subjects' level of stress as measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Subjective Stress Scale. There was no evidence that frontal EMG feedback relaxation training contributed to the reduction of stress. 相似文献
20.
Xin Zhou Hong Cheng Dedong Xu Qing Yin Lei Cheng Lei Wang Shasha Song Mengyuan Zhang 《Neurochemical research》2014,39(11):2136-2142
Despite immense advances in the treatment strategies, the effective treatment of patients suffering from neuropathic pain remains challenging. Saikosaponin a possesses anti-inflammatory activity. However, the role of saikosaponin a in neuropathic pain is still unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of saikosaponin a on neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain was induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats. After CCI, rats were administered saikosaponin a (6.25, 12.50 and 25.00 mg/kg intraperitoneal, once daily) for 14 days. Mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were assessed before surgery and on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after CCI. Our results showed that CCI significantly decreased mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency on days 1, 3, 7 and 14, as compared with sham groups, however, saikosaponin a reversed this effects. In addition, saikosaponin a inhibited CCI-induced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2 in spinal cord. Western blot analysis demonstrated that saikosaponin a reduced the elevated expression of p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB in the spinal cord induced by CCI. These results suggest that saikosaponin a could effectively attenuate neuropathic pain in CCI rats by inhibiting the activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in spinal cord. 相似文献